北京水环境中氯胺酮和去甲氯胺酮的浓度水平

利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪(HPLC-MS/MS)测定了北京市生活污水和自然水体中氯胺酮及其代谢产物去甲氯胺酮的浓度水平.样品采自北京市区内全部13家污水处理厂和流经北京市的四条河流.结果表明,氯胺酮和去甲氯胺酮在北京13家污水处理厂的进水浓度均值范围分别为MQL(method quantification limit,方法定量限)~(19.5±5.1)ng·L~(-1)和MQL~(6.2±2.1)ng·L~(-1),由此计算的负载量均值范围分别为(0.1±0.0)~(8.6±2.4)mg·(1 000人·d)-1和(0.3±0.1)~(3.2±1.1)mg·(1 000人·d)-1.经污水处理厂处理后,氯胺酮和去甲氯胺酮的去除率较低,甚至出现负值.氯胺酮在地表水中被广泛检出,浓度范围为MQL~17.8 ng·L~(-1);去甲氯胺酮在4条河流中的检出浓度均低于MQL.在通惠河中氯胺酮的检出浓度较大多数污水处理厂进水中的浓度高,说明沿河可能有氯胺酮的直接倾倒或排放.     

N-亚硝胺在不同处理工艺污水处理厂中的分布及其

以6种典型N-亚硝胺(NAs)为研究对象,基于质量浓度监测数据系统研究了它们在3种不同处理工艺的污水处理厂中的分布及其去除规律,并分析了它们在受纳河水中的污染概况及来源.结果表明,6种NAs在3种不同处理工艺污水处理厂各工艺段废水中普遍存在,其中主要污染物为NPIP、NDMA和NPYR,质量浓度水平为几十到几百ng·L-1. 3种不同处理工艺的污水处理厂都能对NAs起到一定的去除效果,其中改良A~2/O和A~2/O+MBR对NAs的去除效果较好,总体去除率分别为95%和63%,主要依靠生化阶段的微生物降解和转化.在过滤、MBR和消毒阶段,废水处理体系中NAs前驱物经一系列反应后会形成一定的NAs增量. 6种NAs在受纳河流的表层水中也频繁检出,主要污染物和污水处理厂进水中的主要污染物一致,仍然是MDMA、NPIP和NPYR.受纳河流中的NAs来源广泛而复杂,包括污水处理厂尾水排入、未经处理的生活污水和工业废水以及工业区地表径流等的汇入.因此,应该通过增强污水收集和处理能力、优化污水处理工艺等措施减少NAs向受纳河流的输入.     

多环芳烃及其衍生物在SBR/MBBR工艺中的分布与去除

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类重要的持久性有毒有机污染物,而其衍生物SPAHs的毒性更高.通过对青岛市城阳污水处理厂采样,分析在其SBR/MBBR工艺中16种PAHs及硝基PAHs(NPAHs),甲基PAHs(MPAHs)以及氧基PAHs(OPAHs)的分布与去除.结果表明,16种PAHs及13种SPAHs均有检出,进水中,PAHs与SPAHs的总质量浓度分别为3 835. 14 ng·L~(-1)与6 889. 46 ng·L~(-1),其浓度远远高于其他地区的污水处理厂.在出水中,PAHs与SPAHs的总质量浓度为1 148. 18 ng·L~(-1)与1 724. 57 ng·L~(-1),去除率分别为70. 06%与74. 97%,可见SBR/MBBR工艺能有效去除PAHs与SPAHs.水相中PAHs的去除主要是针对低环多环芳烃(LMW-PAHs)的生物降解;而颗粒相中PAHs的去除主要依靠初沉池对LMW-PAHs的吸附沉淀以及生物单元对高环多环芳烃(HMW-PAHs)的生物吸附.对于SPAHs,MPAHs去除效果最好,去除率达89. 15%,颗粒吸附以及生物降解是其主要的去除机制;其次是OPAHs,去除率为63. 36%,在水相中主要依靠一级处理的颗粒吸附去除,在颗粒相中则主要在二级处理的生物吸附去除; NPAHs的去除率为48. 85%,主要在生物池中去除. SPAHs在SBR/MBBR工艺中的去除机制不尽相同,污水处理厂应根据不同处理工段PAHs与SPAHs的分布特征采取相应控制措施,而污泥中富集的PAHs与SPAHs远高于出水的排放量,因此,还应加强污泥中PAHs与SPAHs的管理.     

