离子色谱在砷化物形态分析中的应用

砷的分析方法最初有光度法、原子吸收光谱法和极谱法等，但这些方法仅能用于总砷，不能用于砷的形态分析．因而又发展了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、离子色谱法(IC)、气相色谱法、气相色谱-原子吸收光谱联用、液相色谱-质谱联用、离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱、离子色谱-原子吸收／发射光谱联用技术等．由于砷化物在水中多以离子形式存在，采用离子色谱法能同时分析不同形态的砷离子．同时，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱及原子吸收光谱测定砷化物具有较高的灵敏度，因此，离子色谱及离子色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱、原子吸收／发射光谱的联用技术在砷化物的形态分析中得到了较多的应用^[1-8]。     

抑制型离子色谱法测定煤基合成甲醇中铵离子的含量

采用抑制型离子色谱法测定煤基合成甲醇中铵离子的含量,通过预处理、色谱仪器配置以及色谱条件的优化选择试验,确定最优试验条件,实现甲醇中铵离子的良好分离和定量.该方法相对标准偏差小于2.86%,加标回收率为102.04%—105.60%,方法测定下限0.0063 mg·L~(-1),满足工艺生产分析需求.     

离子色谱法测定水体中生物胺的含量

采用离子色谱法检测了水体中的腐胺、尸胺、组胺、亚精胺和精胺五种生物胺.试样经0.22μm膜过滤后,以甲磺酸(MSA)溶液为淋洗液,阳离子交换柱分离,抑制型电导检测器检测.以保留时间定性,外标法定量,可以较好地分离和检测常见的阳离子和生物胺.该方法具有较好的重现性和线性关系,五种生物胺的回收率分别为98.3%,96.1%,96.7%,106.2%和105.4%;检出限分别为14,8,22,10和112μg·1-1.     

新型离子色谱柱对常见阴离子分析的应用研究

抑制型电导检测离子色谱法分析常见阴离子已广泛应用于各个领域,但是阴离子分离过程中,水负峰与F-淋洗位置及CI~-,NO_ 2~-之间的保留时间相差不大,容易影响F~-和NO_2~-定量的准确性;其次.对基体复杂的样品分析,需要更大交换容量的分离柱抗干扰.本文首次选择IonPac AS14阴离于交换分离柱,由于该柱填料具有较强的疏水性及较大的交换容量(65μeq/柱)等特性,不仅改善了水负峰和F~-,CI-和NO_2~-的分高度,而且为其在复杂基体样品分析中的应用开辟了广泛的前景.     

使用离子色谱对药品处方中柠檬酸盐和磷酸盐含量的检测

《美国药典(USP)》针对柠檬酸不同的药剂形态,采用一些不同的方法进行检测.这些分析技术包括:热量计、比重计、离子交换色谱法和反相液相色谱法.     

AN46啤酒中多种成分的离子色谱法分析

离子色谱是分析和定量溶液中离子的有效技术.虽然已有很多技术,包括气相色谱、液相色谱、基于酶的技术和湿法化学方法用于啤酒分析,离子色谱正迅速成为可选方法之一. 啤酒工业中感兴趣的化合物有很多,如无机阴离子、有机酸、以及与啤酒花的味道和苦味有关的物质如蛋白质、糖和醇类.测定这些物质的含量可以监测发酵程度.测定加工好的啤酒产品中添加的保护剂和着色剂的浓度,有助于确保生产的可靠性.     

离子色谱在监测土霉素结晶母液废水处理过程中土霉素含量的研究

土霉素结晶母液是一种含高硫高氮的高浓度难生物降解有抽废水,有用前置反硝化法对其进行脱氮处理过程中,残留的土霉素等对反硝化有明显的生物和抑制作用,用离子色谱法（以0mniPac PCX-100为分离柱,0.2mol.l^-1盐酸－27.9%乙腈（V／V）为淋洗液）测定经预酸化处理后废水中的土霉素含量,分析结果表明,预酸化处理可以显著降解废水中的土壤素,提高其可生化性,该法6min内即可完成土霉素含量的测定,土霉素的检出限为10ug.l^-1.     

低压离子色谱法测定水和酸雨样品中F~-,Cl~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)离子

本文介绍了低压离于色谱法测定水样(井水、湖水、矿泉水、自来水)和酸雨中氟、氯、硝酸根、硫酸根离子的方法.欲测阴离子在阴离子交换柱上被分离,同时用1.2mol·l~(-1)N_2CO_3溶液作流动相,流速为 1.6ml·min~(-1).各离子的流分用电导检测.进样量为50μl时F~-,Cl~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)的最低检出限(2倍噪音比)分别为10,20,250,500ng·ml~(-1).     

水中杀菌剂叶青双及其降解物的反相液相色谱测定

本文用反相液相色谱法测定水中叶青双及其降解物2-氨基5-巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑。平均回收率分别为91％和94％;对水样的最低检测浓度分别为2ppb和0.8ppb;叶青双与2-氨基-5-巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑的分离度为2.5。本法在柱效和灵敏度上比硅胶柱液相色谱法有明显的提高。     

粮食中串珠镰刀菌素的液相色谱分析

建立了检测粮食样品中串珠镰刀菌素(Moniliformin)的液相色谱法。粮样用甲醇提取,提取液浓缩近干,残渣用水溶解,过弱酸性树脂进行离子交换。交换液加入离子对试剂A后用二氯甲烷萃取,萃取液浓缩至干。残渣用乙腈溶解后液相色谱分析。经C_(18)反相柱分离,紫外检测,甲醇-0.2％四丁基溴化铵(20∶80,V/V)作流动相。串珠镰刀菌素的最低检出限为2×10~(-9)g。在浓度为50ng/g—500ng/g的范围内,串珠镰刀菌素在玉米、大米及小麦中的回收率均在75％以上,变异系数均在20％以内。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).