合肥市典型城区非渗透性铺面地表径流污染特征

明确地表径流污染特征是初期雨水管理与污染控制的基础,合肥市目前尚无相关研究报道。对合肥市一典型城区进行了非渗透性铺面地表径流污染特征调查。调查结果表明,COD、SS污染较为突出,两者事件平均浓度(EMC)平均值远超过我国当前城市生活污水的平均水平;NH_3-N、TN的EMC平均值小于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准规定的限值,但生活区与商业区的地表径流中TN均出现较高的瞬时平均浓度,TN污染仍不可忽视;TP的EMC平均值高于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准规定的限值,在选择初期雨水处理措施时,应考虑磷的深度去除;采用b参数对调查区地表径流初期效应进行分析,多数情况下,地表径流中的各类污染物浓度存在不同程度的初期效应,但不够显著,提高非渗透铺面清洁度有利于强化初期效应;对地表径流-水质变化过程进行了分析,分析结果可为合肥市初期雨水弃除量的确定提供一定参考。     

Changes in earthworm populations following cultivation of undisturbed and former opencast coal-mining land

Earthworm response to a single cultivation sequence was assessed. Cropping and management of cultivated land was similar to that of non-cultivated areas. Effects were measured in a trial on recently replaced opencast mining land. A subsequent survey investigated responses to cultivation on both replaced and undisturbed land at periods since cultivation ranging from 1.5 to 7.5 years.On undisturbed land, adverse effects of cultivation, if any, were short-lived, with numbers of all species, but particularly deep-burrowing species, having recovered or increased after 3 years. However, on replaced land the initial adverse effect appeared to be larger, and recovery from this effect was delayed until at least 5 years after tillage. Different species present (Lumbricus terrestris/ Aporrectodea longa, Lumbricus rubellus/festivus, Aporrectodea caliginosa/Octalasion tyrtaeum and Allolobophora chlorotica) also varied in the extent of the initial reduction and in their rate of recovery. Reasons for different responses to cultivation and implications for the management of replaced land are considered.     

A 2019 Outbreak Investigation of Hepatitis A Virus Infections in the United States Linked to Imported Fresh Blackberries

Globally, hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most common agents of acute viral hepatitis and causes approximately 1.4 million cases and 90,000 deaths annually despite the existence of an effective vaccine. In 2019, federal, state, and local partners investigated a multi-state outbreak of HAV infections linked to fresh blackberries sourced from multiple suppliers in Michoacán, Mexico. A total of 20 individuals with outbreak-related HAV infection were reported in seven states, including 11 hospitalizations, and no deaths. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Nebraska State and Douglas County Health Departments conducted a traceback investigation for fresh blackberries reportedly purchased by 16 ill persons. These individuals reported purchasing fresh blackberries from 11 points of service from September 16 through 29, 2019 and their clinical isolates assessed through next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were genetically similar. The traceback investigation did not reveal convergence on a common grower or packing house within Mexico, but all of the blackberries were harvested from growers in Michoacán, Mexico. FDA did not detect the pathogen after analyzing fresh blackberry samples from four distributors, one consumer, and from nine importers at the port of entry as a result of increased screening. Challenges included gaps in traceability practices and the inability to recover the pathogen from sample testing, which prohibited investigators from determining the source of the implicated blackberries. This multi-state outbreak illustrated the importance of food safety practices for fresh produce that may contribute to foodborne illness outbreaks.

     

New environmental performance baseline for inland ports: A benchmark for the European inland port sector

This paper presents the results of a collaborative programme of action between the European Federation of Inland Ports (EFIP) and the EC PORTOPIA research project to assist EU inland ports to enhance further their environmental performance. In order to achieve this goal, an environmental survey was specifically designed to reflect the operational and geographical circumstances of inland ports and to help to accelerate the culture of the reporting of environmental performance.The survey was developed to be user-friendly and practicable, and based on established good-practice taking into account the suggestions and advice of EFIP and its members, as well as the experience of the EcoPorts Network. As a result of the survey, an initial baseline of environmental performance for the EU inland port sector was established.A total of 27 port authorities participated in the survey, representing a range of port profiles in terms of size, commercial profile and geography. All response details were treated in strict confidence and the benchmark performance was reported as a European average. Results show that approximately 70% of the respondent ports declare that they have the major components of an Environmental Management System (EMS) actively in place (e.g. policy, inventory of legislation). An environmental index (1–10) has been calculated reflecting the performance of the sector in terms of the application of major EMS components. The average index value for the EU inland port sector baseline resulted in 6.Almost 67% of respondent ports indicated that they conduct environmental monitoring of different aspects, with waste being the most common. The survey results have also delivered the first top-10 ranking of environmental priorities for the EU inland port sector. It is interesting to note that also almost 70% of the inland ports apply initiatives to implement green actions. The outcomes of this paper are likely to be of interest to a wide range of stakeholders and decision-makers.     

