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九十年代以来全球重大天气气候事件回顾 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
本文首先揭示了九十年代全球变暖背景下北半球中高纬度地区冬季的异常冷暖气候事件及其相应的环流形势。着重回顾了全球热浪、暴雨洪涝、大范围持续干旱及热带风暴等重大灾害性天气气候事件及其影响,并对其形成的可能原因进行了一些诊断分析。 相似文献
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《自然灾害学报》2020,(3)
为了应对全球气候变化,《巴黎协定》没有强制规定各国的温室气体排放量,而是各国以"自主贡献"(INDC)的方式参与全球温室气体减排行动。国家自主贡献减排的气候响应是当今气候变化科学界的热点问题。目前缺少对于自主贡献目标情景下的区域极端温度变化的研究。本文基于32个全球气候模式的模拟,采用九个温度极值指数,研究了中亚地区INDC目标情景下极端温度的变化特征。结果表明INDC目标情景相对现代气候期,中亚地区极端高温事件显著增加,而极端低温事件显著减少。夜间低温的上升幅度大于日间高温。不同极端温度指标变化的空间分布型有所差异,帕米尔高原和高纬度地区是主要的变化敏感区。本研究还进一步发现中亚地区的大部分温度极值指数与全球平均温升呈近似线性的关系。如果加强减排行动,将全球平均温升控制在较低水平,极端温度事件的变化将显著减少。 相似文献
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1991/1992年是厄尔尼诺年,也是全球自然灾害频发、重灾事件突出的异常年份。本文对发生在1991/1992年厄尔尼诺事件期间的全球主要气象灾害进行简介和评述。 相似文献
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气候是关系到人类生存和社会经济活动的一个重要环境因子。气候变化不仅与粮食生产、淡水资源、土地利用、能源和交通等有密切关系,而且还关系到环境的保护和改造。20世纪60年代以来,随着北极地区气温的下降,地球上不少地区的气侯异常事件频繁出现,世界许多地方的气候极端事件都与粮食价格升高、贸易中断、贮备量减少和饥荒相联系。因此,气候变化问题越来越引起各国政府和人民的关注。1972年《联合国环境大 相似文献
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基于中巴经济走廊地区1961-2015年逐日最高气温数据、人口经济、耕地等数据,选取极端高温事件强度、频次、持续时间、人口密度、耕地面积占比、不透水面积占比、GDP、脆弱人口比重和性别比重9个指标,采用层次分析法和熵权法确定各指标组合权重并对中巴经济走廊地区极端高温事件进行风险评估。结果表明:中巴经济走廊地区极端高温事件风险分布具有明显的空间差异,绝大部分地区属于低(较低)风险地区,高(较高)风险地区主要分布在旁遮普省与信德省;极端高温事件高风险地区面积占比最大的行政单元为信德省,低风险地区面积占比最大的行政单元为中国喀什地区;历史极端高温事件与本研究的评估结果基本一致。 相似文献
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清新的空气,洁净的流水,湛蓝的天空,美好的大地,古往今来都是人类赖以生产、生存的环境条件。可是,本世纪40年代以来,世界上许多地区相继出现了环境污染和生态破坏的严重问题,造成了一系列灾害事件。下面仅举其中的一少部分,以期引起人们对环境保护问题的关注。 相似文献
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近10年来苏门答腊俯冲带大震频发,并引发灾难性海啸,使之成为全球关注的焦点。特别是2004年和2012年的两次大震所带来的科学问题在许多方面超出现有认识。国际上对苏门答腊地区已开展了大量的地质学、地球物理学等多方面的调查研究,应用了许多新方法并取得了许多新认识。解读苏门答腊的构造背景和地质演化史对于认识俯冲型大地震的产生机理是必要的,对此类地震的发生过程和规律的研究,对于理解海啸产生的条件和防灾减灾有十分重要的现实意义。本文对苏门答腊地区的地震活动和深部构造进行了详细分析,对近年关于该地区的世界性研究成果进行了总结,梳理出若干亟待研究的科学问题,进而提出开展苏门答腊俯冲带地震3D层析成像的具体实施路线。 相似文献
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植物为了躲避太热的地方,它们的后代会随着风慢慢向凉爽的地方迁移。美国最新一期出版的《科学》杂志上的一篇文章指出,在过去几十年中受到全球气候变暖的影响,许多欧洲的植物开始向高海拔地区迁移,因为高海拔地区比低海拔地区的气温低一 相似文献
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LIU Chuanfeng 《中国减灾(英文版)》2001,(4)
1 Climate background Although the La Nina event caused the decrease of the mean temperature in the tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean, the year 2000 had remained one of the hottest since 1860 when records of the global mean temperature began. The temperature in the areas to the north of 20扤 from December 1999 to November 2000 marked the second warmest in history. The mean temperature of the global surface in 2000 was 0. 60C above the average during the period 1880?999, and was close to … 相似文献
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《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(2):149-163
This research attempts to improve understanding of how climate change may affect international humanitarian spending, using existing international databases that track disaster occurrence and humanitarian costs. A range of potential impact scenarios is developed employing four distinct methodological approaches. The findings indicate that climate change will have a significant impact on humanitarian costs and the increase could range from a 32 per cent increase (taking into account only changes in frequency of disasters) to upwards of a 1,600 per cent increase when other criteria, such as intensity, are also taken into account. The paper further highlights that extreme weather events do not occur in isolation and the increasing interconnectedness of world economic and political systems has made disasters more complex and destructive. It makes a number of recommendations, including the need for more rigorous and systematic collection of disaster-related data and more constructive interaction between the humanitarian and climate change communities on future research, planning and action. 相似文献