武汉市5个污水处理厂中14种典型PPCPs的赋存与去除研究

近年来,药物和个人护理品(Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products, PPCPs)在饮用水、污水及自然水体中被频繁检出,对生态及人类健康有潜在的不利影响。污水处理厂是PPCPs进入环境的主要途径之一,研究PPCPs在污水处理厂中的赋存与去除具有重要意义。使用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS)分析了武汉市5个不同工艺污水处理厂中14种PPCPs的浓度和去除效率。结果表明：各污水处理厂进水中共检出13种PPCPs,总浓度范围为1 471～2 077 ng/L;污水处理厂对大部分目标污染物的总去除效率达到80%以上,在生物处理工艺阶段污染物的去除效率最好,去除机制主要是污泥的吸附和微生物的降解;各污水处理厂进水中PPCPs的质量负荷范围较高(>103.0 g/d),出水中PPCPs的排放量明显降低(<36.3 g/d)。     

污水处理厂PPCPs的污染现状与去除技术

近年来,药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)作为一类新兴有机污染物在环境中被广泛报道.传统的污水处理厂处理工艺难以有效去除污水中的PPCPs,残留在污水处理厂出水中的PPCPs及其代谢物进入水环境会严重威胁人类健康和生态环境.介绍了PPCPs的类别、性质以及水环境中PPCPs的赋存水平及其潜在危害,提出风险熵法(RQ)是国内...     

城市污水处理工艺对噬菌体的去除效果

测定了北京市3座城市污水处理厂各处理单元出水中的SC噬菌体和F-RNA噬菌体浓度进水中SC噬菌体和F-RNA噬菌体浓度范围分别为6.25 ×103～1.34×104 PFU·mL-1和2.4×10～2.4×103 PFU·mL-1,经过处理,上述2类噬菌体的总去除率分别为72.45%～99.89%和57.84%～93.06%,低于对粪大肠菌的处理效果生物曝气工艺对噬菌体的去除效率最高,深度处理中的砂滤工艺对噬菌体的去除作用不明显.根据测定的F-RNA噬菌体浓度预测水中肠道病毒的浓度,结果显示生活污水经常规处理和深度处理后仍含有0.65～15.8 PFU·L-1的肠道病毒.     

4种磺胺类药物及乙酰化代谢物在污水处理厂的去除及机制

乙酰化代谢物是磺胺类药物的重要代谢产物.为研究4种常见磺胺类药物及其乙酰化代谢物在污水厂中的去除机制,根据污水停留时间采集厦门某A2/O型工艺污水厂不同处理单元的污水和污泥样品,采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测目标化合物.结果显示,8种目标物中有6种在水体中被检测出,污泥中有5种目标物被检测出.计算总去除率及各个处理单元间的去除率,结果表明,磺胺二甲基嘧啶在污水厂中总去除率几乎为0,而其他5种化合物都有不同程度的去除,但不同目标物在各处理单元的去除率不同.利用质量平衡,分析各物质可能的去除机制,磺胺二甲基嘧啶可能去除机制为污泥吸附,磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶和磺胺甲唑可能的去除机制均为生物降解.     