中国大陆城市生活垃圾堆肥技术概况

对生活垃圾堆肥技术的沿革、现状和展望进行了较系统的介绍,综述了堆肥过程中微生物特性,氧的传递机理、堆肥工艺、堆肥过程影响因素、堆肥专用机械、高等仪表以技术试验工程存在问题等。为开发、完善城市生活垃圾堆肥技术的应用提供了参考。     

饮用水源人工湿地运行初期水生植物繁衍研究

研究了大规模的城市饮用水源人工湿地运行初期水生植物繁衍特性和改进措施.建立了嘉兴市石臼漾生态湿地水生维管束植物名录,分析了水生植物的种类、分布面积、群落结构和生物量,目的旨在揭示石臼漾湿地运行初期其水生植物繁衍情况和群落结构特征,探讨水生植被的优化管理措施.石臼漾湿地现存水生维管束植物共计25科41属49种,远超过初始...     

珠海高新区主要污染物排放现状与减排对策分析

污染减排是中国环境保护工作的中心任务。"十二五"污染减排必须基于污染源普查动态更新调查结果确定减排基数。根据2009年珠海高新区动态更新调查结果,从企业规模和行业规模的角度对珠海高新区工业源的主要污染物排放特点进行分析,为明确减排基数奠定基础。并从加强前期研究、发展循环经济、创新工作机制等三个方面对珠海高新区污染减排工作提出对策建议,促进污染减排工作可持续发展和产业结构优化升级,推进资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设。     

Aftermarket remanufacturing strategic planning decision-making framework: theory & practice

The authors of this paper offer an aftermarket, remanufacturing (or reman) decision-making framework (RDMF), developed, based on a comprehensive set of strategic factors (Subramoniam et al., 2009a) derived from an in-depth literature review and case studies. RDMF is also grounded on results from an industry survey and related theory. The survey targeted Original Equipment (OE) suppliers that are involved in automotive OE production and also provide remanufactured (or reman) parts for the aftermarket, which includes the Original Equipment Service (OES) and/or the Independent Aftermarket (IAM) business. A response rate of 42% was obtained for the survey; the respondents were business unit managers or chief engineers from 18 companies in the United States and Europe who are actively involved in the reman businesses. The survey results helped the authors of this paper to prioritize and confirm the strategic decision-making factors from previous research. The key factors considered to be important by more than 50% of the survey respondents, constituting roughly 79% of the strategic factors were then incorporated into RDMF. The RDMF will be useful for aftermarket supplier companies in general and in particular, will be useful for automotive suppliers, involved with OE and aftermarket production.     

Sustainable development indicators of the European aluminium industry

The European aluminium industry, through its member organisation the European Aluminium Association (EAA), initiated a program on sustainable development for the aluminium industry in 2001. The first step involved the development of a set of sustainable development (SD) indicators for the industry which was developed during 2001 and 2002 with both internal and external stakeholder groups. A list of 34 indicators was used in the first survey exercise. The survey attempted to cover all European plants producing alumina, primary aluminium, rolling ingots, extrusion ingots, foil and recycled aluminium; this covered approximately 800 plants. The survey used two points in time, 1997 and 2002, in order to start developing a trend for the individual indicators and to measure progress over time. The industry response to the survey was very positive, with a total industry coverage based on tonnage reported of over 80% for 2002 data and 70% for 1997 data. The EAA is committed to conducting this as a regular exercise and is engaged in a number of stakeholder workshops in order to present the survey results, to review the indicators used and to also consider adjustments of these based on feedback from stakeholders and experiences from the first data collection.     

