煅烧菱铁矿制备纳米结构化α-Fe2O3及其NH3-SCR脱硝活性研究

利用菱铁矿的热分解特性,在空气中不同温度下(400、500、600、700、800℃)煅烧天然菱铁矿制备具有纳米尺寸形貌特征的α-Fe_2O_3,作为NH_3选择性催化还原(NH_3-SCR)脱硝的催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等手段对催化剂结构进行表征,并利用气固相催化反应系统对催化剂的NH_3-SCR脱硝活性和N_2选择性进行评价,同时考察其抗水抗硫及稳定性.结果表明,天然菱铁矿于空气中500℃煅烧相变为α-Fe_2O_3,具有最低的晶体尺寸(约10 nm)、最高的比表面积(39.68 m~2·g~(-1))和最优的脱硝活性;500℃煅烧菱铁矿制备的催化剂在250~400℃温度窗口内脱硝效率达到100%,并能保持较高的N_2选择性,这主要归因于其具有的纳米多孔结构特性和较大的比表面积,以及表面丰富的酸性位点和吸附态氧.当同时存在5%H_2O和0.04%SO_2时,α-Fe_2O_3在250~400℃区间的脱硝效率高于88%,且在300℃下持续反应360 min,脱硝效率维持在75%以上,表明500℃煅烧菱铁矿制备的催化剂具有良好的抗水抗硫和稳定性.     

脱硫类水滑石衍生复合氧化物不同方法的制备与表征

采用尿素水解法和共沉淀法制备了MgAl类水滑石,高温焙烧获得衍生复合氧化物.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG-DTG)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N2-吸附/脱附和CO2程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)等手段对所制备的复合氧化物结构特征进行表征,并研究其对SO2脱除性能的差异.结果表明,共沉淀法制备的MgAlO复合氧化物比尿素法具有更大的比表面积(148.1m2·g-1)和更多碱性位,这些特点可能促使该方法制备的复合氧化物具有更高的SO2储存容量和反应速率.采用尿素法和共沉淀法制备的MgAl水滑石复合氧化物在700℃温度下SO2吸附容量分别可达0.55g·g-1和0.79 g·g-1.     

镧掺杂TiO2/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化活性研究

以工业二氧化钛(TiO_2)、硝酸镧(LaN_3O_9·5H_2O)、三聚氰胺(C_3H_6N_6)为原料制备了La掺杂TiO_2/g-C_3N_4复合光催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、荧光光谱(PL)等表征方法对光催化剂结构进行分析,表明复合样品中La以La~(3+)形式存在于TiO_2晶体中,并形成TiO_2/g-C_3N_4异质结构,其禁带宽度减小、吸收带边红移,光催化效率有明显提高.以亚甲基蓝为目标污染物评价其光催化活性,镧掺杂量为4%(质量分数)、煅烧温度为520℃、煅烧时间为2 h时,复合样品光催化活性最佳,在12 LED灯下,180 min后对10 mg·L~(-1)亚甲基蓝溶液的去除率达97%.     

钙铝类水滑石衍生复合氧化物的SO2储存性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备系列钙铝类水滑石材料[CaxAl-LDH(x=1,2,3)],经高温焙烧获得其衍生复合金属氧化物.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、气体吸附仪(BET)、热重分析仪(DTG)、程序升温脱附(TPD)等对复合氧化物的晶体结构、比表面积和孔结构、碱性位分布等进行表征,并测定了复合金属氧化物在700℃时储存SO2的性能.结果表明,制备的CaxAl-LDH前驱物结构均一、结晶度良好,前驱物经800℃焙烧后,层间氢氧根、水和阴离子脱去形成CaO及(CaO)x(Al2O3)y的混合氧化物,随着Ca含量的增加,样品完全失重温度增高,Ca3Al-LDO具有最高的比表面积(30.8 m2.g-1)、孔容(21.3 cm3.g-1)和最多的碱性位中心,在700℃下SO2吸附量达0.29 g·g-1.     