吸附-全程自养脱氮(A-CANON)工艺处理实际市政污水

以上海某污水处理厂市政污水为研究对象,考察市政污水在常温（25℃）条件下先经吸附段（A段）去除回收部分碳源后利用全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺处理的脱氮效果.A-CANON工艺稳定运行175个周期,A段水力停留时间（HRT）=20min,DO=2mg/L,COD去除率始终高于60%,出水C/N降至1.5左右;CANON段出水中COD及TN浓度分别低于50mg/L和15mg/L,NH₄⁺-N浓度一般低于5mg/L,基本满足城市污水厂一级A排放标准.16S rDNA高通量测序结果显示,采用A-CANON工艺后,CANON系统中的优势厌氧氨氧化菌属为Candidatus_Jettenia和Candidatus_Brocadia.其中,Candidatus_Jettenia的丰度由第85周期的1.79%增加到第175周期的13.51%,较同期丰度降低1.4%的Candidatus_Brocadia表现出更强的环境适应能力.研究结果表明采用A-CANON工艺可有效处理市政污水并回收其中碳源.为该工艺在市政污水处理中的应用提供了理论依据和技术支持,有望实现市政污水碳、氮处理的可持续性.     

污水中抗生素与重金属对红霉素抗药性基因的选择性效应

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)分别检测分析了上海某污水处理厂中6种重金属和3种抗生素的含量水平和分布特征,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测分析了7种红霉素抗药性基因(ERY-ARGs)在污水处理厂中的分布变化.结果表明,抗生素磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)、红霉素(ERY)和四环素(TC)在污水处理厂中均被检出,两段A/O工艺对其去除效果较差,去除率为3%(ERY)~36%(TC).重金属Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb在污水中被检出,浓度范围分别为136.9~235.5、7.1~37.4、18.1~98.4和143.1~383.0μg/L,两段A/O工艺对Zn基本完全去除,但对Cu、Pb和Cr的去除率分别为48%、43%和18%.目标ERY-ARGs在污水处理厂中均被检出,其在原水中的浓度为9.28×103(ermA)~1.83×108(ereA)copies/L,两段A/O工艺对其具有较好的去除效果,降低幅度可达1.19~3.97个对数浓度.通过相关性分析可知, ERY-ARGs与ERY之间具有显著相关性(P<0.05),而酯酶基因ereA与Cu、Zn和Pb之间也呈现出较好的显著相关性(P<0.05),表明污水中ERY对ERY-ARGs的演变产生具有重要影响,而重金属对ERY-ARGs也可能存在潜在的选择性作用.     

生物酶在医院污水处理中的应用研究

处理医院污水常用的工艺有A2/O工艺和AB工艺,以上两种工艺存在磷酸盐及氨氮去除与水温等工艺条件相关因素有关,而造成处理效果不稳定,经试验采用生物酶改良剂＋SBR反应器处理医院污水,加入生物酶原液为50 000 mg/L加入一定数量,按SBR工艺条件控制,经处理后,COD去除率达90%以上,出水中磷酸盐及氨氮浓度达到综合废水一级排放标准。在SBR反应器中,当生物酶与医院污水比例为0.1/10 000-1/10000时,对COD的去除率显著提高,在处理医院污水时,曝气时间4 h,此时COD去除率小于90%。能加速聚磷菌对磷的释放和吸收,可使出水达到或接近一级排放标准,同时在好氧段生物酶能显著提高NH3-N的硝化速度,能将硝化时间缩短2h,从而降低了医院污水的处理成本。     

大连海域入海污染源中PFASs的赋存、输入通量和季节特征

本文对大连海域入海河流和入海排污口中19种PFASs和2种PFOS新型替代品Cl-PFESAs进行了分析,估算其入海通量,并分析了季节变化特征.结果表明,研究区域入海河流中总PFASs的含量范围为9. 85～757 ng·L~(-1)(浓度中位数为74. 7 ng·L~(-1)),与国内外其他河流相比,大连海域入海河流中总PFASs的含量处于中等或较低水平;入海排污口中总PFASs的含量范围为9. 19～801 ng·L~(-1)(浓度中位数为29. 5 ng·L~(-1)).入海河流和入海排污口中PFASs的主要贡献要素为PFOS和PFOA,其中入海河流、市政污水和污水处理厂出水中总PFASs含量未发现明显的季节差异特征,但工业废水中冬季含量显著高于夏季.计算结果显示,大连海域总PFASs入海通量约123 g·d~(-1)(44. 7 kg·a~(-1)),入海河流和入海排污口的贡献相当.全氟/多氟醚类磺酸化合物(Cl-PFESAs)检出率较低,其中8∶2Cl-PFESA均为检出.     