生物质燃料的利用现状与展望

分析了生物质燃料作为可持续发展的能源利用的前景，从固态、液态和气态3种燃料的状态，介绍了国内外生物质燃料的利用形式，对生物质燃料的商品化和大规模利用进行了展望。     

生物沥浸处理中微生物菌群和胞外聚合物对城市污泥脱水性能的影响

探讨城市污泥生物沥浸过程中微生物菌群和胞外聚合物(EPS)变化对污泥脱水性能的影响,对进一步揭示生物沥浸法提高污泥脱水性能机理具有重要意义.本研究通过摇瓶试验探讨了硫杆菌和异养微生物菌群数量的变化及EPS在生物沥浸法提高城市污泥脱水性能中的作用.试验结果表明,在生物沥浸处理的前2 d内,由于硫杆菌A.ferrooxidans LX5和A.thiooxidans TS6的大量生长,导致生物沥浸污泥的pH从初始的4.62显著下降至2.47,进而导致污泥中异养菌数量从初始的2.65×108CFU·mL-1下降至8.20×106CFU·mL-1,污泥中EPS含量从初始的28.18 mg·g-1(以VSS计,下同)显著下降为13.53 mg·g-1.A.ferrooxidans LX5和A.thiooxidans TS6的大量生长、异养微生物细胞的死亡破裂及EPS含量的下降共同促使污泥的结合水含量从初始的37.28%下降至21.10%,最终导致污泥比阻从初始的5.14×1012m·kg-1显著下降至6.92×1011m·kg-1.通过验证试验发现,原始污泥在剥离EPS后其比阻仅为原来的11.23%,其脱水性能与生物沥浸2 d后的污泥在0.05水平上没有显著性差异.因此,污泥中A.ferrooxidans LX5、A.thiooxidans TS6和异养微生物菌群数量的改变及EPS含量的减少是生物沥浸法提高污泥脱水性能的两个重要因素.     

粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛对氨氮的吸附行为研究

采用粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛,利用XRD、SEM、热重分析、化学成分分析、阳离子交换容量对4A分子筛进行表征.考察吸附时间、pH、分子筛投加量、氨氮初始浓度、共存阳离子对其吸附性能的影响,研究其对模拟废水中氨氮的吸附效果,并结合准二级动力学方程、吸附等温线研究吸附性能和机理.结果表明,初始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、4A分子筛投加量为5 g·L~(-1)、pH值为6~9、吸附时间为80 min时氨氮去除率可达71.34%;随着氨氮初始浓度升高,其去除率降低,吸附容量增加;共存阳离子Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)对NH_4~+有强烈的竞争吸附,Mg~(2+)无明显竞争作用.吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich模型.Langmuir吸附等温线显示最大吸附容量为20 mg·g~(-1).     

A diffusion tube survey of NO2 levels in urban areas of the U.K.

A nationwide survey of ambient NO₂ concentrations has been carried out by Warren Spring Laboratory and AEA Technology, Harwell, in urban areas of the U.K. The survey utilised passive diffusion tube samplers, deployed at 363 existing smoke/SO₂ monitoring stations, and ran from July to December 1986.Although undertaken primarily to provide an independent check on the siting of monitoring stations to determine compliance with the European Community NO₂ Directive, the survey provides for the first time a nationwide picture of urban levels of this pollutant. London was found to experience the highest average NO₂ concentrations in the U.K., with these being highest close to busy roads. Concentrations were found to be only moderately higher in winter than in summer.Correlations between measurements of SO₂, smoke and NO₂ were examined. The closest correlation is observed between NO₂ and smoke, indicating traffic to be a dominant source of these pollutants. NO₂ data are also shown to correlate well with disaggregated NO_x emission data for the U.K.     

基于TM遥感影像的湿地松林生物量研究

利用江西千烟洲地区2005年Landsat5TM遥感图像数据和同期野外调查获得的28个样方湿地松(Pinuselliottii)各器官生物量数据,分析了植被指数、影像变换(主成分分析,缨帽变换)结果与森林各器官生物量之间的相关关系,进而建立了光谱-植被指数与生物量多元回归模型。湿地松林各器官与遥感光谱、植被指数拟合相关性大小依次为:叶生物量>枝生物量>地上生物量>树干生物量。通过多元回归模型计算出湿地松林叶生物量平均为573g.m^-2,地上生物量平均为6628g.m^-2,低于样地调查平均值。单一植被指数与生物量相关性较低,ND-VI并不适用于盖度较大的湿地松林;遥感影像经主成分分析后生物量光谱模型的相关系数略有提高,缨帽变换后反而使模型的相关系数降低。     

A comparison of concentration estimates by the OMG VOLUME-SOURCE dispersion model with three line source dispersion models

