玛多县土地利用与景观格局分析及预测

土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究是全球环境变化和可持续发展的热点问题。文章选取了青海省玛多县2005年、2009年和2013年Landsat卫星影像数据,利用GIS技术和景观格局分析软件相结合的方法,对玛多县近九年来该区土地利用/土地覆盖变化、景观结构与格局进行分析,并结合Markov模型,预测玛多县未来十几年间土地利用景观格局演变特征。结果表明,草地是玛多县最主要的土地利用类型;2005~2013年,玛多县草地和人工用地面积增加,人工用地动态度最大;土地利用/覆盖类型总变化面积为12 983.87km2。2005~2009年玛多县景观异质性不断减小,空间连接性增加,景观团聚程度高,各类型斑块分布较集中;2009~2013年玛多县景观异质性增强,景观破碎化程度高、团聚程度低;景观趋于多样化和丰富化。     

特大城市新兴城区土地利用及景观格局变化研究——以武汉市洪山区为例

新兴城区是快速城镇化进程中由城郊区向主城区转型的一种城市空间类型,是特大城市土地利用变化的主要载体。以武汉市洪山区为研究对象,利用景观生态学方法分析了该区2000—2015年土地利用变化特征。结果表明:研究期间武汉市洪山区土地利用变化速率较快。从土地利用结构变化来看,洪山区建设用地是景观转入主体,城区基底面积增加、空间承载力增强。从土地利用空间变化来看,洪山区建设用地供给系统稳定,水域和农业用地景观破碎化程度加剧、空间范围缩小。洪山区城区边缘特征逐渐消失,中心城区的城市特性进一步增显,研究结论可为武汉市土地规划和城市发展提供一定的借鉴和启示。     

大渡河流域泸定段土地利用景观格局动态研究

对泸定县1994年TM影像和2002年ETM＋影像进行了数字图像处理和解译,得到两个时期的土地利用景观类型图,通过计算相关景观格局指数,定量研究了土地利用景观格局的纵向变化情况。结果表明：1994-2002年间,研究区以林地的变动为主要特征,8年间林地面积增加7590．395hm^2,而草地、耕地和其它土地面积减少,主要是转化为林地,其主要推动力是退耕还林政策的实施,景观破碎化程度增加,多样性和异质性提高,说明整个景观中斑块的分布趋于均匀化。     

基于遥感影像的小流域土地利用景观格局研究

以SPOT-5卫星遥感影像为基础数据源,在GIS技术的支持下获取刘家河流域的土地利用类型。引入景观生态学的基本原理和方法,基于Fragstats 3.3软件,用景观格局指数定量分析了该流域土地利用景观格局。结果表明,刘家河流域内的耕地是景观的主体类型,流域水资源丰富、交通条件便利,非常适合发展现代农业,但应注意生态环境保护,尤其应注意对坡度大于25°的耕地实施退耕还林,以防止出现水土流失等环境问题。     

基于遥感影像的小流域土地利用景观格局研究CSSCI

以SPOT-5卫星遥感影像为基础数据源,在GIS技术的支持下获取刘家河流域的土地利用类型。引入景观生态学的基本原理和方法,基于Fragstats 3.3软件,用景观格局指数定量分析了该流域土地利用景观格局。结果表明,刘家河流域内的耕地是景观的主体类型,流域水资源丰富、交通条件便利,非常适合发展现代农业,但应注意生态环境保护,尤其应注意对坡度大于25°的耕地实施退耕还林,以防止出现水土流失等环境问题。     