废水处理系统中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

废水处理厂被认为是抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的重要污染源.为探究抗性基因在进水状况复杂的废水处理厂沿程的分布变化特征,选取以生产抗生素为主导行业的某化工园区废水处理厂,使用实时荧光定量PCR对废水处理厂沿程ARGs的种类、丰度变化进行研究.结果表明,废水处理厂水体中检出16种ARGs,四环素类、磺胺类ARGs为废水处理厂中占主导的抗性基因,并检出可移动遗传元件int I1,其丰度与磺胺类抗性基因的丰度(P 0. 05,r 0. 95)存在相关性,表明可移动遗传元件int I1可能促进了磺胺类抗性基因的迁移和转化.园区医药企业以合成大环内酯类抗生素为主,由于选择性压力,园区废水中,erm B抗性基因的绝对丰度远远高于其他废水中erm B的绝对丰度.废水经过废水处理厂生物处理工艺,总ARGs绝对丰度下降了1. 16个数量级,经过芬顿工艺处理后,总ARGs绝对丰度下降了2. 46个数量级,表明该废水处理工艺中深度处理工艺对ARGs的去除效果优于生物处理.高浓度、可移动的ARGs已经存在于水体中,如果没有得到有效治理,从废水处理厂排出,将给环境带来高度风险.     

太湖流域典型城镇地表水中AOX的污染特征

采用微库仑法,分析常州市武南区域地表水和污水处理厂出水中可吸附有机卤素（AOX）的浓度,揭示了该区域AOX的污染特征.结果表明,区域内地表水中AOX的年均浓度为41.9μg/L,与其他研究结果相当或偏低,夏季浓度高于冬季.从空间分布上看,永安河中段、滆湖北部和京杭运河以北区域污染相对严重,其中断头浜截流是造成AOX污染突出的一个重要原因.市政污水处理厂和纺织工业污水处理厂出水的年污染负荷较高,是两类重要的排放源,对地表水中AOX污染有较大的贡献.     

Large-Scale Survey of Human Enteroviruses in Wastewater Treatment Plants of a Metropolitan Area of Southern Italy

Human enteroviruses (HEVs) occur in high concentrations in wastewater and can contaminate receiving environmental waters, constituting a major cause of acute waterborne disease worldwide. In this study, we investigated the relative abundance, occurrence, and seasonal distribution of polio and other enteroviruses at three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Naples, Southern Italy, from January 2010 to December 2014. Influent and effluent samples from the three WWTPs were collected monthly. One hundred and sixty-one of the 731 wastewater samples collected (22.0%) before and after water treatment were CPE positive on RD cells; while no samples were positive on L20B cells from any WWTPs. Among the 140 non-polio enterovirus isolated from inlet sewage, 69.3% were Coxsackieviruses type B and 30.7% were Echoviruses. Among these, CVB3 and CVB5 were most prevalent, followed by CVB4 and Echo6. The twenty-one samples tested after treatment contained 6 CVB4, 5 CVB3, 3 Echo11, and 2 Echo6; while other serotypes were isolated less frequently. Data on viral detection in treated effluents of WWTPs confirmed the potential environmental contamination by HEVs and could be useful to establish standards for policies on wastewater management.     