A comparison is presented between observed SF₆ concentrations and values estimated using the OMG VOLUME-SOURCE model and three line source dispersion models; JEA (Japan Environmental Agency) model, TOKYO model and EPA HIWAY-2 model. SF₆ concentration values were measured at heights from 1 to 20 m at from 7 to 192 m from roadways in three major urban areas: Osaka, Nagoya and Kobe. It is concluded from the comparison statistics that, of the dispersion models tested, the OMG VOLUME-SOURCE model provides the most precise and accurate representation of the actual gas dispersion.A comparison was made of the depth of the volume source and the initial vertical spread as used in Gaussian plume line source models. The initial vertical spread was found to be 0.8–1 times as large as the thickness of the volume source.     

Erdwärme und Lithosphäre im Raum Südwestdeutschland/Schweiz

A geothermal survey of the Central Alps, the Swabian volcano, and the Rhinegraben area is presented. New results from seismic surface-wave investigations are used to estimate temperatures at the base of the lithosphere. Cross sections show the high position of the 1000 °C isotherm under the Rhinegraben in relation to its surroundings.     

毛木耳子实体对Ni(Ⅱ)生物吸附的优化研究

采用响应曲面法研究了起始pH值、固液比、重金属初始浓度等因素对毛木耳子实体吸附Ni(Ⅱ)的影响.采用中心组合法及批量实验,对吸附过程进行优化,确定了最优条件.结果表明,起始pH值、固液比、Ni(Ⅱ)初始浓度对吸附过程均有显著影响(P＜o.0001),毛木耳子实体吸附Ni(Ⅱ)最佳条件为pH5.41,固液比6.00g/L...     

Optimal Area Use in Orb Webs of the Spider Araneus diadematus

 We studied the abilities of the garden cross spider Araneus diadematus regarding adaptation of web geometry to spatial constraints. Spiders reacted to a spatial reduction in their building site from a square-shaped frame to a slimmer, rectangular frame (side ratio 1 : 2) by maintaining overall web geometry while reducing the web area covered by the sticky capture spiral. However, when the frames were changed further to a rectangular side ratio of 1 : 3, the spiders changed specific web properties in such a way that a further reduction in the capture spiral area was prevented. Construction of the threads making up the web frame and the auxiliary spiral requires that the spider explores the spatial constraints of its building site. The geometry of both frame and auxiliary spiral threads in turn determine the geometry of the capture threads. Since in very narrow frames the spider adjusted the auxiliary to suit the subsequent capture spiral, we suggest that an initial spatial survey led to the final adaptation of overall web geometry to a web site. Received: 26 April 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 26 November 1999     

膜过滤耦合电化学强化废水中磷回收效能

提出了一种膜过滤耦合电化学非均相沉淀的新型磷回收工艺对含磷废水进行处理,探究不同膜通量、电流密度、磷初始浓度及极性反转时间对磷去除和回收的影响。结果表明:在磷初始浓度为5 mmol/L、膜通量为22.1 L/(m2·h)和电流密度为20 A/m2的条件下,磷平均去除率为92.0%,产物的主要成分为鸟粪石。在flow-through操作模式下,不同磷初始浓度对磷去除效果无明显影响。当系统连续流运行时,每隔4 h极性反转6 min可使反应器磷去除与回收性能处于相对较优水平,磷去除率维持在90%左右。     

嗜酸性细菌对废旧线路板浸出的吸附行为及动力学

探究嗜酸性细菌对废旧线路板浸出的吸附行为及其动力学模型是生物浸出机制研究的重要基础.本研究通过考察接种不同浓度氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)浸出线路板中铜的吸附行为,探索了菌体在线路板粉末表面的吸附过程,分析了其吸附行为的动力学特性.结果表明,A.ferrooxidans在线路板粉末表面的吸附均于5 h内达到平衡.随着初始菌浓度的增大,吸附速率和吸附的微生物量也随之增大.初始菌体浓度为2.4×105、2.4×107和2.4×109cells·m L-1时对应的最大吸附量分别为1.8701、2.3552和2.9833 mg·g-1,吸附的微生物量占总生物量的比例分别为43.75%、53.97%和55.94%,铜的浸出率分别达到71.20%、88.33%和95.05%.进一步的非线性拟合结果显示,一级动力学模型适用于A.ferrooxidans与线路板粉末的吸附行为,模型拟合度(R2)分别达到0.9321、0.9134和0.9193.