氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出废旧锂离子电池的工艺条件

考察了接种量、振荡条件、浸出液以及电池原料对氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出废旧锂离子电池的影响.研究结果表明,浸出10 d,钴浸出率达到48.5%,之后,浸出率不再增加;当接种量在2.5%—12.5%之间时,钴浸出率在第10天都为47.6%,接种量对浸出率无影响;振荡过程中控制温度为35℃时,钴浸出率最佳,并随着振荡速率的升高而增加;浸出液中加入硫磺对浸出影响不大,初始pH值在1.5—2.5范围内,都适合钴酸锂的浸出,而初始亚铁离子浓度在45 g.L-1条件下浸出效果最好;选择固液比为3%最佳,并且钴酸锂粉末的粒度大小对浸出率无影响.     

车载锂离子动力电池组环境特性分析

虽然电动汽车在行驶阶段不直接排放温室气体,但是车载锂离子动力电池组在生产阶段的环境影响不容忽视.本研究以11个不同的车载锂离子电池组作为研究对象,将环境特性指标引入动力电池组的综合环境评价领域.结合生命周期评价框架,总结出包含足迹家族类指标、资源耗竭类指标和毒性损害类指标的评价体系.采取灰色关联和熵权组合赋权法计算权重.详细分析了锂离子电池不同成分在生产阶段的综合环境影响.结果表明,对于综合环境评价中的足迹家族指标,FeS2SS电池组在碳足迹和生态足迹的环境潜值最小;对于资源耗竭指标,FeS2SS在酸化潜势、富营养化潜势和光化学氧化方面的环境潜值最小,而在非生物性耗竭和臭氧层损耗方面的潜值也较小;对于毒性损害指标,FeS2SS在人类非致癌毒性和生态毒性方面的潜值最小,其人类致癌毒性仅高于Li-S电池.对于环境特性指标,FeS2SS电池组得分最高,表明其在生产阶段更为绿色环保.     

基于生命周期评价理论的建筑物环境影响评价系统

建筑物对环境有着巨大的影响。基于生命周期评价(LCA)理论,从材料的开采生产,建筑物的建造、运行直至建筑物被拆除来研究建筑物的环境影响。在一个涉及建筑材料、建筑设备以及建设场地的环境影响数据库的基础上,开发了一个建筑物的环境影响的评价模型BEPAS(BuildingEnvironmentalPerformanceAnalysisSystem)。模型从3个方面:建筑设备运行、建筑材料和建筑场地来研究建筑的环境影响。最后,测算了一个案例,分析了其环境影响水平。     

锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12的制备及性能

以无机物(TiCl4)为原料,把TiCl4溶于去离子水中水解制备出Ti4+溶液,通过"外凝胶"法制备出干凝胶前驱体,然后再用固相法制备出具有尖晶石结构的钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12)粉末.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)分析显示,合成了物相单一且分散性较好的钛酸锂(Li4Ti5Oi2)粉末.较小的粒径和疏松的...     

大气环境中有机污染物的研究

本文采用聚氨基甲酸乙酯泡沫和玻璃纤维滤膜，同时采集大气中气态和颗粒物样，用高效液相色谱和气相色谱分别测定了蒽、、、芘、苯并（ａ）、二苯并（ａ、ｈ）葱、苯并（ｇｈｉ）与Ｃ＿（１６）～Ｃ＿（３３）正构烷烃等有机污染物的含量。并得到了冬夏两季颗粒物和气态中有机污染物的分布规律。     

农药厂废水的多有机污染物评价

本文应用美国环保局资助开发的多污染物环境影响评价系统,评价了江阴农药厂废水对健康和生态环境的潜在影响,分析了各污染物质的们对影响度,并从有机污染物影响角度评价污水处理工艺的有效性,以及控制对策.     

有机污染物生物有效性的评价方法

环境中有机污染物的生物有效性评价对生物修复、生态毒性和环境风险研究有着重要的意义.本文概括了影响有机污染物生物有效性的因素,综述了近年来有机污染物生物有效性评价方法的发展与应用,并对该领域的研究趋势进行了展望.     

规模奶牛场2种粪便处理模式的生命周期评价

以规模奶牛养殖场为研究对象,采用生命周期评价方法比较奶牛粪便多级处理后全量还田(模式Ⅰ)和粪水达标处理(模式Ⅱ)2种粪便处理模式的环境影响潜值.结果表明:以处理1 t奶牛粪便计,与模式Ⅱ相比,模式Ⅰ的CO2、SO2、NOx、CO、CH4、VOC和烟尘可分别减排17.28、0.14、0.09、0.04、0.02、0.00...     

