我国炼化企业温室气体减排及CDM项目开展情况分析

我国炼化企业是高耗能高污染企业,温室气体排放量大而分散,减排潜力巨大。目前我国炼化企业比较重视废气的治理,如SOx,对于温室气体减排工作的研究投入力度相对较小,CDM项目很少且主要集中于N2O减排CDM项目。考虑到第一承诺期结束以后我国可能需要承担减排任务,单纯N2O减排将不能满足我国的温室气体减排需求。因此,我国炼化企业需要开展CO2减排技术研究。同时从节能减排及CO2资源化利用等方面对我国炼化企业进行分析,提出我国炼化企业节能减排措施,为我国炼化企业CO2减排提供理论依据。     

新疆油田温室气体减排潜力分析与应用

文章通过简要阐述新疆油田温室气体重点排放过程,指出新疆油田温室气体减排和控制工作的方向,通过对注汽锅炉、天然气处理、储罐、能源结构优化、科技减排技术研究等工艺的研究分析,提出并实施一系列减排工作,在实践中通过对注汽系统减排措施的应用大幅降低了油田温室气体排放量,为新疆油田公司温室气体减排提出了新方向。     

LG气田地面系统温室气体减排现状分析与建议

“十四五”期间国家构建现代能源体系,推动能耗“双控”向碳排放总量和强度“双控”转变,单位GDP二氧化碳排放五年累计将下降18%,单位GDP能耗五年累计将下降13.5%。作为能源生产和消费企业,履行社会责任,减排温室气体以提升市场竞争力和经营绩效尤为迫切。文章结合国家温室气体减排和节能提效政策,对LG气田的能源消耗和二氧化碳排放现状进行分析,指出目前气田开发生产高耗低效环节,建议针对气田的生产特点和用能现状、结合集团公司低碳建设方案要求,在大力推进新能源建设的同时对气田地面系统进行节能提效适应性改造,降低能耗,减少二氧化碳排放。     

中国国家温室气体自愿减排交易机制优化途径初探

2012年以来，我国逐步建立完善了国家温室气体自愿减排交易管理机制，在制度体系、登记管理、交易管理等方面取得积极进展，备案了1315个温室气体自愿减排项目，项目产生的核证自愿减排量（CCER）实现全国交易，形成初具规模的二级交易市场。研究表明，受到国家主管部门在2017年暂缓自愿减排项目备案等因素影响，现有国家温室气体自愿减排交易管理机制已无法适应国家“双碳”目标下充分发挥市场机制作用的新要求，以及实现CCER在全国碳排放权交易市场和国际航空减排市场履约抵销等新形势，亟须在制度设计、平台支撑、市场建设、能力保障等各方面优化重塑，以重启为契机，加快推动我国温室气体自愿减排交易机制在新形势下深入发展。     

缤纷资讯

国际资讯韩国强力推进温室气体减排韩国决定从2011年开始,正式推进温室气体减排政策实施。韩国环境部近日提出国家温室气体减排中期"2020年排放展望值对比削减30%"的目标。将通过引入绿卡制度,利用已有的碳点制度(节约自来水、电、燃气)和公共交通工具,购买绿色产品等方式,实行各种绿色生活实践的综合奖励机制计划。     

美国国际集团(AIG)完成注资中国、美国碳减排项目

美国国际集团(AIG)于2008年4月23日在北京宣布,其注资中国和美国温室气体减排项目的工作正式完成,总注资额达到400万美元.该项目的完成将产生62万吨的二氧化碳补偿额度指标--这一数字是根据全球温室气体排放目录核算出来的.该数字相当于AIG全球业务部门在2006年所排放的温室气体的总量.作为公司环境策略的一部分,AIG将把这些指标进行封存.     

国际资讯

韩国强力推进温室气体减排 韩国决定从2011年开始,正式推进温室气体减排政策实施。韩国环境部近日提出国家温室气体减排中期“2020年排放展望值对比削减30％”的目标。将通过引入绿卡制度,利用已有的碳点制度（节约自来水、电、燃气）和公共交通工具,购买绿色产品等方式,实行各种绿色生活实践的综合奖励机制计划。     

