进水亚硝氮限制下Anammox去除氨氮研究

利用UASB反应器分别在降低进水亚硝氮/氨氮比(R)和停供亚硝氮条件下研究了 Anammox体系运行特性.发现随着进水亚硝氮减少,亚硝氮与氨氮去除摩尔比减小,发生氨氮超量去除现象,即使进水无亚硝氮时也可去除氨氮.当R为1∶2时,氨氮超量去除量达最大,均值为57.2mg/L;长期停供亚硝氮条件下氨氮能够稳定去除,平均去除...     

低氨氮污水SNAD工艺启动-运行效能与微生物生态学特性

采用升流式微氧污泥床膜生物反应器(UMSB-MBR)处理低氨氮、低C/N比污水,考察了同步亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化(SNAD)工艺启动过程中的运行效能与微生物生态学特性,结果表明:经过厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)、短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)及SNAD工艺启动3个阶段,各阶段末总氮去除率(NRE)分别可达(80.85±0.81)%,(84.62±0.10)%及(90.01±0.23)%,SNAD工艺启动成功时,COD去除效率(CRE)为(85.04±0.18)%;宏基因组测序结果表明,氨氧化菌(Aer AOB)优势菌属Nitrosomonas在PN/A阶段得到富集,且氨氧化功能基因(hao、amo)相对丰度上升;厌氧氨氧化菌(An AOB)优势菌属由Anammox阶段的Candidatus＿Kuenenia转化为SNAD阶段的Candidatus＿Brocadia,厌氧氨氧化功能基因(hzs、hdh)呈先下降后上升的趋势,表明An AOB逐渐适应低DO、低C/N比环境;反硝化菌属Ignavibacterium、unclassified-p-Chloroflexi及反硝化相关...     

单级自养脱氮工艺氨氮去除途径研究

以SBBR单级自养脱氮系统的污泥为对象,采用不同的人工模拟废水为反应器进水,通过批式试验的方式研究了单级自养脱氮系统内的中间产物及氮素平衡情况,并探讨了氨氮的去除途径.结果表明,以仅含氨氮的人工模拟废水为进水,在未投加有机碳源的条件下,系统内62％的氨氮被转化为NO^-₂、NO^-₃、NH₂ＯH、N₂Ｈ₄、NO、NO₂、N₂Ｏ和N₂等一系列氮化合物,其中N₂占90.07％.单级自养脱氮系统内的氨氮是由多种途径去除的.4.5％的氨氮是在吹脱等物化作用下去除的,不超过3.73％的氨氮是通过传统的硝化反硝化途径去除的,53.77％的氨氮是由自养脱氮途径去除的,自养脱氮反应起主要的脱氮作用,且自养脱氮反应可以通过2条代谢途径来实现.但在足够NO₂存在并且缺氧的条件下,单级自养脱氮系统内的出水氨氮浓度与空白反应器相当,NH⁺₄并没有被亚硝化单胞菌以NO₂为电子受体氧化为NO^-₂和N₂等化合物而得以去除,可能是因为系统内不存在该类型的亚硝化功能菌.     

PD-DPR系统处理城市污水与高硝酸盐废水实现稳定亚硝酸盐积累和磷去除的特性

本研究以模拟城市污水和高硝酸盐废水为处理对象,在一个厌氧-缺氧-微曝气运行的SBR反应器内,将短程反硝化工艺(PD,NO₃^-→NO₂^--N)与反硝化除磷工艺(DPR)耦合,并通过联合调控进水C/N比、厌氧排水率和缺氧时间,考察了PD-DPR系统的亚硝酸盐积累特性和除磷性能.结果表明,经过140d,NO₃^-→NO₂^--N转化率(NTR)为80.1%,PO^3-₄-P去除率高达97.64%.在厌氧段(180 min),聚糖菌(GAOs)和聚磷菌(PAOs)对污水有机碳源进行充分利用,将其转化为内碳源;缺氧段(150 min),反硝化聚糖菌(DGAOs)和异养反硝化菌(DOHOs)分别进行内源和外源短程反硝化实现NO^-₂-N稳定积累,同时反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)进行高效反硝化吸磷;微曝气段(10 min),在不发生硝化反应的前提下,...     

