UV_(254)降解水中双氯芬酸的动力学及机理研究

研究了254 nm紫外光照(UV_(254))对水中双氯芬酸(DCF)的降解,考察了pH、天然有机物质(NOM)和硝酸盐(NO_3~-)对DCF光解的影响;探讨了DCF的光解产物和转化机理;最后,研究了DCF在实际水体中的去除.结果表明,DCF在UV_(254)辐射下发生快速降解,其光解遵循准一级反应动力学模型.在研究的pH范围内,DCF降解效率基本相同,其表观速率常数在5.9×10~(-3)cm~2·mJ~(-1)左右.NOM的存在会抑制DCF的光解,且NOM浓度越高,抑制作用越明显,这主要是由于NOM和DCF竞争入射的紫外光子.NO_3~-在UV_(254)光照下可被激发产生羟基自由基,故NO_3~-的存在可以明显促进DCF的降解.DCF在实际水体中的去除效率与纯水中的基本类似,在紫外光用量为320 mJ·cm~(-2)时,大约83%1μmol·L~(-1)DCF被去除.在UV_(254)光解DCF反应中,共检测到12种降解产物,基于这些检出的反应产物提出DCF可能的光解机理主要包括6种不同的转化路径,分别为脱氯环化、脱羧基反应、甲酰化反应、脱氯羟基化、脱氯氢化和醌化反应.     

水体中N、Fe的存在形态对萘普生光解行为的影响

研究了水环境中不同形态的无机氮(NO_3~-、NO_2~-、NH_4~+)和铁(Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+))对萘普生(NPX)紫外光降解的影响.结果表明,NO_3~-、NO_2~-、Fe~(3+)和Fe~(2+)均抑制NPX的紫外光降解,抑制率随添加浓度的增加而增大;NH_4~+对NPX的紫外光降解基本没有影响.同时,模拟在水体中不同p E值下,不同形态无机氮和铁体系分别对NPX紫外光降解的复合影响.研究发现,在无机氮体系,复合状态下对NPX的紫外光降解存在拮抗作用;在铁体系,复合状态下对NPX的紫外光降解存在协同作用.     

UV/H_2O_2光化学降解水中的三氯生

研究了UV/H_2O_2对水中三氯生(TCS)的降解;考察了H_2O_2用量,pH值,常见无机阴离子(如HCO_3~-,Cl-,NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-))和天然有机物质(NOM)对TCS去除的影响;探讨了TCS的降解产物和转化机理.结果表明:TCS在UV/H_2O_2中的降解符合准一级反应动力学.随着H_2O_2用量的提高,TCS的降解效率也逐渐提高,但是过量的H_2O_2会和TCS竞争羟基自由基(HO·).TCS在pH 8.5时的降解效率高于研究的其它pH值(即pH 5.3-7.4).虽然HCO_3~-是一种常见的HO·淬灭剂,但是它对TCS的降解影响较小;其它无机阴离子(Cl-,NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-))对TCS的去除几乎无影响.NOM的存在会抑制TCS的降解,且NOM浓度越高,抑制作用越明显.由于实际水样中的HCO_3~-和NOM与TCS竞争HO·,TCS在实际水体中的降解与纯水中的相比受到一定程度地抑制.利用液相色谱-超高解析度四级杆飞行时间串联质谱仪(LC-QTOF/MS)检出26种TCS的降解产物,根据这些鉴定的反应产物推测TCS可能的转化机理主要包括6种不同的反应路径,分别为脱氯氢化,脱氯羟基化,羟基化,脱氢反应,环化反应和醚键断裂.     

