粘土矿物和碳纳米管对微囊藻毒素的吸附

研究了不同粘土矿物和碳纳米管 (CNTs)吸附去除水体中微囊藻毒素 (Microcystins,MCs)的作用 .结果表明 ,在MC RR和LR的初始浓度分别为 2 1 0和 9 5mg·L-1时 ,尽管高岭土和海泡石等粘土矿物对MCs有一定的吸附能力 ,但吸附量分别低于 3 0和 1 6mg·g-1.与测试的不同粘土矿物相比 ,CNTs对MCs的吸附能力较强 ,吸附MC RR和LR量分别达到了 14 8和 6 7mg·g-1,是粘土矿物吸附量的 5倍左右 .进一步研究发现 ,CNTs对MCs的吸附能力随CNTs外径的增加而减少 ,说明CNTs的比表面积是决定吸附MCs量大小的重要因素之一 ,这在如何选择碳纳米管规格用于高效吸附去除水体中MCs方面具有重要意义     

粘土矿物在废水处理中的应用

粘土矿物由于其良好的吸附性能已在废水处理中得到广泛应用,尤其是改性后的粘土矿物吸附效果更为显著.本文介绍了高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石几种典型粘土矿物的矿物学特性、矿物改性及其在水处理中的应用现状,并阐述了其吸附机理.     

近海沉积物组份对有机物的吸附与吸附机理探讨

以大连近海沉积物主要组份碳酸钙、金属氧化物、腐殖酸和粘土矿物为沉积物模拟样品,测定该4种组份对硝基苯等4种毒性有机的吸附等温线,在此基础上建立了多组份吸附剂吸附等温模式。通过吸附热的测定,探付了4种沉积物组份吸附毒性有机物的机理,并比较了相对吸附能力大小     

几种粘土矿物对Pb~(2+)的吸附作用及其主要影响因素的探讨

对土壤中常见的三种粘土矿物对Pb2+的吸附作用及其主要影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明，三种粘土矿物对Pb2+的吸附能力顺序为：蒙脱石＞伊利石＞高岭石。蒙脱石对Pb2+的吸附受pH的强烈影响，pH高有利于对Pb2+的吸附。与蒙脱石形成复合体形式的有机化合物的存在不利于蒙脱石对Pb2+的吸附。     

有机粘土矿物对水中菲蒽混合物的吸附

选用长碳链季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂十六烷三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA-Br)作为改性剂对天然粘土矿物进行改性。利用改性后的粘土矿物对混合污染物进行吸附/解吸实验,结果显示:HDTMA改性粘土矿物对混合溶液中菲、蒽及混合物的吸附等温线均呈线性,是分配作用结果;随着改性土用量的增加,其吸附量逐渐减小,对污染物的去除率逐渐增大,最后趋于平衡;有机粘土矿物吸附混合污染物后解吸率均在5%以下;将改性土对混合污染物的吸附与对单体污染物的吸附进行对照,改性土总的吸附量大大增加,基本是对单体污染物的吸附量之和。     

黄河兰州段悬浮颗粒物对菲的吸附行为研究

用黄河兰州段水体天然颗粒、人工贫有机质颗粒、伊利石、高岭土、针铁矿作为模拟悬浮颗粒物,采用批量平衡法研究了菲在不同成分颗粒物上的吸附行为,探讨了黄河中上游水体悬浮颗粒物的各种成分对疏水性有机污染物吸附的能力与机理。研究认为,菲在天然颗粒物及粘土矿物颗粒表面的吸附等温线为“S”形,能较好地符合Freundlich方程。粒径相同的不同类型颗粒物对菲的吸附能力大小依次为:粘土矿物>人工贫有机质颗粒>针铁矿>天然颗粒物。对于低有机质含量的兰州黄河颗粒物而言,NOM对菲吸附的贡献较低;溶剂化作用可被用来解释菲在天然颗粒及粘土颗粒表面的吸附行为。     

黄河沉积物中粘土矿物的结构和吸附作用

本文用X-射线物相分析、全分析、磷形态标准测试方法,通过对黄河沉积物矿物分析和其中粘土矿物界面作用特色及对磷的吸附研究,总结了一些黄河沉积物吸附动力学的机理.     

