丹江口库区表层浮游细菌群落组成与PICRUSt功能预测分析

浮游细菌是水生生态系统的重要组成部分,是水体中氮素生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力。本研究于2016年5月采集丹江口库区库心和渠首2个生态位点表层水样,采用16S rDNA Miseq高通量测序技术研究其群落组成,发现其主要由变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门等12门、139属细菌组成,渠首样品浮游细菌群落多样性高于库心样品。PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,浮游细菌涉及氨基酸运输和代谢、转录、能量产生和转换等24个基因功能家族,表现出功能上的丰富性。其中35个参与氮代谢的KO(表示通路)中库心高于渠首为20个,渠首高于库心的为15个。两样品中检测到涉及固氮作用(nifH)、硝化作用(hao)、反硝化作用(narG、nirK、norB、nosZ)、氮同化还原及异化还原作用(nasA、narB、napA、nirA、nirB、nrfA)参与氮循环的关键基因相对丰度。综合基因功能家族预测基因拷贝数和氮循环相关基因丰度分析,丹江口库区库浮游细菌氮代谢能力整体趋势为库心高于渠首。本研究从细菌群落组成、功能角度初步分析了丹江口库区不同生态位点氮循环的差异,为丹江口水库水环境保护提供了参考依据。     

丹江口水库枯水期浮游细菌群落组成及影响因素研究

为了解丹江口库区南水北调中线工程通水后浮游细菌群落组成及影响因素,于2016枯水期(1月)对丹江库区内5个典型生态点位表层水样进行采集.水质监测结果表明库区水质总体较好,除总氮和高锰酸盐指数外,其他各项指标符合Ⅰ类水标准要求.总氮(TN)和高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))为库区的主要污染因子,水体整体处于中营养状态.采用高通量测序技术对浮游细菌群落组成进行研究,结果表明主要由放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、疣黴菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、壁厚菌门(Firmicutes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)等22个门和323个属组成.5位点样品具有丰富的群落组成,浮游细菌群落多样性排序为:黑鸡嘴台子山库心宋岗渠首.对浮游细菌群落组成与环境因子的关系进行典范对应分析(CCA),结果表明:T、pH值、NH_4~+-N、SD显著影响浮游细菌群落结构.     

丹江口库区库滨带植被土壤细菌群落多样性及PICRUSt功能预测分析

微生物是土壤元素生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力,目前库滨带植物截留和消减污染物质过程中细菌群落及其功能研究尚未清楚.本研究选取适宜丹江口库区库滨带生长的4种典型植物(草本植物香根草、芦苇、乔木植物杜梨和灌木植物假奓包叶),采用16S r DNA Miseq高通量测序技术研究根际细菌群落组成,发现其主要由变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门等31个门、343个属的细菌组成,表现出群落组成的丰富性.细菌群落分析表明香根草和芦苇细菌群落结构较为相似,但和杜梨细菌群落结构差异最大.PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,库滨带植物根际细菌主要涉及次生产物代谢的生物合成、转录、多糖生物合成和代谢、细胞生长和死亡等38个子功能,表现出功能上的丰富性.库滨带植物根际细菌代谢能力整体趋势为假奓包叶芦苇香根草杜梨.本研究初步探讨了丹江口库区库滨带不同植物根际细菌群落和功能,为丹江口水库库滨带植被构建及其水环境保护提供了参考依据.     

典型城市内河菌群组成与氮循环功能垂向分布及溯源分析

微生物在城市河流氮循环中发挥重要作用.由于河流的三维流动性,有必要明晰河流微生物组成和氮循环功能的垂向分布以及水动力因子对微生物来源和群落构建的影响.基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术,研究了北运河北京通州段水体和沉积物的细菌群落组成和氮循环功能,解析了环境要素和水动力因子对群落结构的影响,并对河流细菌进行了溯源.结果表明,沉积物细菌α多样性显著高于水体;从组成上来看,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)丰度最高,在水体和沉积物中的相对丰度分别为54.72%和32.36%. PICRUSt2功能解析表明,北运河有丰富的氮代谢功能,共获得47个氮代谢基因.水体和沉积物表现出相似的功能分布：反硝化作用、氮的同化和异化还原作用相关基因丰度较高,生物固氮和硝化作用相对较低.溯源分析表明,水体细菌来自上游、两岸和沉积物的比例分别为60.05%、37.93%和1.05%,而沉积物细菌来自上游、两岸和上覆水的比例分别为50.16%、45.55%和1.55%,细菌主要通过纵向和横向运移影响当地微生物群落的组成.环境因子、水动力因子和两者相互作用对水体细菌群落变化的解释率分别为44.22%、3.21...     