污水处理行业温室气体核算模型开发及减排潜力分析

城镇污水处理行业是我国现代化进程中不可或缺的一部分,它承担着城镇污水处理和减排的重要作用,在运行过程中不可避免会产生大量的温室气体。本研究基于污水处理过程中的温室气体排放机理及排放因子法,构建了污水处理温室气体核算模型,并应用于国内典型的某厌氧—缺氧—好氧工艺的污水处理厂。研究结果表明,开发的模型能够有效识别出厌氧—缺氧—好氧工艺温室气体排放占比较高的环节,该环节为污水处理过程中电耗和污水处理过程中的甲烷排放,其在整个温室气体排放系统内占比高达93.09%。污水处理厂可以采取减小曝气量的措施使溶解氧达到2 ～ 3 mg/L,从而降低污水处理系统曝气电耗;另外,优化泵及鼓风机的运行,选用变频调速水泵等措施,可以降低污水提升环节能耗,达到温室气体间接减排的目的。污水处理厂还可以采取甲烷产能回收利用措施,将CH₄燃烧产生的能量作为污水处理系统内的能源供应,这样不仅可以有效减少污水处理厂的能耗,而且可以实现污水处理过程中温室气体排放减量化。     

美国油气行业国家温室气体清单和报送体系

甲烷是由人类活动造成的仅次于二氧化碳的第二大温室气体,大幅度减少甲烷排放有助于降低近期温升,是实现巴黎协定目标的必要手段,也是中国实现“碳中和”目标的重要抓手。相比其他排放源,油气行业的甲烷减排最快、最有经济性。而有效的减排政策和监管必须建立在完整、准确的甲烷排放清单基础上。文章以甲烷为重点,概述了美国国家温室气体清单和油气行业的报送制度,介绍了两个报送体系的覆盖范围、要求等相关差异,说明了设施界定、排放因子和活动水平来源、监测方法以及有待改进之处,并针对中国油气行业甲烷排放数据的质量改善提出了建议。     

施肥对农田温室气体排放的影响研究

肥料的类型、施用量、施肥方式以及施肥时间都会影响农田温室气体的排放。以国内外相关文献为基础,综述了施肥对农田温室气体排放影响的研究进展,提出合理的减排施肥措施。     

Modeling China's semiconductor industry fluorinated compound emissions and drafting a roadmap for climate protection

Fluorinated compounds (FC) are high-global warming potential (GWP) greenhouse gases used and emitted during the manufacture of silicon semiconductor devices. Following the U.S. EPA's PFC Emissions Vintage Model (PEVM), uncontrolled FC emissions are modeled as proportional to total manufactured layer area (TMLA) of silicon. FC emissions of World Semiconductor Council (WSC) charter member countries (Europe, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and the United States), which voluntarily committed in 1999 to lower FC emissions by 2010 to 10% of baseline year emissions, are modeled for the period 1995–2020. For this same period, emissions from Chinese manufacturers under alternative emission reduction scenarios are modeled. If Chinese manufacturers were to adopt a baseline year of 2005 and a reduction target of 10% below baseline year emissions to be achieved by 2020, emissions would be 3.4 MMTCO₂eq, comparable to the similarly projected controlled emissions of an average WSC charter member country (=16.3/5 MMTCO₂eq) in 2020. The relative stringency of the alternative reduction scenarios considered for China vary between 50 and 95% reduction compared to business as usual (BAU). This is comparable to the stringency of the WSC charter members’ goals for which FC emission reduction technologies are currently available.     

The cost of crop damage caused by ozone air pollution from motor vehicles

The effects of ozone air pollution on the agricultural sector are an important environmental challenge facing policy makers. Most studies of the economic impact of air pollution on agriculture have found that a 25% reduction in ambient ozone would provide benefits of at least $1–2 billion annually in the United States. This paper extends existing research by estimating the benefits of a reduction in emissions from a major source of ozone formation: motor-vehicle emissions. An agricultural production model is combined with an analysis of motor-vehicle emissions and air quality to estimate the impacts of emissions from six different motor-vehicle classes, at both the regional and national level. The benefits to the agricultural sector from completely eliminating ozone precursor emissions from motor vehicles ranges between $3·5 and $6·1 billion annually.     

我国稀土进出口量与价格关联度状况分析

稀土是我国五大优势矿产资源之一,在我国国民经济建设中具有重要的战略意义.近年来,我国稀土矿产品进出口贸易逐年增长,而进出口价格却呈现较大幅度的波动趋势.从对我国稀土进出口总量、进出口价格走势的分析入手,利用灰色关联度模型评估稀土出口总量分别对出口价格、进口价格、进口总量的相关程度,提出了我国稀土贸易的相关建议.     

Decomposing patterns of emission intensity in the EU and China: how much does trade matter?

We use data from the World Input-Output Database to examine channels through which CO₂ emissions are embodied within, and imported into, the European production in 2005 and in 2009. We use an input–output price model to simulate the effect that a rise in the price of emissions trading system (ETS) allowances would have on the final price of goods. We find a reduction in emission intensity, which was greatest in those sectors regulated under ETS. Finally we examine the trade between China and the EU to study possible increases in carbon leakage. Results show that emissions embodied in imported intermediate goods have increased in all sectors.     