土壤矿质胶体对铜离子的专性吸附

研究了砖红壤、黄棕壤和火山灰土对铜的吸附特性,同时采用粘土矿物和合成氧化铁标本作对照,考察了铜离子浓度、pH等因素对铜的吸咐的影响。     

废气净化功能材料的纳米组装设计

将聚羟基钛离子插入粘土矿物层间 ,经煅烧形成纳米二氧化钛柱撑的粘土材料。纳米级的二氧化钛可增强光催化能力、材料巨大的比表面积可增强对废气的吸附、通过表面修饰可增强选择反应能力 ,是一种优异废气净化材料     

HDTMA改性粘土对模拟地下水中苯系物的吸附

以季铵盐（QAC）阳离子表面活性剂十交烷基三甲基铵离子（HDTMA）改性膨润土和凹凸棒土,研究它们对模拟地下水中的苯、甲苯、二甲苯的吸附作用.结果表明,两种HDTMA改性粘土矿物的有机质含量分别提高了54．8和404.5倍,它们可以有效地吸附模拟地下水中的苯系物,吸附量比原粘土矿物高出几十全几百倍对苯、甲苯、二甲苯来说,改性凹凸棒土和膨润士的吸附系数分别是原土的79.5和289倍、106和334倍、418和578倍吸附机理较复杂,主要以分配为主.     

几种天然多孔矿物对钾肥的吸附及缓释效果

以KCl为钾源、斜发沸石、膨润土和凹凸棒石粘土3种天然多孔矿物为缓释载体,进行矿物对钾肥的吸附性能和缓释效果研究。探讨了吸附时间、K+初始浓度与吸附量的关系,确定出K+吸附量最大时的K+初始浓度。用pH=5的HCl溶液和(Ca2++Mg2+)浓度为1.6、3.2、6.4、12.8、19.2、25.6 mmol/L的混合溶液对各矿物缓释肥进行解吸。结果表明:各矿物对K+的吸附在30 min内达到平衡。斜发沸石、膨润土和凹凸棒石粘土对K+的饱和吸附量分别为44.53 mg/g、21.38 mg/g和13.97 mg/g。斜发沸石和膨润土对K+的吸附曲线符合Langmuir吸附等温式,凹凸棒石粘土对K+的吸附曲线总体符合Freundlich等温式。pH=5的HCl溶液对K+的解吸量最小,随解吸溶液中(Ca2++Mg2+)浓度增加,解吸量增大,解吸速率远小于吸附速率。斜发沸石的固钾能力最强,凹凸棒石粘土次之,膨润土相对最弱。     

苏北闵桥含油玄武岩中粘土矿物的组合特征及其应用

苏北闵桥地区含油玄武岩的主要次生蚀变粘土矿物为：皂石，绿泥石，蒙脱石，伊利石，伊利石／蒙脱石混层，高岭石，方沸石等，不同类型的玄武岩中粘土矿物组合不同，最具特征的组合为：致密玄武岩－皂石（为主）＋其它矿物；淬碎玄武岩－蒙脱石（为主）＋伊利石＋伊利石／蒙脱石混层＋高岭石，碎裂玄武岩－皂石（为主）＋绿泥石＋方沸石，蚀变玄武岩中，随着蚀变作用由弱到强，这些粘土矿物可以分成四个带，皂石带－绿泥石带－蒙脱石带－高岭石带，这种分带性与夏威夷玄武岩中热液成因的粘土矿物的分布性具有可比性，在一个玄武岩岩流单元不同部位，特征粘土矿物为：底部－蒙脱石；中倍位－皂石，顶部位－伊利石＋伊利石／蒙脱石混层，风化带特征粘土矿物为蒙脱石，少量高岭石，本文还对利用粘土矿物组合特征在玄武岩含油性，古地理及古环境等方面的应用进行了探讨。     

氚在黏土矿物等多孔介质中的滞留机制

通过电感耦合等离子体光谱(ICP)、热重(TG)等分析方法对黏土矿物的结构成分、加热特性等进行了检测;通过蒸馏冷凝等实验,实现了对吸附后黏土矿物的吸附水、层间水、结构水的分离,检测了氚在黏土矿物结构内外各类型水中的分布;通过红外吸收光谱(IR)等分析方法对氚在黏土矿物结构中的吸附位置及形态进行了检测研究;通过同位素效应...     

A note on the consumption of acid through cation exchange with clay minerals in atmospheric precipitation

The first estimates of the consumption of potentially available strong acid in atmospheric precipitation through the mechanism of cation exchange with clay minerals have been obtained for three climatically different regions of the world: (1) Antarctica (South Pole); (2) continental Europe (north of the Alps); and (3) the continental Mediterranean.From the calculations involving the ranges of the concentrations of potentially available strong acid and of clay minerals of low-to-medium cation exchange capacity for each of the three regions it is suggested that the above process of acid consumption may almost always be insignificant in liquid (or liquified) precipitation over Antarctica and continental Europe.On the other hand, it is only under the most favourable conditions—involving the maximum stipulated cation exchange capacity of the clay minerals—that the same process could possibly lead to a maximum acid consumption in precipitation water up to ∼30% in the eastern Mediterranean region.The cation exchange process is also considered briefly in relation to the probable recycling of clay minerals of aeolian origin through evaporating clouds. Application of the first principles of cloud physics to the qualitative discussion suggests that clay minerals acting as freezing nuclei may have the best chance of participating in cation exchange, and hence, in acid consumption in clouds.     