精炼铜行业的生命周期节能减排目标评价

按照生命周期评价方法,建立了精炼铜的生命周期模型,采用生命周期节能减排评价指标(ECER),对比评价了原生铜和再生铜生产的生命周期节能减排效果,计算了改变再生铜市场份额所能带来的节能减排削减幅度,并与精炼铜行业实现节能减排政策目标所需的综合削减幅度进行了对比.结果表明,再生铜比原生铜的ECER指标小62.5％,因此废铜的再生循环明显有利于节能减排政策目标的实现.但是,当再生铜市场份额由2010年的38.5％提升至《有色金属“十二五”发展规划》中要求的40％时,其综合削减幅度仅为13％,远未达到铜冶炼行业的目标综合削减幅度27.8％.因此,精炼铜行业不仅需要更大幅度地提高铜再生比例,同时还需要采用更多清洁技术和改进措施.本文方法可用于计算各种行业的节能减排目标综合削减幅度,从而帮助判断各种改进方案和措施是否足以达到节能减排宏观政策目标的要求.     

Carbon emission analysis of a residential building in China through life cycle assessment

In this paper, a quantitative life cycle model for carbon emission accounting was developed based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) theory. A residential building in Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city (Tianjin, China) was selected as a sample, which had been constructed according to the concept of green environmental protection and sustainable development. In the scenario of this research, material production, construction, use and maintenance, and demolition phases were assessed by building carbon emission models. Results show that use and maintenance phase and material production phase are the most significant contributors to the life cycle carbon emissions of a building. We also analyzed some factor influences in LCA, including the thickness of the insulating layer and the length of building service life. The analysis suggest that thicker insulating layer does not necessarily produce less carbon emissions in the light of LCA, and if service life of a building increases, its carbon emissions during the whole life cycle will rise as well but its unit carbon emission will decrease inversely. Some advices on controlling carbon emissions from buildings are also provided.     

Identification and assessment of environmental burdens of Chinese copper production from a life cycle perspective

The environmental burdens of Chinese copper production have been identified and quantified in the context of typical technologies, materials supplies and environmental emissions by a life cycle approach. Primary and secondary copper production using copper ores and scraps, respectively, were analyzed in detail. The flash and bath smelting approaches and the recycling of copper scraps were selected as representative copper production processes. A quantitative analysis was also conducted to assess the influence of material transport distance in copper production. Life cycle assessment （LCA） results showed that resources depletion and human health contribute significantly to environmental burdens in Chinese copper production. In addition, the secondary copper production has dramatically lower environmental burdens than the primary production. There is no obvious distinction in overall environmental burdens in primary copper production by flash or bath smelting approach. However, resources depletion is lower and the damage to human health is higher for flash smelting approach. Ecosystem quality damage is slight for both approaches. Environ- mental burdens from the mining stage contribute most in all life cycle stages in primary copper production. In secondary copper production, the electrolytic refining stage dominates. Based on the life cycle assessment results, some suggestions for improving environmental performance were proposed to meet the sustainable development of Chinese copper industry.     

Life cycle assessment of food waste home composting in Greece

Home composting is a waste prevention measure related to the management of the household's food waste, garden trimmings, and other smaller organic household waste streams. Thus, home composting is an alternative way of exploitation of the “biomass” generated from the households. It is an alternative to centralized composting. Biomass utilization is explicitly stated as a principle of green chemistry. The aim of this paper is presentation of the results of a case study dealing with the life cycle environmental assessment of home composting of food waste in households in Greece. The results of the study indicate that home composting is environmentally preferable over the current organic waste management situation in Greece.     

Life cycle assessment for printed newspapers in Northwestern Mexico

This paper aims to present the relevant results of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study conducted on printed matter under a sheet-fed offset printing process by a company located in northwestern Mexico. Different scenarios were simulated in order to support decisions related to the improvement of environmental performance along the production processes. The study design was based on the European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment (EPLCA), which is in line with the ISO 14040 and 14044:2006 standards on LCA. The scope of the study was cradle-to-gate, with emphasis on the production of printed matter. The method chosen for the impact assessment was Impact 2002+ with a combined midpoint–damage approach. The results of the study showed that the major contributors to adverse effects were, primarily electricity consumption followed by paper consumption during the printing operation, as well as consumption of ink to a small degree. As for the plate-making operation along with the generation of secondary products, the result was negative. This is essentially due to involvement of recyclable materials, thus contributing to the prevention of raw material extraction. The smallest impact was observed from processes involving cleaning products and LP gas. The main issues of concern stemming from the results are electricity consumption and printing – both activities dominate almost all the midpoint categories. Generation of secondary products also had a relative environmental impact along the supply chain. Cleaning agents and LP gas did not have a significant impact on the final results of the process.     

