重庆市北碚城区气溶胶中有机碳和元素碳的污染特征

为了研究重庆市北碚城区大气碳质气溶胶组分的污染特征,于2014年3月~2015年2月采用安德森采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,用DRI Model 2001 A热光碳分析仪测定其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度.结果表明,北碚城区PM_(2.1)和PM_(9.0)中OC和EC的年平均浓度分别为(16.3±7.6)、(1.8±0.7)和(25.0±9.7)、(3.2±1.3)μg·m-3.在PM_(2.1)中,OC和EC均呈现出冬春季大于夏秋季的季节变化特征,而PM_(9.0)中OC呈现出夏春季大于冬秋季,EC呈现出冬春季大于夏秋季的季节变化特征.对全年OC和EC的粒径进行分析,发现OC在整个粒径上呈现"双峰型"分布,其中细粒子段峰值位于0.43~0.65μm粒径段,粗粒子段峰值位于4.7~5.8μm粒径段;EC呈现出"三峰型"分布,其中细粒子段峰值位于0.43~0.65μm粒径段,粗粒子段峰值位于4.7~5.8μm粒径段,同时2.1~3.3μm粒径段也出现一个明显峰值.对OC和EC进行相关性分析并对PM_(2.1)中的SOC进行估算,发现北碚城区全年SOC浓度为(6.3±5.9)μg·m-3,占全年OC的33.5%±22.6%,且OC和EC显著相关.最后对北碚城区大气气溶胶的污染来源进行分析,发现污染主要来源于汽油车尾气、生物质燃烧和燃煤排放.     

北京地区气溶胶水溶性组分粒径分布特征

2016~2017年,分别在夏季和冬季在北京城区利用微孔均匀分级采样器(MOUDI-122),采集环境气溶胶,并对其中水溶性离子和水溶性有机物开展了定量分析,对主要水溶性组分质量浓度粒径分布特征,以及季节和不同污染状态下的差异进行了讨论。结果表明,NH4+、NO3-、SO42-、K+和冬季Cl-主要分布在积聚模态,Mg2+和Ca2+主要分布在粗粒子模态,NH4+、NO3-、SO42-在积聚模态的质量浓度最高,二次离子仍是北京地区PM2.5污染的主要组分。SO42-在夏季浓度较高,而NO3-、K+、Cl-在冬季明显高于夏季,Mg2+和Ca2+来源较为独立,与气溶胶其他主要组分的相关性较低。夏季NO3-和SO42-浓度昼夜差异显著,白天SO42-浓度水平明显高于夜晚,夜晚NO3-浓度明显高于白天,且主要表现在积聚模态。污染状况下,二次离子在积聚模态和粗模态浓度增加明显,但在爱根模态中浓度降低。冬季随着污染加重,二次离子液滴模态质量中值粒径明显增大。夏季积聚模态WSOC浓度粒径分布峰值粒径明显大于冬季,0.056~0.32μm粒径段WSOC在不同污染状态下浓度水平基本一致,在0.32μm以上区间,污染状态下WSOC平均浓度明显高于清洁时段。     

西安冬春季PM10中碳气溶胶的昼夜变化特征

为探讨西安市大气碳气溶胶的季节变化和昼夜变化特征及来源,于2006-12-19~2007-01-21(冬季)和2007-04-01~2007-04-30(春季)连续采集了大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,并采用IMPROVE热光分析法分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的昼夜浓度.结果显示,冬季白天PM10及其中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为455.0、62.4和7.5μg/m3,夜晚的平均浓度分别为448.7、66.1和6.9μg/m3,对应春季白天的平均浓度分别为397.9、26.7和6.9μg/m3,夜晚分别为362.1、31.9和8.6μg/m3.冬季白天OC与EC的相关系数为0.44,较之春季0.81要差,主要与冬季采暖期燃料的多样性有关.碳气溶胶组分中,冬季白天和晚上二次有机碳气溶胶(SOC)的平均浓度为8.9和10.2μg/m3,远高于春季(2.8和3.4μg/m3),说明冬季较高的OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中SOC的生成.对碳气溶胶8种组分的因子分析结果表明,冬季燃煤排放及郊区的生物质排放对碳气溶胶有重要的贡献,而春季机动车的贡献明显增加.     

邯郸市PM2.5中碳组分的浓度、来源及其变化

为明确邯郸市PM_(2.5)中碳组分污染浓度、来源和近年来的变化,分别于2015和2017年1、4、7、10月在河北工程大学能环实验楼4层采集PM_(2.5)样品,采用热/光碳分析仪测定了样品中8种碳组分含量,并计算得到有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、Char-EC和Soot-EC含量.结果表明,2017年PM_(2.5)中碳组分浓度较2015年下降约15%,质量分数下降约17%,季节变化均表现为冬高夏低的特点;2017年SOC浓度和SOC/PM_(2.5)、SOC/OC比值均低于2015年,SOC浓度和SOC/PM_(2.5)比值下降约36%,季节分布特征相似(秋冬高、春夏低).两年除夏季外,其余季节OC、EC相关系数均高于0.7,表明存在共同来源;2017年OC、OC1与EC相关性高于2015年,此外,两年中EC1～EC3、Char-EC和Soot-EC与各组分相关系数差异较大;两年中Char-EC与OC、EC的相关性(r=0.5～1.0)明显高于Soot-EC与OC、EC的相关性(r=0.1～0.6),这主要与二者形成机理有关.碳组分之间的关系和主成分分析结果表明,燃煤、生物质燃烧和柴油车尾气的混合源是2015年碳质组分的主要来源,而2017年则来源于燃煤和机动车尾气排放.     