岷江流域三江交汇区景观格局变化研究

本文以生态景观理论为基础,地理信息与遥感技术为支撑,对岷江流域三江交汇区三期遥感数据,1990年TM、2002年TM、2014年ETM+数据进行图像分类、景观指数提取、空间分析,同时采用面积转移矩阵统计各景观面积的转移情况,分析景观格局变化的影响因素,研究结果表明:(1)1990—2014年三江交汇区景观类型面积排序为:农田林地草地水域居民地裸地。优势景观为耕地,所占比例由72.83%下降到63.32%,面积减少了3480hm2。草地所占比例呈现波动变化,总体增加了2.81%。林地比例由15.98%上升到18.79%,增加了700hm2。居民地所占比例升高了4.1%;(2)1990年研究区内草地景观易受到外部干扰,其分布形状复杂。林地景观整体聚合度较高同时具有较低的异质性,分布通透性好、规模连续。农田分布较为分散且斑块较小。2002年农田斑块分布复杂化,同时具有聚集度高的特点。2014年研究区内农田优势地位下降。此时农田分布比较破碎并且呈现集中的态势。草地分布规模性较好、分布较为完整,但是内部存在一定的破碎性;(3)三江交汇区景观类型相互转化的主要原因:一是,退耕还林、还草政策实施,海拔超过500m的丘陵山地区域,建立生态保护区。二是,成绵乐铁路和高速路网的完善,使得三江交汇区的土地类型向建设用地转化加快,主要集中在乐山市中区和周围城镇。     

青海湖盆地生态环境问题及防治对策

一、青海湖盆地自然地理及社会经济概况青海湖盆地位于青藏高原东北部祁连山东南侧,由日月山、大通山、阿木尼尼库山及青海南山所环绕形成一个闭合的盆地,地处东经97°50′—101°13′,北纬26°20′—38°20′,面积达(含青海湖)39661平方公里,青海湖位于湖盆中部,湖水面积4340平方公里,湖面海拔3194米,湖水平均深16.5米,最大水深27米,总蓄水量约778亿立方米。周围山地平均海拔3500—4000米,最高峰5200米。盆地水系发达,共有大小河流40余条,呈不对称状分布。其中常年性河流有7条,径流量大于0.11亿立米/年的河流     

重庆市主要生态环境问题及对策

本文以重庆市近几年生态环境现状为基础，对重庆市水土流失、土地退化、森林质量下降、水污染问题、自然灾害频繁、农村环境质量问题、库区淹没区环境质量等一系列生态环境问题逐一进行了剖析，同时从经济保障体系、政策保障体系和技术保障体系等方面提出了：强化管理、认真执法、实施重点工程、协调人口、资源、环境、发展区域经济等对策，以维护和建设重庆市生态环境。     

共和盆地生态环境治理的思路及对策

文章对共和盆地生态环境现状及其恶化的原因进行了分析,并有针对性的提出了一些治理思路和对策。     

滇东南地区旅游资源的开发战略

滇东南地区自然旅游资源丰富多彩，以喀斯特山水风光为其主体特色；人文旅游资源绚丽灿烂，以少数民族风情为其鲜明特征。本区区位条件优越，交通运输形成网络，潜在客源市场广阔，为该区旅游资源的进一步开发奠定了基础。根据该区旅游资源的分布、交通条件、经济承受能力和接待条件，笔者认为近期开发的重点是：①开发喀斯特景观系列旅游产品；②建设建水、罗平、邱北３个旅游集散中心；③开辟４条旅游主干线；④开发８大旅游商品系列。     

大尺度下土地利用与景观格局演变分析--以湛江海洋大学主校区为例

通过分析景观斑块的分离度、多样性、均匀性等指数，总结了大学校园土地利用与景观类型的关系，对优化校园景观格局具有现实指导意义。以湛江海洋大学主校区1996年和2005的遥感影像为信息源．在大尺度下利用GIS技术计算和分析主校区各类景观和总体景观的演变情况。结果表明．湛江海洋大学主校区整体景观的孔隙度、多样性、均匀度增加，而破碎度、优势度减小。     

Forest Fragmentation and Landscape Transformation in a Reindeer Husbandry Area in Sweden