Evaluating the environmental impacts of an urban wetland park based on emergy accounting and life cycle assessment: A case study in Beijing

In this paper, emergy accounting (EA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) methods are employed to investigate a typical urban wetland park, the Green Lake Urban Wetland Park (GLUWP) of Beijing, in terms of its environmental and capital inputs, ecosystem services and organic matter yields, environmental support, and sustainability. The LCA method is also used to obtain a quantitative estimation of the environmental impact of discharges during the entire life cycle of the GLUWP. Various emergy-based indices, such as emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental load ratio (ELR), emergy sustainability index (ESI), net economic benefit (Np), and environmental impacts of process-based LCA, including global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication (EU), nonrenewable resource depletion (RU), energy consumption (EN), acidification potential (AP), photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP), particulate matter (PM) and wastes (W), are calculated. The results show that the GLUWP has higher proportions of renewable resource input, less pressure on the environment, more environmental support and better ecological and economic benefits, which can be considered as an environment-friendly and long-term sustainable ecological practice, compared with another constructed wetland in Beijing. Meanwhile, the dominant environmental impact is induced by POCP with the construction phase contributing the most on the entire life cycle. It is expected that increasing green area, extensively using environment-friendly materials, optimizing construction techniques and reducing power consumption can promote the sustainability of the GLUWP.     

Assessing carbon footprint in the life cycle of accommodation services: the case of an international tourist hotel

The accommodation sector is the most demanding energy consumer among all building stock categories. This study quantifies an international tourist hotel in Taiwan to holistically estimate the greenhouse gas emissions of hotel accommodation services through a complete life cycle inventory. The study also investigates the difference between the carbon emissions of the baseline and reduction years to understand the effects of carbon emission reduction on the hotel industry. Results show that energy consumption is the main source of carbon footprint. However, the carbon emissions of other activities, such as the production and transportation of hotel amenities and laundry services, are 15.90% for the baseline year and 16.03% for the reduction year. These values are larger than the 5% cutoff rule according to PAS 2050. Thus, these factors should also be considered in assessing the carbon emissions of accommodation services. Hotel occupancy rate significantly affects carbon emissions during a one-night stay in a standard room as the functional unit. The selection of the functional unit should be considered in the hotel strategy. Although this case study involves an international tourist hotel in Taiwan, the findings and recommendations for improvements can be applied elsewhere.     

从上海市凤眼莲的生活史特征与繁殖策略探讨其控制对策

凤眼莲是上海地区水体中危害最严重的外来人侵种之一。通过对上海地区凤眼莲种群的连续监测，探究其生活史特征及其繁殖策略，结果表明，1）每年3～5月为凤眼莲的萌芽阶段，7月下旬为凤眼莲爆发起始时期，8～12月为凤眼莲爆发的高峰期，12月下旬凤眼莲开始枯萎死亡。但其腋芽能够存活越冬，是来年凤眼莲爆发的种源。2）上海地区凤眼莲主要以无性繁殖为主。导致该结果的内因是凤眼莲具有高的克隆生长潜力，外因是上海市水体富营养化严重。3）河道内其它水生植物的广泛分布是凤眼莲固着生长的主要机制，这些植物主要为：喜旱莲子草、菰、芦苇、牛筋草和千金子等。有鉴于此，根据上海市凤眼莲的生活史特征和繁殖策略，提出其综合防治对策为：1）最佳的打捞时期为12月至翌年6月，以去处种源为目标；2）清理河道内及堤岸上的水生杂草；3）开展生物防治的研究；4）加强与周边省份的协调合作。     

The representation of cyanobacteria life cycle processes in aquatic ecosystem models

Two simplified versions of a numerical life cycle model for diazotrophic cyanobacteria (of the order Nostocales) are developed and evaluated. Both consider two-life cycle stages, one growing, nitrogen-fixing stage and one stage that combines the resting, germinating and vegetative stages. The versions differ in the vertical resolution of the non-diazotrophic stage: version 1 collects the biomass in one layer at the bottom, version 2 considers sinking and rising of biomass explicitly. The results of the two versions are compared with a complex cyanobacteria life cycle model which describes four different life cycle stages each with two internal quotas for energy and nitrogen. The two simplified approaches show a good agreement with respect to the main characteristics of cyanobacteria dynamics (timing and duration of blooms, magnitude of nitrogen fixation, interannual variability). Our model study shows that both simplified approaches are suitable to be implemented into three-dimensional coastal or lake models.     

Life cycle assessment and environmental improvement of residential and drinking water supply systems in Hanoi,Vietnam

In many Asian cities the public water supply is characterised by low pressure, frequent interruptions and occasional contamination. Hence, private households have to store water and increase pressure individually to ensure an uninterrupted supply at sufficient pressure and water for drinking has to be boiled or supplied separately in bottles. In this study the present water supply system in Hanoi and a number of modification options were analysed from an environmental point of view through life cycle assessment (LCA) in order to identify the most sustainable solutions for future water supply. It was found that the boiling of water for drinking was the largest source of impacts in the present system. Impacts could be reduced significantly if the public supply network was improved and private pumping and storage could be avoided and if the water could be used directly for drinking. It was also found that impacts could be reduced if consumers used bottled water for drinking instead of boiling tap water. Finally, it was demonstrated that even if drinking water cannot be supplied directly through the public network, a reliable public water supply at high pressure is environmentally advantageous. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the conclusions of this study are likely to be applicable to other cities with similar water supply systems.