用岩-土显微特征示踪碳酸盐岩母岩的成土过程——以贵阳市大山洞岩-土剖面为例

以贵阳市大山洞岩-土剖面为例,通过对土层及其碳酸盐岩母岩在物质组分、结构构造等显微特征方面的研究,分析碳酸盐岩母岩的成土过程为:母岩在风化作用过程中,碳酸盐类矿物被溶解随水流走,难溶的粘土矿物和石英等残留下采,铝硅酸盐类矿物经分解并最终形成粘土矿物、褐铁矿、三水铝石、硬、软锰矿和蛋白石(最终变为玉髓和石英),上述矿物堆积下来形成土层。     

Understanding clay minerals with fuzzy mathematics

A long-existing geochemical problem is the lack of a means of chemically defining non-stoichiometric complex minerals such as clays, which have no distinct composition and no clear compositional boundaries. We propose here a novel approach for describing the chemical nature of clay minerals using fuzzy logic. This non-conventional mathematical approach allows us to quantify compositional vagueness in such systems. We show that a clay mineral can be described in terms of how compositionally representative it is, of its own type ('belonging-ness') and to what extent it resembles other types (compositional overlap). Many clay minerals are seen to be far from the ideal, and most minerals are also to a lesser (and sometimes greater) extent, close to types other than their own. This has provided a means of grading such minerals, evaluating how 'good' a sample is, and defining the extent of transition to other phases. We have derived here the fundamental methodology for such computations, which could be a framework for the analysis of other complex chemical systems, especially in the fields of geology and metallurgy.     

Does the preferential microbial colonisation of ferromagnesian minerals affect mineral weathering in soil?

Fungal activity is thought to play a direct and effective role in the breakdown and dissolution of primary minerals and in the synthesis of clay minerals in soil environments, with important consequences for plant growth and ecosystem functioning. We have studied primary mineral weathering in volcanic soils developed on trachydacite in southern Tuscany using a combination of qualitative and quantitative mineralogical and microbiological techniques. Specifically, we characterized the weathering and microbiological colonization of the magnetically separated ferromagnesian minerals (biotite and orthopyroxene) and non-ferromagnesian constituents (K-feldspar and volcanic glass) of the coarse sand fraction (250-1,000 microm). Our results show that in the basal horizons of the soils, the ferromagnesian minerals are much more intensively colonized by microorganisms than K-feldspar and glass, but that the composition of the microbial communities living on the two mineral fractions is similar. Moreover, X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscope observations show that although the ferromagnesian minerals are preferentially associated with an embryonic form of the clay mineral halloysite, they are still relatively fresh. We interpret our results as indicating that in this instance microbial activity, and particularly fungal activity, has not been an effective agent of mineral weathering, that the association with clay minerals is indirect, and that fungal weathering of primary minerals may not be as important a source of plant nutrients as previously claimed.     

柴达木盆地储集层中粘土矿物的分布规律及其影响因素

通过对储集层中粘土矿物类型、组合方式和横向分布规律的研究 ,探讨了影响粘土矿物形成和演化的控制因素 ,为成岩作用和粘土矿物对储集层物性的影响研究提供信息和参数     

酸改性粘土矿物处理含磷废水的研究

文章用盐酸对膨润土、高岭土、凹凸棒土及沸石进行了改性研究,对含磷废水的吸附处理结果表明,改性后的实验样品对磷的净化能力明显增强,去除率分别增加膨润土27.45%、沸石19.11%、高岭土39.7%、凹凸棒土11.3%,最大去除率可达到膨润土45.59%、沸石32.84%、高岭土77.45%、凹凸棒土30.9%。膨润土、沸石、高岭土的改性随着酸用量的增加对磷的吸附效果随之增加,凹凸棒土最佳酸用量为3%(体积分数)。处理模拟的废水的结果表明,在改性后的高岭土投加量为0.5 g/25 mL废水时,对磷的去除率达到95.9%,吸附后水中的磷浓度为0.49 mg/L,处理后水中的磷浓度达到废水排放一级标准的要求。四种粘土样品改性前后对磷的吸附特征可以用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程描述。