丹江口库区库滨带植被土壤细菌群落多样性及PICRUSt功能预测分析

微生物是土壤元素生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力,目前库滨带植物截留和消减污染物质过程中细菌群落及其功能研究尚未清楚。本研究选取适宜丹江口库区库滨带生长的4种典型植物(草本植物香根草、芦苇、乔木植物杜梨和灌木植物假奓包叶),采用16S rDNA Miseq高通量测序技术研究根际细菌群落组成,发现其主要由变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门等31个门、343个属的细菌组成,表现出群落组成的丰富性。细菌群落分析表明香根草和芦苇细菌群落结构较为相似,但和杜梨细菌群落结构差异最大。PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,库滨带植物根际细菌主要涉及次生产物代谢的生物合成、转录、多糖生物合成和代谢、细胞生长和死亡等38个子功能,表现出功能上的丰富性。库滨带植物根际细菌代谢能力整体趋势为假奓包叶芦苇香根草杜梨。本研究初步探讨了丹江口库区库滨带不同植物根际细菌群落和功能,为丹江口水库库滨带植被构建及其水环境保护提供了参考依据。     

苦草叶表附生和水体浮游细菌群落多样性格局及其影响因素

浮游与附生细菌群落在湿地氮污染物去除及其水质净化方面具有重要作用,然而与湿地土壤细菌群落相比,它们的群落动态还远未被了解.以榆古桥人工湿地水体浮游细菌群落和常见沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)叶表附生细菌群落为研究对象,通过高通量测序的方法对浮游和附生细菌群落的组成、结构与功能多样性进行了比较分析.结果表明,浮游与附生细菌群落的组成具有显著差异,相比浮游细菌群落,附生细菌群落中存在更多的异养细菌和反硝化细菌.浮游细菌群落的α多样性在3个采样点间存在显著差异,而附生细菌群落的α多样性没有显著差异;整体来看,附生细菌群落的OTU指数与Shannon指数显著高于浮游细菌群落且二者存在明显的空间异质性.RDA分析表明DO、 IC、 TP、 NH⁺₄和TOC对浮游和附生细菌群落的结构变化均具有重要影响,但对浮游细菌群落的影响更大.共现性网络分析表明附生细菌群落有更多的生态位分化,网络更加稳定,对外界干扰的抵抗力也更强.FAPROTAX功能预测结果分析表明,附生细菌群落的氮循环特别是反硝化作用显著大于浮游细菌群落.研究结果揭示了浮游和...     

铜陵市河流沉积物中硝化和反硝化微生物分布特征

矿区河流不仅受到矿业活动带来污染物的影响,还受到区域内生活污水及农田退水中氮、磷和有机物的污染.本研究以铜陵市河流表层沉积物为研究对象,采用荧光定量PCR技术分析季节和污染类型对沉积物样品中硝化(amo A)和反硝化(nir S和nir K)功能基因丰度的影响.结果表明,沉积物样品中氨氧化古菌(AOA)和细菌(AOB)基因丰度变化范围分别为1.74×105~1.45×108copies·g-1和1.39×105~3.39×107copies·g-1,AOA平均丰度是AOB的4.39倍;反硝化基因(nir S和nir K基因)丰度变化范围分别为1.69×107~8.55×109copies·g-1和4.45×106~1.51×108copies·g-1,nir S基因平均丰度为nir K基因的28.35倍.沉积物AOA丰度呈现春季和秋季较高,夏季和冬季较低的趋势,而AOB在春季和冬季沉积物中的丰度高于夏季和秋季;反硝化基因丰度则表现为春季(nir S)/秋季(nir K)夏季冬季秋季(nir S)/春季(nir K).矿区周围以重金属为主要污染物的河流沉积物中两种amo A和nir S基因的丰度高于毗邻农田区域主要受到氮、磷及有机物污染的河流,后者的nir K基因丰度更高.     