南京市大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳粒径分布特征

采用Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪测定了南京市区和工业区不同粒径颗粒物中OC、EC的含量,分析了OC、EC粒径分布特征.结果表明,市区和工业区四季OC、EC在<0.43μm粒径段中平均质量浓度最高,市区四季OC所占比例分别为20.9%、21.9%、29.6%、27.9%,EC比例分别为24.0%、23.5%、31.4%、22.6%;工业区四季OC比例分别为18.6%、45.8%、26.6%、25.9%,EC比例分别为16.7%、60.9%、26.3%、24.3%;两地OC、EC主要存在于细粒子中且市区细粒子中OC、EC在夏季所占比例最高,而工业区无明显季节变化规律.市区和工业区细粒子中SOC污染严重且在夏季达到高值,粗粒子SOC季节变化规律不明显,可能与各污染源贡献率及气象因素有关.相关性和OC/EC分析表明,南京地区细粒子中OC、EC主要来自尾气排放和燃煤,粗粒子中OC、EC还与生物质燃烧及烹调排放关联.     

上海市大气颗粒物中有机碳（OC）与元素碳（EC）的粒径分布

分析了上海市嘉定区不同粒径大气颗粒物(0.49、0.49～0.95、0.95～1.50、1.50～3.00、3.00～7.20、7.20μm)中OC和EC质量浓度的粒径分布特征;讨论了不同粒径大气颗粒物中二次有机碳EC示踪法中(OC/EC)pri的选定方法,用改进后的EC示踪法估算出上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物中的二次有机碳(SOC)质量浓度的粒径分布;通过OC和EC的相关性定性分析了上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物的主要来源.上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物中OC和SOC的质量浓度呈双峰分布,峰值出现在0.49μm与3.00μm的粒径段,EC出现双峰或三峰分布,与OC相比,更集中在0.49μm的粒径段.细颗粒(3.00μm)中OC和EC分别占总OC和EC质量浓度的59.8%～80.0%和58.1%～82.4%,OC和EC的质量浓度主要集中在3.00μm的颗粒物中.不同粒径颗粒物中SOC占相应粒径段内OC浓度的15.7%～79.1%,其中细颗粒物(3.00μm)和粗颗粒物(3.00μm)中SOC质量浓度占相应粒径段中OC的41.4%和43.5%.OC、EC和SOC的粒径分布显现出明显的时间依存性.OC和EC的相关性分析表明,上海嘉定区大气颗粒物的污染源主要以轻型汽油车尾气为主.     

太原市大气PM2.5中碳质组成及变化特征

采用DRI Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪测定了2009年冬季和2010年春季太原市区大气细粒子(PM2.5)中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的昼夜变化特征,分析了含碳物质的变化特征,并探讨了其来源.结果表明,PM2.5、OC、EC平均浓度水平和OC/EC平均值均呈现出冬季[(289.2±104.8)μg·m-3、(65.2±22.1)μg·m-3、(23.5±8.2)μg·m-3和2.8±0.3]高于春季[(248.6±68.6)μg·m-3、(29.7±6.2)μg·m-3、(20.2±5.4)μg·m-3和1.5±0.3],冬季夜晚[(309.3±150.0)μg·m-3、(74.6±19.5)μg·m-3、(24.3±6.6)μg·m-3和3.1±0.3]高于白天[(234.9±122.1)μg·m-3、(54.9±28.2)μg·m-3、(22.6±10.8)μg·m-3和2.5±0.5],春季白天[(292.5±120.8)μg·m-3、(32.7±10.5)μg·m-3、(22.7±10.1)μg·m-3和1.6±0.5]高于夜晚[(212.3±36.7)μg·m-3、(29.6±6.6)μg·m-3、(20.7±6.4)μg·m-3和1.5±0.2]的污染特征.这是因为冬季处于采暖期,特别是夜晚,煤和生物质燃烧量增加导致碳质颗粒物排放量增加以及大气温度低且稳定不利于污染物扩散;高的OC/EC是OC排放量增加所致而非二次有机碳(SOC)的贡献,因为气温低且太阳辐射弱不利于SOC的生成.春季白天PM2.5、OC和EC浓度水平高于夜晚可能是白天风速比夜晚大且相对湿度比夜晚低而更有利于城市扬尘形成所致,OC/EC高可能是白天温度较高且太阳辐射较强有利于SOC的生成.与国内其他城市相比,太原PM2.5、OC和EC均处于较高的浓度水平,表明太原碳质气溶胶污染严重,可能对城市灰霾形成有重要贡献.     