AAO污水处理工艺中厌氧氨氧化效能及微生物交互作用

选取3座AAO工艺市政污水处理厂为研究对象,应用qPCR和¹⁵N稳定同位素示踪技术,考察活性污泥样品中厌氧氨氧化菌丰度、速率、功能及与其他氮循环微生物的季节性交互作用.结果表明,所有样品中均能检测到厌氧氨氧化菌,其丰度为10⁶~10⁷copies/g VSS,速率为0.11~0.90μmol N/（g VSS·h）.较自养硝化而言,异养反硝化过程不仅具有为厌氧氨氧化菌提供更多NO₂^-的潜势,还是NO₂^-的强力竞争者;而自养硝化过程中的AOB较AOA能提供更多NO₂^-.厌氧氨氧化菌对氨氧化的贡献率为2.55%~7.89%,对系统脱氮的贡献率为2.07%~6.59%,且夏季表现均高于冬季.CCA结果进一步证明环境温度是活性污泥中厌氧氨氧化表现的关键环境要素之一,而反硝化和硝化速率则是关键微生物因素.说明虽然厌氧氨氧化菌在污水生物处理系统中的丰度并不高,但依然起着不容忽视的脱氮效能,该研究结果补充了污水生物处理脱氮过程和氮素迁移转化过程中的氮平衡计算,为厌氧氨氧化在低氨氮城市污水处理领域的生产性应用提供理论支持.     

三级厌氧氨氧化处理生活污水与硝酸盐废水

为进一步充分利用原水中碳源,实现生活污水与富含硝酸盐的工业废水同步脱氮,采用2个SBR和1个UASB串联,处理低C/N生活污水和硝酸盐废水,分别启动内源反硝化反应器(ED-SBR)、半短程硝化反应器(PN-SBR)和厌氧氨氧化反应器(AMX-UASB),考察各反应器处理性能,并探讨生活污水与硝酸盐废水同步脱氮的可行性....     

温度、pH值和有机物对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响

通过厌氧氨氧化速率的测定研究了温度、pH值和有机物对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响.结果表明:温度和pH值对污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性有明显影响,最佳温度为30～35℃,在20～30℃之间,厌氧氨氧化速率与温度之间的关系可以用修正的Arrhenius方程式描述;最佳pH值为7.5～8.3,在pH值为7.0～9.0之间,厌氧氨氧化速率与pH值之间的关系可以用双底物双抑制剂模型描述;厌氧氨氧化污泥中存在着异养反硝化菌,有机物的存在会导致其与厌氧氨氧化菌之间的基质竞争.     

低碳氮比废水生物脱氮新技术

传统的除氨氮工艺需要消耗较多的氧气,且对于低碳氮(C/N)比的废水,需外加有机碳源才能进行反硝化。详细阐述了同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化和全程自养脱氮等生物脱氮新技术的特点,应用前景以及存在的问题。提出了今后的研究方向。     

短程硝化反硝化去除高氨氮猪场废水中的氮

对比分析了运用缺氧/好氧SBR工艺处理2种COD/N不同的废水的脱氮效果,结果表明,2种废水的脱氮主要是通过短程硝化反硝化实现的,反应器中的NH4+-N浓度和pH值是控制亚硝酸型硝化的重要因素,经过部分厌氧消化的废水由于保持了较高的COD/N,脱氮效果明显好于完全厌氧消化废水,NH4+-N去除率达到98%以上,但出水反硝化不完全,投加乙酸钠后出水NOx--N由100～120mg/L减少到10～20mg/L,乙酸钠投加量以275mg/L为宜.     

有机物对厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器脱氮效能及微生物群落的影响

为考察有机物对厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器脱氮效能的影响,采用MPN（most probable number）法和高通量测序技术,结合处理效果数据,对比分析了有无有机物影响下生物膜中微生物群落差异.试验表明：在进水有机物（COD）为30和60 mg·L^-1作用下,总氮去除率与进水COD为0 mg·L^-1时的84.10%相比较分别提高了5.08%和10.41%;COD为90 mg·L^-1时,总氮去除率降至89.05%.由MPN法和高通量测序结果可知,相对于无有机物,60 mg·L^-1有机物使反应器中反硝化菌数量增加,浮霉菌门和变形菌门丰度明显提高,且微生物群落更加丰富.有机物能影响反应器中厌氧氨氧化、反硝化脱氮效能及微生物菌落丰度,适宜的有机物浓度可使厌氧氨氧化与反硝化作用有效耦合,提高反应器的脱氮效能.本研究可为厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器处理含有机物的实际污水提供参考价值.     