Environmental Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater and Groundwater in Quintana Roo,Mexico

The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater has been reported as a result of fecal shedding of infected individuals. In this study, the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was explored in primary-treated wastewater from two municipal wastewater treatment plants in Quintana Roo, Mexico, along with groundwater from sinkholes, a household well, and submarine groundwater discharges. Physicochemical variables were obtained in situ, and coliphage densities were determined. Three virus concentration methods based on adsorption-elution and sequential filtration were used followed by RNA isolation. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 was done by RT-qPCR using the CDC 2020 assay, 2019-nCoV_N1 and 2019-nCoV_N2. The Pepper mild mottle virus, one of the most abundant RNA viruses in wastewater was quantified by RT-qPCR and compared to SARS-CoV-2 concentrations. The use of three combined virus concentration methods together with two qPCR assays allowed the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 58% of the wastewater samples analyzed, whereas none of the groundwater samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater were from 1.8 × 10³ to 7.5 × 10³ genome copies per liter (GC l⁻¹), using the N1 RT-qPCR assay, and from 2.4 × 10² to 5.9 × 10³ GC l⁻¹ using the N2 RT-qPCR assay. Based on PMMoV prevalence detected in all wastewater and groundwater samples tested, the three viral concentration methods used could be successfully applied for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in further studies. This study represents the first detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in southeast Mexico and provides a baseline for developing a wastewater-based epidemiology approach in the area.

     

Concentrations and sources of an emerging pollutant, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), in sewage sludge for land application

The presence of an emerging brominated flame retardant, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), has been confirmed in Spanish sewage sludge. Thirty one samples from different urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were analyzed for this brominated flame retardant. DBDPE was positively identified and quantified in all samples at lower concentrations (47.0 ± 29.7 ng/g dry weight (dw); mean ± SD) than those obtained for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (290 ± 236 ng/g dw; mean ± SD) in a previous study. Influence of the WWTP characteristics in the pollutant levels was evaluated. No significant correlations were obtained between DBDPE concentrations and the population or sewage sludge production rate associated with the plants, neither wastewater treatment method. Sources of DBDPE in the sludge were also evaluated. Data indicate a common origin for DBDPE and BDE-209, which may be related to leaching processes during the use and disposal of consumer products containing these chemicals. Nevertheless, DBDPE contents are not influenced by industrial activities, which suggests that the infusion of DBDPE commercial mixture is not a source of this chemical into the environment, and indicates that the use of DBDPE in the Spanish industry is still low compared to deca-BDE.     

污水处理厂COD和氨氮总量削减的成本模型

对国内12个城市污水处理厂COD和氨氮总量削减所需单位成本的调研结果显示,根据污水处理量确定运行费用的传统方法不能直接反映污染物总量削减的成本.在处理能力范围内,COD和氨氮总量削减所需的单位电耗随着其去除负荷增加而降低,并逐渐趋向定值.因此本研究以COD和氨氮总量削减所需电耗为基础,建立了污水处理厂的运行成本模型,其影响因素包括进水和出水浓度、设计规模、水量负荷率等,根据该计算模型确定运行成本可以有效激励污水处理厂削减更多的COD和氨氮总量.     

Number of COVID-19 cases required in a population to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in the province of Alberta, Canada: Sensitivity assessment

With a unique and large size of testing results of 1,842 samples collected from 12 wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for 14 months through from low to high prevalence of COVID-19, the sensitivity of RT-qPCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater that correspond to the communities was computed by using Probit analysis. This study determined the number of new COVID-19 cases per 100,000 population required to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater at defined probabilities and provided an evidence-based framework of wastewater-based epidemiology surveillance (WBE). Input data were positive and negative test results of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater samples and the corresponding new COVID-19 case rates per 100,000 population served by each WWTP. The analyses determined that RT-qPCR-based SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection threshold at 50%, 80% and 99% probability required a median of 8 (range: 4-19), 18 (9-43), and 38 (17-97) of new COVID-19 cases /100,000, respectively. Namely, the positive detection rate at 50%, 80% and 99% probability were 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.04% averagely for new cases in the population. This study improves understanding of the performance of WBE SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection using the large datasets and prolonged study period. Estimated COVID-19 burden at a community level that would result in a positive detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater is critical to support WBE application as a supplementary warning/monitoring system for COVID-19 prevention and control.