三门湾近海有机污染对浮游细菌群落的影响

近海污染问题日趋严重,因此亟需评价污染对海洋环境造成的潜在影响.微生物作为对环境变化的首要响应者,可能作为评价污染水平的指示生物.为此,本文采集三门湾和邻近鱼山保护区共21个站点的表层海水,利用Illumina技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因,对比研究有机污染对浮游细菌群落的影响.三门湾的有机污染(A)为4.57±2.41,显著(P0.001)高于鱼山保护区0.43±0.74.三门湾和鱼山保护区的浮游细菌多样性和群落结构差异显著,其中三门湾水域的放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)、SAR406的相对丰度显著高于鱼山保护区,而拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)的相对丰度低于鱼山保护区.多元回归树分析(multivariate regression tree,MRT)发现浮游细菌多样性主要受pH、有机污染和叶绿素a(Chl-a)的影响,分别控制了27.7%、15.6%和6.7%的多样性变异.冗余分析(redundancy analysis)结果表明驱动细菌群落变异环境因子为有机污染、pH和盐度(salinity),共解释了14.8%的群落变异.同时,空间距离与细菌群落组成显著相关,解释了4.42%的变异,表明浮游细菌的空间分布不是随机的.此外,本研究筛选到与有机污染状况显著相关的23个细菌科,各科相对丰度的变化与其已知的生态功能特征相吻合,因此可以作为潜在的有机污染指示种群.本实验结果表明近海有机污染显著地改变了浮游细菌群落结构,特别是潜在病原菌丰度的增加;此外,筛选到敏感指示种群用于评估有机污染程度.     

典型油田多环芳烃污染对土壤反硝化微生物群落结构的影响

油田区土壤具有潜在的PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)污染风险,而以硝酸根为电子受体的反硝化作用可能在PAHs的厌氧代谢中起到重要作用.以具有50多年历史的江汉油田区域为对象,从该油田的油井口附近采集了9个土壤样品,编号为JH-1~JH-9,以反硝化相关的nir K(Cu-亚硝酸还原酶基因)和nirS(细胞色素cd1-亚硝酸还原酶基因)为分子标识,通过定量PCR及克隆文库结合T-RFLP(terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism)的方法,研究典型油田区土壤反硝化微生物的群落结构,并探讨其与土壤环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,该油田区土壤中nirK基因的丰度高于nirS基因,PAHs含量最高的土壤样品(JH-4)中反硝化功能基因nir K和nir S的丰度均最低,相关性分析表明,土壤nir K及nirS基因的丰度均与土壤PAHs含量呈显著负相关(nirK:R2=0.54,P0.05;nirS:R~2=0.58,P0.05).克隆文库及T-RFLP的结果则表明,该油田土壤中nirK基因的群落组成在不同样品间的变异较大,且PAHs含量最高的JH-4中该基因的群落组成与其它各样品有明显的不同,RDA(redundancy analysis)的分析结果进一步表明除有效氮、有效磷外,土壤PAHs含量也是影响nirK型反硝化微生物群落组成的重要因子.相较于nirK,该油田区土壤中nirS基因的群落组成在不同样品间的差异较小,但发现nirS型假单胞菌的丰度与土壤PAHs含量呈正相关,表明具备较强有机污染物降解能力的假单胞菌属可能在该区域土壤PAHs的反硝化代谢中起到重要作用.     

菲反硝化降解菌群的富集及其群落结构解析

从潜在多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染的油田区域采集土壤样品,以菲为唯一碳源且添加硝酸根的培养基来富集土壤中的菲反硝化降解菌群.随后,通过定量PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction)测定了获取的富集菌群中反硝化相关功能基因(硝酸还原酶基因nar G、亚硝酸还原酶基因nir S)的丰度,并通过Illumina Mi Seq测序对其中的细菌群落结构进行解析.结果表明,获取到的3个菌群(PDN-1、PDN-2和PDN-3)12 d内对菲的降解率分别为45.18%、34.04%和25.92%.各富集培养菌群中nar G的丰度均高于nir S,且菲降解率最高的PDN-1中的反硝化相关基因丰度较低.Illumina Mi Seq测序结果表明,菲降解率最高的富集菌群PDN-1同时也具有较高的细菌多样性指数,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是各富集菌群中的优势菌门,且Proteobacteria在3个富集菌群PDN-1(97.78%)、PDN-2(96.57%)、PDN-3(93.90%)中的比例均最高.变形菌门的Pseudomonas(γ-Proteobacteria)和Methylophilus(β-Proteobacteria)则是各富集菌群中最大的优势菌属,前者为公认的PAHs降解菌,而后者则为能够利用还原型"一碳化合物"的特殊菌属.细菌多样性与菲的降解率呈正相关,表明菲的反硝化降解可能是多种细菌参与的共同结果.上述结果可为揭示典型PAHs反硝化降解的微生物机制提供理论依据,同时为深入研究反硝化与菲代谢的偶联机理打下基础.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.