UV/(亚)硝酸盐体系氯代硝基物降解及机理研究

采用UV/N_O2~-/NO_3~-体系作为目标研究体系,探究体系中4C2NP/4N2CP/2NP/4CP等4种酚类苯系物的降解动力学和取代基转化情况,揭示UV/(亚)硝酸盐体系中氯代硝基物的具体降解机理.在p H=1.50时,UV/NO_2~-/NO_3~-体系中的4C2NP反应速率常数均达到最大,为10.3×10~(-4)min~(-1).在不同p H值条件下,由于硝基取代基的致钝化作用,使UV/NO_2~-/NO_3~-体系中的2NP降解速率受抑制程度最显著,即2.5×10~(-4)min~(-1)(p H=1.50)和0(p H=5.50).UV/NO2-/NO3-/4CP体系中,涉及的反应机理主要包括再硝化、再氯化、脱硝基氯化和氧化等过程,揭示了无机(亚)硝酸盐与硝基取代基的释放/积累的转化过程,以及氯取代基与无机氯离子之间的相互转化过程.     

Fenton试剂液相催化氧化亚硝酸盐实验研究

氧化法烟气脱硝技术在超低排放背景下很有应用前景,解决氧化吸收后亚硝酸盐的水体二次污染问题有助于推广该技术。该文验证了碱液吸收NO_2后,亚硝酸盐生成机制。通过对比试验选定最佳NO_2~-检测方法。考察了Fenton试剂液相催化氧化NO_2~-效果。探讨了pH值、H_2O_2浓度、Fe~(2+)浓度、微波敏化等因素对NO_2~-转化效率的影响。结果显示:Fenton试剂能够氧化亚硝酸盐,其中pH值、H_2O_2浓度、Fe~(2+)浓度,以及是否施加微波等条件,是NO_2~-转化效率的重要影响因素。当NO_2~-的浓度为452.51 mg/L时,加入0.03 mol/L H_2O_2和3 mmol/L的Fe~(2+)与之反应(无微波及活性炭敏化条件),可使NO_2~-转化效率高达94.88%;pH值、H_2O_2浓度、Fe~(2+)浓度等是NO_2~-转化效率的重要影响因素,最佳p H值是3,H_2O_2浓度、Fe~(2+)浓度的增加可提高NO_2~-转化效率;微波可提高NO_2~-转化效率,施加微波可将NO_2~-转化效率从58.88%提高至68.89%,且活性炭的添加可强化微波敏化效果,其中果壳基活性炭强化效果优于椰壳基活性炭。     

菌株Desulfovibrio sp. CMX的DNRA性能和影响因素

微生物的硝酸盐异化还原为铵(DNRA)过程对自然界中铵根离子的存在和转化具有重要影响,然而关于SRB菌株DNRA过程影响和机制尚未探明.本文考察了实验室筛选的SRB菌株Desulfovibrio sp.CMX的DNRA能力、影响因素及其影响机制.结果表明,无外加氮源的情况下,分别以10 mmol·L-1NO_3~-和NO_2~-作为唯一电子受体,菌株Desulfovibrio sp.CMX最终NH_4~+生成率分别达到85.8%和97.3%,且无N2和N2O等副产物产生.实验探究了不同外加氮源、不同初始浓度的SO_4~(2-)、S~(2-)对菌株DNRA过程的影响.酵母浸粉作为外加氮源可促进菌株的生长和代谢从而促进菌株DNRA过程;SO_4~(2-)对于NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-阶段起促进作用,而对NO_2~-还原为NH_4~+阶段起抑制作用,综合两方面影响,最终表现出对菌株DNRA过程的抑制作用;S~(2-)对菌株生长及DNRA过程都表现出抑制作用,且S~(2-)浓度越高抑制作用越强,当S~(2-)浓度达到6 mmol·L-1后,S~(2-)对于NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-阶段的抑制作用强于NO_2~-还原为NH_4~+阶段的抑制作用,NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-速率低于NO_2~-还原为NH_4~+速率,此时体系中不再有NO_2~-的积累.     