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Kim N 《Disasters》2012,36(2):195-211
This paper proposes a simple indicator to measure the exposure to natural disasters for the poor and non-poor population, in order to assess the global and regional trend of natural hazard and poverty. Globally, poor people are two times more exposed to natural disasters than the non-poor in the twenty-first century. The time trend varies across regions, with poor people in East Asia and Pacific being most exposed to natural disasters, followed by those in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The change of exposure measure over time is decomposed into two factors: a pure exposure change, which could be fuelled by climate change; and a concentration component. The result shows that the total net increase of exposure between the 1970s and the 2000s is driven significantly by the increased concentration of the poor (26 per cent) in disaster-prone areas, whereas the contribution of that factor remains very small for the non-poor (six per cent). 相似文献
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Multiple visions of Indonesia's mud volcano: understanding representations of disaster across discursive settings
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Phillip Drake 《Disasters》2016,40(2):346-364
The Lapindo mudflow is one of the most controversial disasters in Indonesian history. Despite its unique biophysical features, most consider the mudflow a social disaster as scientific conflicts about its main trigger have evolved into legal disputes over accountability and rights. This paper examines this ‘trigger debate’, the stakes of scientific contention and the broader social and natural dynamics that shape the terms of this debate. A Latourian impulse drives this analysis, which aims to improve both understandings of—and responses to—complex disasters. This paper also notes that the stakes of representation extend to constructions of its stakeholders, especially to victims. As socionatural disasters become an increasingly common feature of the contemporary world, from mud volcanoes to extreme weather events caused by global warming, it is more important than ever to understand the dynamics of representing disasters and stakeholders. 相似文献
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Being an archipelagic nation, the Philippines is susceptible and vulnerable to the ill-effects of weather-related hazards. Extreme weather events, which include tropical cyclones, monsoon rains and dry spells, have triggered hazards (such as floods and landslides) that have turned into disasters. Financial resources that were meant for development and social services have had to be diverted in response, addressing the destruction caused by calamities that beset different regions of the country. Changing climatic patterns and weather-related occurrences over the past five years (2004-08) may serve as an indicator of what climate change will mean for the country. Early recognition of this possibility and the implementation of appropriate action and measures, through disaster risk management, are important if loss of life and property is to be minimised, if not totally eradicated. This is a matter of urgent concern given the geographical location and geological characteristics of the Philippines. 相似文献
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2004年主汛期我国强对流天气灾害统计特征 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
运用全国各省、市、县气象部门直接上报国家气象局的气象灾害数据,对全国各地2004年主汛期(6-8月)对流性天气造成的灾害分布特征和人员死亡情况进行了统计分析,结果表明,主汛期内强对流天气在全国31个省市都有发生,其中黄淮、江淮、江南、西南地区东部为强对流天气灾害死亡人数多发区,且在主汛期内,以7月份强对流天气发生频次最高;在年度所有气象灾害中,除了暴雨洪涝灾害造成人员死亡最多外,雷击事件造成的死亡人数占气象灾害死亡人数的第二位;各大城市均遭遇到强对流天气袭击,造成了严重的交通瘫痪,城市应急响应系统建设亟待加强。 相似文献