磁性海泡石表面零电荷点和吸附Cd~（2＋）的特性

采用惰性电解质滴定法和静态吸附实验,研究了磁性海泡石表面零电荷点和吸附Cd2＋特性.实验结果表明,海泡石经过磁改性后所对应的pHpzc值由8.0升高到8.5,吸附体系pH的提高,有利于对重金属阳离子Cd2＋的吸附.在pH值大于3时,磁性海泡石对Cd2＋吸附量和去除率随pH值的升高而增大且趋于稳定,其吸附量为16.10 mg.g-1,约为海泡石的3.9倍,去除率为98%,约为海泡石的2.2倍.磁性海泡石对Cd2＋的吸附量与离子强度有较大的相关性,随离子强度的增加而减小;对Cd2＋的吸附量随反应温度的升高而增加,吸附等温式符合Langmuir方程.吸附机理以表面配合吸附和表面沉淀为主.     

磁性海泡石的研制及吸附Cr（Ⅵ）特性

为了提高海泡石原土吸附Cr（Ⅵ）性能,解决粉末状海泡石应用中与所处理溶液难以分离的问题,采用化学共沉淀法合成磁性海泡石,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积和孔径分析仪（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（IR）、振动样品磁强计（VSM）对附磁前后海泡石进行表征,并考察了磁性海泡石吸附除Cr（Ⅵ）的特性.结果表...     

海泡石黏土矿物对Cu2+的吸附动力学研究

研究分析了海泡石黏土矿物对铜离子的吸附性能和动力学特征,结果表明,海泡石黏土矿物对Cu~(2 )吸附的最佳pH值为6.0左右,随着pH值的增大,吸附作用减弱;在[Cu~(2 )]=100mg·l~(-1),溶液pH值为6,吸附时间为2h时,添加0.1 g海泡石,海泡石对Cu~(2 )的吸附去除率仅为39.5%,当海泡石用量提高至0.4 g时,其对Cu~(2 )的吸附去除率提高到94.8%;实验结果同样显示,18min内有90%的Cu~(2 )被海泡石吸附,随着吸附时间的增加,吸附作用趋于稳定,2h可达到吸附平衡。该吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程.同时,分别采用拟一级模型和拟二级模型考察了吸附动力学,并计算了这些动力学模型的速率常数.实验数据和拟二级模型计算结果之间有较好的相关性.     

电化学驱动水钠锰矿高效吸附去除混合重金属离子

锰氧化物被广泛用作重金属离子吸附剂,电化学调控其氧化还原反应程度可提高重金属吸附容量.然而,多种重金属离子共存时的电化学吸附过程及相互影响机理尚不清楚.本工作采用多周恒流充放电方式研究了水钠锰矿对Cd2+、Zn2+、Pb2+与Ni2+单独及共存时的电化学吸附性能及机理,同时考察了氧化还原程度对吸附性能的影响.结果 表明...     

海带对镉、铅的吸附作用及其机理

利用大型海藻海带(Laminaria japonica)作为可降解性生物吸附材料,对有害重金属镉离子和铅离子的吸附作用和机理进行了研究.结果显示,通过电位差滴定法,得到海带的酸性基数量为1.25mmol.g-1,其解离常数为0.18 mmol.l-1.对平衡吸附量与pH的关系进行了模型模拟.海带对于金属离子的吸附为Bidentate型,吸附平衡常数分别为5.72×103L.mol-1,6.28×104L.mol-1.同时,采用拟二次速度模型对镉离子和铅离子的吸附速度进行了模拟,得到的吸附速度常数分别为0.010 min-1,0.014min-1.结论,海带对二价镉、铝离子的吸附量大于很多其它藻类吸附剂,对它的研究可为重金属化湖泊水质的改善和生态修复提供参考依据.     