Reindeer husbandry and forestry are two main land users in boreal forests in northern Sweden. Modern forestry has numerous negative effects on the ground-growing and arboreal lichens that are crucial winter resources for reindeer husbandry. Using digitized historical maps, we examined changes in the forest landscape structure during the past 100 years, and estimated corresponding changes in suitability of forest landscape mosaics for the reindeer winter grazing. Cover of old coniferous forests, a key habitat type of reindeer herding system, showed a strong decrease during the study period, whereas clear-cutting and young forests increased rapidly in the latter half of the 20th century. The dominance of young forests and fragmentation of old-growth forests (decreased patch sizes and increased isolation) reflect decreased amount of arboreal lichens as well as a lowered ability of the landscape to sustain long-term persistence of lichens. The results further showed that variation in ground lichen cover among sites was mainly related to soil moisture conditions, recent disturbances, such as soil scarification and prescribed burning, and possibly also to forest history. In general, the results suggest that the composition and configuration of the forest landscape mosaic has become less suitable for sustainable reindeer husbandry.     

Landscape Characterization Integrating Expert and Local Spatial Knowledge of Land and Forest Resources

In many developing countries, political documentation acknowledges the crucial elements of participation and spatiality for effective land use planning. However, operative approaches to spatial data inclusion and representation in participatory land management are often lacking. In this paper, we apply and develop an integrated landscape characterization approach to enhance spatial knowledge generation about the complex human–nature interactions in landscapes in the context of Zanzibar, Tanzania. We apply an integrated landscape conceptualization as a theoretical framework where the expert and local knowledge can meet in spatial context. The characterization is based on combining multiple data sources in GIS, and involves local communities and their local spatial knowledge since the beginning into the process. Focusing on the expected information needs for community forest management, our characterization integrates physical landscape features and retrospective landscape change data with place-specific community knowledge collected through participatory GIS techniques. The characterization is established in a map form consisting of four themes and their synthesis. The characterization maps are designed to support intuitive interpretation, express the inherently uncertain nature of the data, and accompanied by photographs to enhance communication. Visual interpretation of the characterization mediates information about the character of areas and places in the studied local landscape, depicting the role of forest resources as part of the landscape entity. We conclude that landscape characterization applied in GIS is a highly potential tool for participatory land and resource management, where spatial argumentation, stakeholder communication, and empowerment are critical issues.     

Projecting Large-Scale Area Changes in Land Use and Land Cover for Terrestrial Carbon Analyses

One of the largest changes in US forest type areas over the last half-century has involved pine types in the South. The area of planted pine has increased more than 10-fold since 1950, mostly on private lands. Private landowners have responded to market incentives and government programs, including subsidized afforestation on marginal agricultural land. Timber harvest is a crucial disturbance affecting planted pine area, as other forest types are converted to planted pine after harvest. Conversely, however, many harvested pine plantations revert to other forest types, mainly due to passive regeneration behavior on nonindustrial private timberlands. We model land use and land cover changes as a basis for projecting future changes in planted pine area, to aid policy analysts concerned with mitigation activities for global climate change. Projections are prepared in two stages. Projected land use changes include deforestation due to pressures to develop rural land as the human population expands, which is a larger area than that converted from other rural lands (e.g., agriculture) to forestry. In the second stage, transitions among forest types are projected on land allocated to forestry. We consider reforestation, influences of timber harvest, and natural succession and disturbance processes. Baseline projections indicate a net increase of about 5.6 million ha in planted pine area in the South over the next 50 years, with a notable increase in sequestered carbon. Additional opportunities to expand pine plantation area warrant study of landowner behavior to aid in designing more effective incentives for inducing land use and land cover changes to help mitigate climate change and attain other goals.     

The Maintenance of Landscape Health in the Midst of Land Use Change

Land use design that recognizes the landscape attributes that characterize homeostatic health can emphasize them during land use change. The attributes of landscape health are the working mechanisms of all open systems, and can be observed in the homeostatic behavior of forests, deserts and floodplains. These attributes are openness, self-regulation, storage and diversity. The attributes of health comprise criteria for evaluating and guiding land use. To maintain landscape health, land use design can maintain and restore these mechanisms during change of moderate pace and scale.     

