钛基催化剂制备及其光分解磷化氢性能

通过光催化将磷化氢(PH_3)分解为黄磷和氢气的技术,兼具环保效益和经济价值.采用化学镀法、化学沉淀法分别在溶胶凝胶法自制的TiO_2与商品P25表面负载Ni和Fe_3O_4,制成钛基负载型催化剂,研究其对PH_3光催化分解性能,并利用XRD、EDS、FT-IR、FESEM对催化剂的晶相结构、元素组分、表面官能团及表观形貌等进行表征和分析.结果表明,P25负载型催化剂具有良好的性能,在450℃、395 nm光照条件下,PH_3分解率接近100%,光照对催化分解磷化氢具有重要协同作用,应用前景广阔.同时,验证了Ni和Fe_3O_4是催化剂的高效活性相,对于PH_3分解至关重要.     

NiFe2O4直接分解二氧化碳成碳循环反应过程结构演变研究

用XRD Rietveld分析法,对共沉淀法制备的NiFe2O4在H2／CO2循环反应中的结构演变进行研究,发现随着循环反应次数的增加,NiFe2O4物相的含量逐渐降低,Fe2Ni1-x物相的含量及其(200)衍射的平均晶粒逐渐增大,并出现Fe3C物相,其含量增长较快．纯NiEe2O4经15次循环反应后,体系中NiFe2O4物相的含量只剩下5％左右,样品基本失去分解CO2的活性．NiFe2O4掺杂4％铬后,明显提高了NiFe2O4骨架结构的稳定性,虽经50次H2／CO2循环反应,体系中NiFe2O4物相含量仍然有20％,分解CO2的活性仍达到初始活性的40％．     

五氯酚的臭氧催化氧化特性

通过五氯酚(PCP)的Fe2+/O3催化氧化实验研究了其臭氧催化氧化特性,结果表明,PCP在反应5 min后几乎可以完全分解,但是TOC在反应30 min后的去除率只有50%左右,说明PCP不能被彻底氧化分解.通过对Cl-浓度的分析可知,伴随着PCP的氧化分解,苯环上的Cl会逐渐从苯环上释放到溶液中,而紫外吸光度值随反应时间的变化说明了臭氧催化氧化可以使得PCP中的苯环打开,将含有不饱和键的有机物转变成饱和的有机物.GC-MS分析结果表明,PCP的臭氧催化氧化首先是苯环的脱氯过程,随着反应的进行,苯环被打开,形成酯、醛、酸、氯代烷等小分子物质,最后被分解成CO2和H2O.     

氟里昂12(CCl2F2)燃烧分解催化剂性能的研究

本文对贵金属、氧化物和复合氧化物体系催化剂上氟里昂_(12)(F_(12))燃烧分解反应进行了活性评价和稳定性研究.结果表明:TiO_2,ZrO_2/TiO_2催化剂对氟里昂_(12)燃烧分解反应具有良好的低温催化活性和较好的稳定性,ZrO_2/TiO_2催化剂具有一定的臭氧-催化氧化活性     

NiO/SrBi2O4可见光催化杀菌的研究

采用共沉淀法制备SrBi2O4,利用浸渍法将NiO负载到SrBi2O4表面上,制得可见光催化杀菌剂.紫外可见漫反射光谱的测定显示催化剂在400-650nm波长有吸收.表明NiO/SrBi2O4在可见光(λ＞420 nm)照射下对革蓝氏阴性菌大肠杆菌(E.coli)有很高的杀菌活性.通过TEM观察和ICP测定反应过程中钾离子的浓度变化,证实细菌细胞壁和细胞膜均遭到破坏.     

TiO2纳米管光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的研究

以水热法制备TiO2纳米管,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD),高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和紫外可见漫反射光谱对其结构和性质进行了表征.研究了光催化还原溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的反应活性,分别考察了煅烧温度、反应溶液的pH、助催化剂对TiO2纳米管光催化还原的影响.实验结果表明,TiO2-550光催化活性最优;酸性条件有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的还原;NiO和Co2O3复合的TiO2-550光催化活性明显提高.     

水介质中催化剂Raney Ni催化2-氯酚加氢脱氯

选择水作为反应介质,以氢气为氢源,研究了Raney Ni催化下、水溶液中2-氯酚的加氢脱氯,调查了溶剂、碱助剂和碱金属或碱土金属氯化物对加氢脱氯反应的影响.发现在水体系中,2-氯酚更容易被加氢脱氯,水作为反应介质时显著改善了加氢脱氯的反应环境,消除了无机氯化物在催化剂表面的吸附和累积,使催化剂保持了高活性.     

颗粒活性炭催化臭氧氧化降解活性黑5

本文以深度处理后印染废水为配水模拟实际废水,对颗粒活性炭催化臭氧氧化降解活性黑5进行了研究.用低温N_2吸附-脱附等温线、SEM-EDS等对颗粒活性炭进行了表征,发现颗粒活性炭比表面积高达931 m~2·g~(-1).考察了颗粒活性炭吸附性能和催化臭氧活性,结果表明单独臭氧与颗粒活性炭催化臭氧脱色率在反应30 min内均高达100%.反应1h时,5 g·L~(-1)、10 g·L~(-1)颗粒活性炭催化臭氧TOC去除率分别为57%、74%,比单独臭氧高出33%和50%,颗粒活性炭具有良好的催化效果,能提高对污染物的矿化效果.颗粒活性炭促进了溶解性臭氧分解,重复使用6次后10 g·L~(-1)活性炭在反应时间为2 h时染料废水TOC去除率均能稳定在85%左右,多次利用后活性炭的催化活性没有明显降低.EPR检测表明,其主要机制为颗粒活性炭能够稳定地催化臭氧分子分解产生羟基自由基,实现污水中有机物的矿化.     

金属掺杂的镧锰六铝酸盐催化还原NO

采用共沉淀法制备了以LaMnAl11O19-δ为基础的不同金属元素掺杂的六铝酸盐催化剂LaMnMAl10O19-δ（其中M分别为Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Y、Ag、Ce）,对样品进行了XRD、H2-TPR和BET表征,在CH4存在下,考察了催化剂对NO的还原反应活性.实验结果表明,以（NH4）2CO3作沉淀剂制备的...     

甲醇分解催化剂的探索——加入KNO_3的效果

为了获得性能优良的甲醇分解催化剂,用固定床流动反应装置研究了在M/Al_2O_3、Rh,M/Al_2O_3、M,K/Al_2O_3和Rh,M,K/Al_2O_3(M是贱金属元素)系催化剂上甲醇反应时的转化率和产物分布。 不含钾的催化剂上甲醇转化率高,脱水是主反应;Rh虽可提高催化剂的甲醇分解选样性,但生成副产物甲烷。在含2mg·atom/g·Al_2O_3钾的催化剂上,甲醇脱水反应受抑制,几乎只有分解反应。Ni,K/Al_2O_3催化剂上甲醇的反应性和选择性能优良,它可与Rh,Ni,K/Al_2O_3催化剂相当,有希望开发成不含贵金属的实用甲醇分解催化剂体系。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.