凹凸棒石和海泡石对镉离子的吸附效果

采用静态批试验方法研究了凹凸棒石和海泡石对溶液中Cd~(2+)的吸附特性,并通过考察一定离子强度下,不同初始浓度、固液比、吸附时间和pH值对吸附镉的影响。结果显示:在0.01 mol·L~(-1)NaNO_3离子强度下,高品位海泡石、凹凸棒石和低品位凹凸棒石对溶液中Cd~(2+)的吸附量与初始浓度呈正比,与固液比呈反比;根据Langmuir等温吸附方程拟合结果,在给定离子强度25℃条件下黏土矿物Cd~(2+)的理论饱和吸附量从大到小依次为高品位凹凸棒石(33.67 mg·g~(-1))、高品位海泡石(25.55 mg·g~(-1))、低品位凹凸棒石(11.52 mg·g~(-1))和低品位海泡石(5.24mg·g~(-1));Cd~(2+)在海泡石、凹凸棒石上的吸附受pH值的影响较大,在pH值为2~4时吸附效果最好;凹凸棒石对Cd~(2+)的吸附较为稳定,在3 h时基本达到吸附平衡;在离子强度为0.01 mol·L~(-1)NaNO_3、Cd~(2+)初始浓度为625 mg·L~(-1)、黏土矿物添加量为15 g·L~(-1)和pH值为2~4时,去除效果从大到小依次为高品位海泡石、高品位凹凸棒石、低品位凹凸棒石和低品位海泡石。     

铅在锆化碳基磁性纳米复合材料上的吸附

采用溶剂热法和沉淀沉积法成功制备锆化碳基磁性纳米复合材料,利用TEM、XRD、VSM和XRF手段对其结构特性进行表征,并研究其对水体中重金属Pb2+的吸附行为.表征结果表明,锆修饰的碳基磁性纳米材料是核壳球形结构,具有良好的超顺磁性,在外加磁场的作用下可实现快速分离.吸附实验结果表明,材料对Pb2+的吸附量随着锆负载量的提高而增多.Pb2+在材料上的吸附等温线符合Freundlich等温吸附模式,属于优惠型吸附;降低离子强度和增加p H均可提高材料对Pb2+的吸附作用.材料脱附再生6次之后仍具有良好的吸附效果.     

碱性条件下胡敏酸吸附镉的特征研究

为了探讨胡敏酸在碱性条件下的吸附镉机理,了解碱性盐化土壤中镉污染机理和生态环境之间的关系,实验研究了胡敏酸在碱性条件吸附镉的特征。采用批吸附试验方法,研究不同Cd初始浓度、反应时间、不同pH和离子强度对胡敏酸吸附镉的影响,结果表明：胡敏酸具有较强吸附镉的能力,可以用Langmuir吸附模型和Temkin吸附模型很好地拟合其等温吸附过程（r分别为0.9809和0.9816）;在60 min内的快速反应阶段和60 min至6 h间的慢速反应阶段,胡敏酸对镉的吸附量分别为2.895 mg·g-1和3.342 mg·g-1,吸附反应平衡前6 h的动力学过程可以用Elovich方程进行很好的拟合（r为0.9285）;随着pH增加,吸附率表现出逐步增加趋势,并以pH为4.5和8.5为界,呈现两端增加速度快,中间增加慢的规律性;在较低浓度离子强度下,离子强度的增加促进胡敏酸吸附镉;而在高离子强度下,表现出相反的规律性;在相同的条件下,不同离子强度对胡敏酸吸附镉的影响大小为：氯化钙〉氯化镁〉氯化钾〉氯化钠。土壤在盐化的过程中,由于无机盐浓度的增加,增加了重金属离子的生物可利用性,加大了重金属离子的生态风险。     

褐煤经磺化及碱化处理对重金属离子吸附性能研究

褐煤经磺化和碱化处理对褐煤吸附重金属的性能影响显著,通过对金属离子Ｃｕ＾２＋,Ｐｂ＾２＋,Ｚｎ＾２＋,Ｃｄ＾２＋,Ｎｉ＾２＋的单组分或多组分溶液进行吸附研究,对比了吸附速率、吸附容量、吸附选择性、耐酸性以及抗干扰能力等方面的差异,探讨了磺化褐煤和碱化褐煤对重金属离子的吸附机理,指出了今后的研究方向。     

小球藻吸附重金属离子的试验研究

分析了影响小球藻吸附Cu2 ,Cd2 和Zn2 三种重金属离子的主要因素 ,并对不同金属离子之间的吸附抑制开展了初步试验研究 .结果显示 ,小球藻吸附重金属离子的速度快 ,吸附容量大 ,适宜的pH值在 3 0— 5 0之间 ,其吸附等温线与Freundlich方程拟合良好 .另外 ,小球藻对Cd2 的吸附性能明显高于其它离子 .由于电子云分布和轨道杂化等结构因素 ,三种金属离子在小球藻上的吸附选择顺序为 :Cu2 >Cd2 >Zn2 .     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).