采用Surfactant表面活性剂分析柱与电雾式检测器分析7种表面活性剂

采用Dionex Surfactant表面活性剂分析柱与电雾式检测器(CAD)分析7种表面活性剂.仪器及色谱条件:Dionex ICS5000离子色谱仪;Dionex Surfactant混合基质色谱柱,5 μm,2.1 mm×150 mm;柱温30℃;流动相为l00mmol·L-1醋酸铵(pH=5.4)和乙腈,流速0.3 mL·min-1;检测器:电雾式检测器,雾化温度30℃,采样频率10Hz.本方法可用于对表面活性剂的含量常规检测分析工作.     

单壁碳纳米管对Arthrobacter sp.W1生长及苯酚降解功能的影响

单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)对大肠杆菌等模式菌株的生长抑制作用明显,为了解SWCNTs对具有环境功能的菌株的作用,以苯酚降解菌Arthrobacter sp.W1为对象,考察不同浓度SWCNTs下菌株W1的生长曲线和苯酚降解曲线,并通过扫描电镜观察、细胞凋亡检测、DNA泄漏量分析和活性氧产量分析考察作用机制.结果表明,特定浓度范围的SWCNTs(0.5-5.0 mg/L)会加快W1的苯酚降解速率,且1.5-2.0 mg/L SWCNTs不抑制W1的生长.SWCNTs在溶液中形成团簇并吸附W1细胞,且对W1产生以物理穿刺为主的毒性作用,但在特定浓度范围的SWCNTs条件下,SWCNTs-菌株-苯酚体系增加了菌体与苯酚的接触机会,从而对W1生长和苯酚降解产生明显的促进作用.本研究结果可为进一步揭示SWCNTs的环境微生物效应提供理论依据.     

通过式固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中18种农药残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS;MS)快速测定蔬菜中18种农药残留的方法.样品经乙腈提取后,经Oasis PRiME HLB固相萃取柱净化,采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱进行分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱.采用电喷雾电离源、正离子模式下以多反应监测(MRM)进行定性和定量分析.结果表明,18种农药在0.5—50μg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好(r2>0.995),方法最低检出限为0.4—1.5μg·kg^-1,最低定量限为1.4—5.0μg·kg^-1.在韭菜、芹菜、番茄、白菜基质中,5、10、50μg·kg^-1添加水平下的加标回收率为60.2%—126.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.4%—21.6%(n=3).     

可吸入尘中苯并（a）芘超声提取的高效液相色谱测定法

本文介绍一种简便、快速的可吸入尘中苯并(a)茈高效液相色谱测定方法.本法仅需5mL乙腈,超声处理10min即可完成提取过程.提取液离心后,上清液可直接进行HPLC分析.色谱条件:反相C18柱,用乙腈/水梯度洗脱,紫外检测器,λ=254nm.方法的最小检出量10~(-10)g.回收率95%,变异系数4、3%.此方法可用于大气可吸入尘中Bap的监测.     

高效液相色谱联用高分辨质谱和电喷雾检测器定性和定量检测水苏糖提取物中寡糖成分

本文建立了高效液相色谱联用电喷雾检测器(HPLC-CAD)检测水苏糖中寡糖成分的方法.利用高效液相色谱-线性离子阱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(HPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap-MS)鉴定了水苏糖中包括蔗糖、棉子糖、甘露三糖和毛蕊花糖等多种寡糖成分.方法采用XBridge BEH Amide色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0μm)，乙腈-水(70:30)为流动相进行测定.结果表明，蔗糖、棉子糖、甘露三糖质量浓度与峰面积分别在2.763—110.5μg·mL^-1、9.906—396.2μg·mL^-1和12.24—489.5μg·mL^-1范围内呈现良好线性关系(r>0.999)，平均回收率(n=9)为100.1%—103.4%,RSD为1.09%—2.49%.该方法灵敏度高，准确性好，操作简便，可用作水苏糖提取物质量控制的有效方法.     