碳排放交易体系的政策灵活性:国际经验及启示

在《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》的背景下,越来越多的国家开始关注全球气候变暖的问题。考虑到碳排放交易体系比碳税更具有政治可行性,不少国家或地区开始实施碳排放交易体系,以最低的减排成本来达到温室气体减排目标。然而,采用碳排放交易体系,其排放总量是固定的,而减排成本是不确定的,可能会出现由于政策或外部冲击而产生的配额价格异常波动的现象。因此,为确保碳排放交易体系的成本有效性,政策灵活性十分重要。在理想情况下,碳排放市场具有完全的时间灵活性(包括长期的履约期、自由的配额储存与预借)和空间灵活性(即建立全球碳市场),这将对增强市场流动性、降低减排成本、缓解价格波动起到重要的作用。然而,由于政策设计需要考虑更多因素,实际上理想状态很难达到。本文将对国外碳排放交易体系的政策灵活性设计进行较为系统的分析和比较,尤其关注履约期的长短、配额的跨期使用、配额的抵消、区域碳市场连接等方面的具体政策设计,这对我国在7个省市进行碳排放交易试点以及今后建立全国性的碳排放交易体系有较强的借鉴意义。     

Managing carbon emissions in China through building energy efficiency

This paper attempts to analyse the role of building energy efficiency (BEE) in China in addressing climate change mitigation. It provides an analysis of the current situation and future prospects for the adoption of BEE technologies in Chinese cities. It outlines the economic and institutional barriers to large-scale deployment of the sustainable, low-carbon, and even carbon-free construction techniques. Based on a comprehensive overview of energy demand characteristics and development trends driven by economic and demographic growth, different policy tools for cost-effective CO₂ emission reduction in the Chinese construction sector are described. We propose a comprehensive approach combining building design and construction, and the urban planning and building material industries, in order to drastically improve BEE during this period of rapid urban development. A coherent institutional framework needs to be established to ensure the implementation of efficiency policies. Regulatory and incentive options should be integrated into the policy portfolios of BEE to minimise the efficiency gap and to realise sizeable carbon emissions cuts in the next decades. We analyse in detail several policies and instruments, and formulate relevant policy proposals fostering low-carbon construction technology in China. Specifically, Our analysis shows that improving building energy efficiency can generate considerable carbon emissions reduction credits with competitive price under the CDM framework.     

Tapping the leakages: Methane losses, mitigation options and policy issues for Russian long distance gas transmission pipelines

The Russian natural gas industry is the world's largest producer and transporter of natural gas. This paper aims to characterize the methane emissions from Russian natural gas transmission operations, to explain projects to reduce these emissions, and to characterize the role of emissions reduction within the context of current GHG policy. It draws on the most recent independent measurements at all parts of the Russian long distance transport system made by the Wuppertal Institute in 2003 and combines these results with the findings from the US Natural Gas STAR Program on GHG mitigation options and economics.With this background the paper concludes that the methane emissions from the Russian natural gas long distance network are approximately 0.6% of the natural gas delivered. Mitigating these emissions can create new revenue streams for the operator in the form of reduced costs, increased gas throughput and sales, and earned carbon credits. Specific emissions sources that have cost-effective mitigation solutions are also opportunities for outside investment for the Joint Implementation Kyoto Protocol flexibility mechanism or other carbon markets.     

影响中国碳价的能源价格因素灰关联研究

本文选取中国碳排放价格数据和8种能源价格指数为研究变量,运用灰色关联方法研究了中国能源价格对中国碳价的影响。研究结果发现,化石能源价格对中国碳排放价格的影响较大,特别是煤炭、成品油和基础油价格对碳价的影响最大;低污染能源中,与天然气相比,液化气价格对中国碳排放价格影响明显。研究结果指出了保持碳市场价格稳定、防范价格异常波动的重要性,并从能源价格体系和能源消费结构角度提出了政策建议。     

Rising to the Kyoto challenge: is the response of Canadian industry adequate?

A major weapon in Canada's CO2-emissions reduction arsenal is reliance on moral suasion and voluntary action. In this regard, the Voluntary Challenge and Registry (VCR) program constitutes a major effort to encourage industrial firms to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we begin by providing a critical review of Canadian climate change policy and Canada's international commitments. We then investigate the effectiveness of Canadian policies by analyzing a survey of industrial firms, examining factors that determine firms' familiarity with, participation in and commitment to the VCR program, and their stated potential to reduce emissions by 2008-2012 (Kyoto's commitment period). Results indicate that voluntary programs are unlikely to make a significant contribution to emissions reduction, with industrial firms indicating that, on average, they plan to reduce emissions by some 1-2% below their 1990 level under the current policy approach, much lower than Canada's 6% reduction target.