碳纳米管负载零价铁活化PMS降解水中双酚A

文章通过液相还原法制备多壁碳纳米管负载零价铁(MWCNTs-nFe~0),采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜,扫描透镜及比表面积测试仪对复合材料进行了表征分析。并用MWCNTs-nFe~0活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)降解水体中的双酚A(BPA),考察了不同条件下BPA降解效果的变化。实验表明,当PMS的浓度或MWCNTs-nFe0投加量的增加时,BPA的降解率增加;在pH=3～7的范围内,随着pH的降低反应速率增加;无机阴离子(Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、HPO_4~(2-))对降解率有不同程度的抑制作用。通过LC-MS对中间产物和降解过程进行了分析,且MWCNTs-nFe~0在循环使用3次后,依然有较好的催化活性。     

四环素在水体中的自然光解作用机制

近年来,抗生素引发的水体环境污染问题日益受到关注,光解是其在环境中消减的重要过程,但其中的关键机制及影响因素尚不明确.本研究系统地考察了初始浓度、pH以及无机离子、溶解性有机物等环境因子对四环素（TC）光解的影响,明确了自然光解的关键活性氧物种（ROS）,同时结合理论计算和降解产物的分析,揭示出了TC的自然光解路径及作用机制.结果表明,模拟自然光条件下TC可快速降解,5 μmol·L^-1 的TC在180 min内降解率为75.0%,符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数为0.007 min^-1,远高于避光条件.随着TC初始浓度的上升,TC光解率和速率呈现出下降的趋势,并且碱性条件更有利于TC光解.水体中存在Cu（II）、Fe（III）和NO₃^-均能显著促进TC光解;富里酸（FA）则由于光屏蔽和淬灭作用对TC的光解产生显著抑制,但FA 和Fe（III）共存时,Fe（III）对光解的促进作用占主导.水体中TC的自然光解不仅存在直接光解,并且以超氧阴离子（O₂^-·）和羟基自由基（·OH）为关键ROS的自敏化光解在TC的光解过程中也起到重要作用.结合TC光解后的产物分析发现,发生间接光解后TC发生开环反应,相比于直接光解和自敏化光解降解地更充分.综上,TC在自然水体中的光解强烈受环境因素影响,可以通过增强活性氧介导的间接光解过程促进水体抗生素污染修复.     

pH和溶解氧对磺胺二甲嘧啶光解的影响

大量使用抗生素导致磺胺类抗生素在水体中不断检出,其中光化学降解是其消减重要途径。该文在紫外光照条件下,对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)在纯水中的光降解过程进行研究,分别考察初始浓度、p H值和溶解氧对其光解影响。结果表明,紫外光照360 min,SMZ降解率高达60%以上,SMZ在纯水中的光降解过程符合准一级动力学模式,光解速率常数范围为0.003 78~0.004 50 min,随着初始浓度的增加,SMZ光降解速率先增大后减小。水体p H值显著影响SMZ的光解过程,酸性(p H=3)或者碱性(p H=8~10)条件下SMZ光解较快,近中性(p H=4~7)条件下其光解较慢;表明SMZ以两性离子形式存在时其光降解较快,而分子态SMZ光解速率较慢。水体溶解氧对SMZ光解过程也有一定影响,随着溶解氧的增加,SMZ光解效率有所下降,由此推断在SMZ光降解过程中,直接光解速率大于间接光解速率。     

不同形态氮对水环境中氯贝酸光降解的影响

在模拟太阳光照射条件下,研究了不同浓度的NO_3~-、NO_2~-和NH_4~+对氯贝酸(Clofibric acid,CA)在水环境中光降解的影响,并通过对光屏蔽系数的计算和对活性基团的淬灭实验对它们的影响机理进行了考察.通过模拟水体pE值变化,考察了无机氮离子对CA光降解的复合影响.结果表明,在NO_3~-、NO_2~-和NH_4~+存在时,CA的光降解均符合拟一级动力学方程.甶于抑制.OH的产生,并与CA竞争吸收光子,NO_2~-和NO_3~-对CA的光降解均具有抑制作用,且NO_3~-对CA光降解的抑制作用强于NO_2~-,NH_4~+则对CA的光降解无明显影响.随着水环境中pE值的改变,CA的光降解速率也发生改变.NO_2~-和NH_4~+、NO_2~-和NO_3~-同时存在均对CA光降解的影响具有拮抗作用,而且NO_2~-和NO_3~-之间的拮抗作用强于NO_2~-和NH_4~+之间的拮抗作用.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.