From Forest Landscape to Agricultural Landscape in the Developing Tropical Country of Malaysia: Pattern,Process, and Their Significance on Policy

Agricultural expansion and deforestation are spatial processes of land transformation that impact on landscape pattern. In peninsular Malaysia, the conversion of forested areas into two major cash crops—rubber and oil palm plantations—has been identified as driving significant environmental change. To date, there has been insufficient literature studying the link between changes in landscape patterns and land-related development policies. Therefore, this paper examines: (i) the links between development policies and changes in land use/land cover and landscape pattern and (ii) the significance and implications of these links for future development policies. The objective is to generate insights on the changing process of land use/land cover and landscape pattern as a functional response to development policies and their consequences for environmental conditions. Over the last century, the development of cash crops has changed the country from one dominated by natural landscapes to one dominated by agricultural landscapes. But the last decade of the century saw urbanization beginning to impact significantly. This process aligned with the establishment of various development policies, from land development for agriculture between the mid 1950s and the 1970s to an emphasis on manufacturing from the 1980s onward. Based on a case study in Selangor, peninsular Malaysia, a model of landscape pattern change is presented. It contains three stages according to the relative importance of rubber (first stage: 1900–1950s), oil palm (second stage: 1960s–1970s), and urban (third stage: 1980s–1990s) development that influenced landscape fragmentation and heterogeneity. The environmental consequences of this change have been depicted through loss of biodiversity, geohazard incidences, and the spread of vector-borne diseases. The spatial ecological information can be useful to development policy formulation, allowing diagnosis of the country’s “health” and sustainability. The final section outlines the usefulness of landscape analysis in the policy-making process to prevent further fragmentation of the landscape and forest loss in Malaysia in the face of rapid economic development.

滇中城市群产业结构与用地结构关联研究

城市群产业结构与用地结构的协调发展有利于提高滇中城市群用地的空间绩效,优化城市群产业结构,提升城市群的整体功能.运用比例变化指数和Granger因果关系方法研究了滇中城市群产业结构和土地利用之间的变化关系：滇中城市群产业结构变化滞后于城市土地结构变化,城市土地结构变化和产业结构变化的差距呈先增加后减少的趋势,即滇中城市群产业结构和土地利用结构由非同步变化逐渐进入同步变化轨迹;短期内,滇中城市群产业结构变化促进了优化土地利用,土地利用变化又反作用于产业结构,但滇中产业结构和用地结构未出现同步变化规律,说明滇中产业结构和土地的因果关系结构要在长期发展才可能实现.     

主体功能区划基础上的珠江三角洲土地利用效益评价研究

基于县域单元维度,对珠江三角洲地区进行主体功能区划基础上的土地利用效益综合评价研究。结果表明:1珠江三角洲地区土地利用综合效益总体水平较高,但内部空间差异较明显;2不同主体功能区之间和同一主体功能区内部土地利用的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益存在不均衡现象;3各功能区内部影响土地利用效益提升的障碍因素有所不同,优化开发区主要是生态因素,农产品主产区主要是经济和社会因素,重点开发区主要是经济和生态因素。     

Pressure Indicators of Wood Resource Use in an Atlantic Forest Area,Northeastern Brazil

Wood resources are often used to support the needs of the local population. In order to protect biodiversity and resources, conservation strategies need to consider what types of wood use have the strongest impacts on forested areas. This study aimed to identify the use categories that put higher pressure on an Atlantic forest region located in the municipality of Igarassu in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. To conduct the study, we measured the volume of all wood products in 62 surveyed residences and registered the average replacement time for such products. The fuelwood category was most important locally and accounted for 92% of annual wood consumption. However, the construction category harvests more destructively and concentrates on the consumption of a few wood species. Therefore we recommend the fuelwood category to be the main focus of conservation effforts. In addition, the most important species for construction purposes (e.g., Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers, Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F. Macbr. and Pogonophora schomburgkiana Miers ex Benth) should also be considered as a priority for conservation.