锰铜复合氧化物催化氧化甲苯的性能研究

利用水热法制备了一系列锰铜摩尔比例不同的锰铜复合氧化物催化材料,借助场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)对催化剂进行表征,研究了复合物催化剂在催化降解甲苯反应中的催化活性,筛选出最佳锰铜比例的复合氧化物,并考察了其重复使用性能。结果表明:Mn∶Cu(摩尔比)=1∶4时催化剂的活性最高,甲苯转化率达90%时的温度为190℃,其选择性最好,连续使用5次催化活性变化不大,重复使用性能好。     

催化湿式氧化吡虫啉农药废水催化剂的研究

通过共沉淀法制备了用于湿式氧化吡虫啉农药废水的Cu/Mn复合氧化物催化剂,研究了沉淀剂种类、沉淀温度、焙烧温度和活性组分配比等岗素等对Cu/Mn复合氧化物催化剂的活性及稳定性的影响,确定了最佳制备条件,利用BET比表面积测定和XRD对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,优化条件制备的Cu/Mn复合氧化物催化剂催化湿式氧化处理吡虫啉农药废水时,具有较高的催化活性和稳定性。催化剂用量4g/L,反应温度190℃,氧分压1．6MPa,反应120min,COD去除率为92．3％,活性组分溶出量较小。     

絮凝污泥制备光催化剂及降解活性艳红K-2BP研究

利用絮凝污泥制备复合光催化剂,研究了其对模拟染料废水活性艳红K-2BP的光催化降解效率,并采用X射线衍射仪对其进行了结果表征。详细考察了催化剂煅烧温度、催化剂中钛含量、催化剂投加量、溶液pH值等不同条件对活性艳红K-2BP染料废水的光催化降解效果。实验结果表明,聚硅硫酸钛的n(Ti)∶n(Si)=5∶1,投加量为200mg/L,絮凝pH=5时的絮凝污泥在600℃煅烧2h制得复合光催化剂具有较高活性,当复合光催化剂投加量为500mg/L,光催化反应pH为4时光催化活性最好,此时对50mg/L的活性艳红K-2BP的降解率可达到97.2%。     

煅烧温度对γ-Fe_2O_3催化剂结构及其脱硝活性的影响

采用沉淀-微波热解法,以Fe SO4·7H2O为铁源制备环境友好的γ-Fe2O3催化剂,结合XRD(X射线衍射)、N2等温吸附-脱附、SEM(扫描电子显微镜)、EDS(能谱仪)等手段对催化剂样品的晶相、孔结构、表面形貌、表面元素组成等进行表征,并考察其NH3-SCR(选择性催化还原)脱硝性能,研究煅烧温度对γ-Fe2O3催化剂物性及NH3-SCR脱硝性能的影响规律.结果表明:300、350和450℃下煅烧制备的催化剂中生成的杂质α-Fe2O3对SCR反应不利,而400℃煅烧制备的γ-Fe2O3催化剂脱硝性能最优,NOx转化率最高可达95%以上,XRD结果表明其纯度高,并且在60~100 nm孔径区间具有发达的孔隙结构,有利于SCR反应进行;随着煅烧温度升高,γ-Fe2O3催化剂表面晶格氧逐渐增加,颗粒形貌经历了片状颗粒(300、350℃)→球状颗粒(400℃)→针状颗粒(450℃)的变化过程,均匀的球状颗粒形貌及其表面丰富的晶格氧是400℃煅烧制得催化剂具备最优脱硝性能的重要因素.     

La-M-Co-O/堇青石催化剂的制备及催化氧化氯苯

采用柠檬酸络合法制备La-M-Co-O（M=Mn,Cr,Fe,Ni和Cu）/堇青石催化剂,运用BET,XRD,SEM,H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂性能及微观结构进行表征分析,研究考察过渡金属掺杂,掺杂量以及焙烧温度等对催化剂催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,随着催化剂焙烧温度升高至650℃时,催化剂表面所负载的活性氧化物颗粒最为分散,其氧化活性最佳,且当反应温度为350℃时,催化剂催化氧化氯苯转化率可达96.4%,究其原因是高温焙烧致使催化剂形成LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合氧化物,其复合氧化物的晶体结构有利于催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的提高.     

La-M-Co-O/堇青石催化剂的制备及催化氧化氯苯

采用柠檬酸络合法制备La-M-Co-O（M=Mn,Cr,Fe,Ni和Cu）/堇青石催化剂,运用BET,XRD,SEM,H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂性能及微观结构进行表征分析,研究考察过渡金属掺杂,掺杂量以及焙烧温度等对催化剂催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,随着催化剂焙烧温度升高至650℃时,催化剂表面所负载的活性氧化物颗粒最为分散,其氧化活性最佳,且当反应温度为350℃时,催化剂催化氧化氯苯转化率可达96.4%,究其原因是高温焙烧致使催化剂形成LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合氧化物,其复合氧化物的晶体结构有利于催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的提高.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.