Biodegradation of p-cresol by aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor

The cultivation of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor for the biodegradation of p-cresol was studied. The reactor was started with 100 mg/L of p-cresol. Aerobic granules first appeared within one month of start up. The granules were large and strong and had a compact structure. The diameter of stable granules was in the range of 1-5 mm. The integrity coefficient and granules density was found to be 96% and 1046 kg/m³, respectively. The settling velocity of granules was found to be in the range of 2× 10^-2-6× 10^-2 m/sec. The aerobic granules were able to degrade p-cresol upto 800 mg/L at a removal efficiency of 88%. Specific p-cresol degradation rate in aerobic granules followed Haldane model for substrate inhibition. High specific p-cresol degradation rate up to 0.96 g p-cresol/(g VSS. day) were sustained upto p-cresol concentration of 400 mg/L. Higher removal efficiency, good settling characteristics of aerobic granules, makes sequencing batch reactor suitable for enhancing the microorganism potential for biodegradation of inhibitory compounds.     

Performance study and kinetic modeling of hybrid bioreactor for treatment of bi-substrate mixture of phenol-m-cresol in wastewater: Process optimization with response surface methodology

Performance of a hybrid reactor comprising of trickling filter(TF) and aeration tank(AT) unit was studied for biological treatment of wastewater containing mixture of phenol and m-cresol,using mixed microbial culture.The reactor was operated with hydraulic loading rates(HLR) and phenolics loading rates(PLR) between 0.222-1.078m3/(m2·day) and 0.900-3.456kg/(m3·day),respectively.The efficiency of substrate removal varied between 71%-100% for the range of HLR and PLR studied.The fixed film unit showed better substrate removal efficiency than the aeration tank and was more resistant to substrate inhibition.The kinetic parameters related to both units of the reactor were evaluated and their variation with HLR and PLR were monitored.It revealed the presence of substrate inhibition at high PLR both in TF and AT unit.The biofilm model established the substrate concentration profile within the film by solving differential equation of substrate mass transfer using boundary problem solver tool ’bvp4c’ of MATLAB 7.1 software.Response surface methodology was used to design and optimize the biodegradation process using Design Expert 8 software,where phenol and m-cresol concentrations,residence time were chosen as input variables and percentage of removal was the response.The design of experiment showed that a quadratic model could be fitted best for the present experimental study.Significant interaction of the residence time with the substrate concentrations was observed.The optimized condition for operating the reactor as predicted by the model was 230mg/L of phenol,190mg/L of m-cresol with residence time of 24.82 hr to achieve 99.92% substrate removal.     

一株对氯苯胺降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从某化工厂污水处理车间好氧池活性污泥中分离到一株降解对氯苯胺的细菌PCA039菌株 ,该菌株能够以对氯苯胺为唯一碳源、氮源生长 .经过对其形态特征、生理生化、以及 16SrDNA序列分析 ,该菌株初步鉴定为Diaphorobacter sp..进一步研究表明 ,该菌株的生长过程中 ,氯离子释放同步于对氯苯胺降解 ,并且氯离子的释放量与对氯苯胺的降解量相当 .其利用对氯苯胺生长的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.5,3d时间内的最适降解浓度为300mg/L(2.35mmol/L) .测定了降解途径中相关酶的活性 ,表明对氯苯胺经过苯胺双加氧酶初始氧化和羟基化后 ,芳环的裂解是由邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶催化.     

Kinetics of phenol and m-cresol biodegradation by an indigenous mixed microbial culture isolated from a sewage treatment plant

An acclimatized mixed microbial culture, predominantly Pseudomonas sp., was enriched from a sewage treatment plant, and its potential to simultaneously degrade mixtures of phenol and m-cresol was investigated during its growth in batch shake flasks. A 2² full factorial design with the two substrates at two different levels and different initial concentration ranges (low and high), was employed to carry out the biodegradation experiments. The substrates phenol and m-cresol were completely utilized within 21 h when present at low concentrations of 100 mg/L for each, and at high concentration of 600 mg/L for each, a maximum time of 187 h was observed for their removal. The biodegradation results also showed that the presence of phenol in low concentration range (100–300 mg/L) did not inhibit m-cresol biodegradation. Whereas the presence of m-cresol inhibited phenol biodegradation by the culture. Moreover, irrespective of the concentrations used, phenol was degraded preferentially and earlier than m-cresol. A sum kinetics model was used to describe the variation in the substrate specific degradation rates, which gave a high coefficient of determination value (R² > 0.98) at the low concentration range of the substrates. From the estimated interaction parameter values obtained from this model, the inhibitory effect of phenol on m-cresol degradation by the culture was found to be more pronounced compared to that of m-cresol on phenol. This study showed a good potential of the indigenous mixed culture in degrading mixed substrate of phenolics.     