西安冬春季PM10中碳气溶胶的昼夜变化特征

为探讨西安市大气碳气溶胶的季节变化和昼夜变化特征及来源,于2006-12-19～2007-01-21 (冬季)和2007-04-01～2007-04-30 (春季)连续采集了大气可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)样品,并采用IMPROVE热光分析法分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的昼夜浓度.结果显示,冬季白天PM₁₀及其中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为455.0、 62.4和7.5 μg/m³,夜晚的平均浓度分别为448.7、 66.1和6.9　μg/m³,对应春季白天的平均浓度分别为397.9、 26.7和6.9 μg/m³,夜晚分别为362.1、 31.9和8.6 μg/m³.冬季白天OC与EC的相关系数为0.44,较之春季0.81要差,主要与冬季采暖期燃料的多样性有关.碳气溶胶组分中,冬季白天和晚上二次有机碳气溶胶(SOC)的平均浓度为8.9和10.2 μg/m³,远高于春季(2.8和3.4 μg/m³),说明冬季较高的OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中SOC的生成.对碳气溶胶8种组分的因子分析结果表明,冬季燃煤排放及郊区的生物质排放对碳气溶胶有重要的贡献,而春季机动车的贡献明显增加.     

焦炉顶和厂区环境中有机碳和元素碳的粒径分布

为了明确焦炉顶和厂区环境空气颗粒物中有机碳(organic carbon,OC)和元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)的污染特征,利用美国Staplex234大流量采样器(粒径:≤1.4μm、1.4～2.1μm、2.1～4.2μm、4.2～10.2μm、≥10.2μm)采集焦炉顶和厂区的环境空气颗粒物样品,并用德国Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH vario EL cube分析其中的OC和EC组分.结果表明,焦炉顶TSP中ρ(OC)和ρ(EC)分别为291.6μg·m-3、255.1μg·m-3,厂区ρ(OC)和ρ(EC)分别为377.8μg·m-3、151.7μg·m-3;厂区≤1.4μm颗粒物中二次有机碳(secondary organic carbon,SOC)的质量浓度为147.3μg·m-3;焦炉顶≤2.1μm颗粒物中ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)值为1.3.厂区TSP中ρ(EC)低于焦炉顶,ρ(OC)明显高于焦炉顶,且厂区≤10.2μm颗粒物中ρ(OC)、ρ(EC)远高于焦化厂所在地区环境空气;焦炉顶和厂区的OC、EC均主要富集在细颗粒物中,焦炉顶和厂区OC的粒径分布差别较大,厂区比焦炉顶OC的粒径分布更趋向于向细颗粒物分布,焦炉顶和厂区EC的粒径分布相似;厂区粒径≤10.2μm颗粒物中,随着粒径的减小,ρ(SOC)和SOC对OC的贡献均呈增大的趋势.     

石家庄市采暖季PM2.5碳组分昼夜污染特征及来源分析

为探究2017年石家庄市采暖季昼夜PM_2.5中碳组分的污染及来源特征,选取2017年11月30日-2018年1月22日时间段分别采集石家庄白天（8：00-20：00）、夜晚（20：00-翌日8：00）的PM_2.5样品,分析PM_2.5组分中OC和EC昼夜间的浓度变化特征、来源特性,SOC的估算及影响因素,并对石家庄市碳质气溶胶进行源解析和区域传输分析.结果表明,①采样期间白天PM_2.5、OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为（110.6±71.6）、（39.9±20.4）和（9.3±3.6）μg·m^-3,夜间平均质量浓度分别为（128.5±75.3）、（64.7±36.5）和（13.6±6.0）μg·m^-3,PM_2.5、OC和EC质量浓度均呈现出夜间质量浓度高于白天的特征.②燃煤和机动车尾气排放在增加了一次有机碳（POC）和元素碳（EC）的本底质量浓度的同时,产生的CO、NO₂、SO₂等气体污染物又促进了光化学反应,两者协同作用下促进了SOC质量浓度的生成和积累.根据估算,SOC、SOC/OC值在夜间高于白天,白天较强的太阳辐射和光化学活性是SOC转化的主导因素,夜间气态有机前体物浓度是SOC转化的主导因素.③采样期间昼夜间OC、EC的相关性较好,其来源具有较好的同源性.大气PM_2.5碳质气溶胶主要来自燃煤、汽油车和柴油车尾气排放混合源,夜间柴油车污染源对碳质气溶胶的贡献率较白天更为明显.④后向轨迹结果表明,石家庄市严重污染期间颗粒污染物浓度变化主要受到低空东北方向气团的影响,PM_2.5以及OC、EC质量浓度的变化和周边地区的污染物输送有关.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.