环境水样中卤代甲基磺酸的高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用分析方法研究

利用高效液相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS),建立了环境水样中卤代甲基磺酸的分析方法.通过对固相萃取、色谱柱、流动相和质谱条件的优化,确定了最佳萃取和分析条件.选用WAX固相萃取柱对卤代甲基磺酸进行富集,再依次用2 m L的5%氨水甲醇溶液、2%甲酸甲醇溶液和20%二氯甲烷甲醇溶液(均为体积比)进行洗脱.选用Acclaim HILIC-10为色谱分离柱,以乙腈和100 mmol·L~(-1)甲酸铵水溶液为流动相,分离目标化合物,采用串联质谱负离子扫描和多反应监测模式进行检测.方法对5种卤代甲基磺酸(三氟甲基磺酸、一氯甲基磺酸、二氯甲基磺酸、三氯甲基磺酸和一溴甲基磺酸)的线性范围为0.05—50μg·L~(-1),线性相关系数r0.99,各化合物的检出限(S/N=3)在0.005—0.039μg·L~(-1)之间.将建立的分析方法应用于实际样品中卤代甲基磺酸的测定,所得加标回收率在67.5%—95.4%之间,峰面积相对标准偏差(n=5)在8.5%—13.0%之间,可满足饮用水环境样品中痕量卤代甲基磺酸的分析.     

高效液相色谱法测定土壤中农药灭多威的含量

采用甲醇超声萃取-高效液相色谱-紫外检测器的检测方法测定土壤中灭多威。色谱柱,采用依利特ODS25μm(4.6mm×250mm);淋洗液,采用V(乙腈)∶V(水)=25∶75;检测器,采用紫外,检测波长为235nm,灭多威在0.05~3mg/L范围内,其质量浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998)。检测限0.002mg/kg,精密度RSD=1.15%,加标平均回收率为94.5%。本方法快速、简便、准确,便于普及。首次在国内建立了土壤中农药灭多威的检测方法,对保证食品安全和加强环境保护都有着重要的意义。     

安捷伦7000三重串联四极杆气质联用仪一次进样同时检测大葱中170种农药残留

建立了使用安捷伦7000三重串联四极杆气质联用仪一次进样同时测定大葱中170种农药残留的分析方法.样品采用乙腈匀浆提取,经氯化钠盐析离心后,用Agilent Bond Elut Carbon/NH2柱净化,使用乙腈/甲苯（3∶1,V/V）洗脱,经DB-1701气相色谱柱分离,在三重串联四极杆多反应监测模式下进行测定.4...     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水体中三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚

本研究建立了固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定水体中痕量三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚(TSPEOn,n=6—29)的方法.水样经HLB柱富集,用10 mL二氯甲烷-甲醇混合溶液(1∶1)洗脱,将洗脱液氮吹至近干后,用乙腈定容至0.5 mL.采用C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,5μm)+Silica(2.1 mm×150 mm,4μm)串联色谱柱,以乙腈和2 mmol·L~(-1)乙酸铵水为流动相,在电喷雾正离子、多反应监测模式下对TSPEOs进行定性分析,外标法进行定量分析.结果表明,TSPEOn(n=6—29)在0.06—512.5μg·L~(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数在0.989—0.999之间,方法检出限为0.001—0.22 ng·L~(-1),定量限为0.004—0.72 ng·L~(-1),平均回收率在67.4%—103.3%之间,相对标准偏差为0.7%—14.8%,该方法可用于实际地表水样中痕量TSPEOn(n=6—29)的测定.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法分析蔬菜中6种磺胺类抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱同时测定蔬菜中6种磺胺类抗生素的分析方法.以每克蔬菜(干样)加5ml乙腈(添加2g无水硫酸钠、0.1g乙酸钠、O.1gNa2EDTA)超声提取25min,采用正己烷液-液萃取去脂,C18柱净化富集.以磷酸(0.01mol·1-1,pH2.5):乙腈=80:20(V:V)溶液作为流动相,检测波长为270nm.蔬菜样品中6种磺胺类抗生素的回收率为50.8%-98.9%,定量限为21.9-72.8μg·k-1.利用该方法对不同蔬菜样品进行了分析,6种磺胺类抗生素均不同程度被检出,总含量在0.38-2.24 mg.kg-1(鲜重)之间.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.