焦化废水厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮的研究

采用厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺处理焦化废水,在厌氧34℃、pH值7.5~8.5,HRT为33h的条件下,经过115d成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应器.当进水NH4+-N、NO2--N浓度分别为80、90mg/L左右时, TN负荷可达160mg/(L·d),系统NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率最高分别达86%和98%,TN去除率可达75%. GC-MS分析结果表明,酚类是焦化废水中较易被生物利用的有机物,ANAMMOX过程对好氧短程硝化工艺出水残余低浓度酚类有机物有进一步去除作用.     

Biological sulfate removal from acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using a two-stage UASB reactor

A two-stage UASB reactor was employed to remove sulfate from acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater. Mesophilic operation (35±0.5℃) was performed with hydraulic retention time (HRT) varied between 28 and 40 hr. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in the reactor was maintained about 8000 mg/L. The results indicated that sulfate removal was enhanced with increasing the ratio of COD/SO₄^2-. At low COD/SO₄^2-, the growth of the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was carbon-limited. The optimal sulfate removal efficiencies were 75% when the HRT was no less than 38 hr. Sulfidogenesis mainly happened in the sulfate-reducing stage, while methanogenesis in the methane-producing stage. Microbes in sulfate-reducing stage performed granulation better than that in methane-producing stage. Higher extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content in sulfate-reducing stage helped to adhere and connect the flocculent sludge particles together. SRB accounted for about 31% both in sulfate-reducing stage and methane-producing stage at COD/SO₄^2- ratio of 0.5, while it dropped dramatically from 34% in sulfate-reducing stage to 10% in methane-producing stage corresponding to the COD/SO₄^2- ratio of 4.7. SRB and MPA were predominant in sulfate-reducing stage and methane-producing stage respectively.     

金属催化还原技术对p-二氯苯的脱氯

研究了Pd/Fe双金属体系对p-二氯苯(p-DCB)的快速催化还原脱氯处理. 结果表明, 在Pd的催化作用下,零价Fe对p-DCB具有较好的还原脱氯效率. 当Pd/Fe双金属的钯化率为0.02%,催化还原剂的用量为4g/75mL,反应90min p-DCB脱氯率达到90%以上;p-DCB的脱氯效率与溶液初始pH值、反应温度、钯化率、Pd/Fe投加量等因素有关;p-DCB在催化还原脱氯过程中先生成氯苯,而后继续脱氯生成苯.     

有机膨润土在Pb2+和p-硝基苯酚复合污染中的吸附及机理

以Pb²⁺、p-硝基苯酚为代表污染物,用实验室模拟法研究了有机膨润土在重金属-有机物混合污染体系中的吸附行为.结果表明,在有机膨润土/Pb²⁺/p-硝基苯酚体系中,溶液中共存Pb²⁺会延缓p-硝基苯酚在有机膨润土上的吸附速率;Pb²⁺与p-硝基苯酚产生竞争吸附,竞争作用的大小与溶液中p-硝基苯酚和Pb²⁺的浓度比c(酚/Pb)以及有机膨润土对污染物的吸附机制有关,相对于吸附机制以分配作用为主的100CTMAB-膨润土,Pb²⁺与p-硝基苯酚在以表面吸附为主的100TMAB-膨润土上的竞争吸附更强.     

对氯苯酚电氧化过程中Pt电极的失活机制

利用线性伏安法、LC/MS和光谱技术研究了Pt电极在电化学氧化降解对氯苯酚过程中的失活现象.结果表明,由于电极表面的聚合反应, Pt电极会在短时间内失活.现场红外分析表明,电氧化过程中Pt电极在1200cm-1和1800cm-1,处分别出现了芳醚和羰基的特征吸收峰.提高对氯苯酚初始浓度和溶液pH均会加快电极的失活速率.对失活Pt电极的乙腈浸洗液进行LC/MS分析表明,电极表面形成的聚合物并不是具有单一结构的化合物,而是一些混合物,其形成的机理主要包括自由基之间的相互偶合、自由基与底物、中间产物或低聚物的取代反应等方式.