不同尺度土地利用方式对地表水环境质量的影响及驱动机制

土地利用作为人类活动的重要载体对地表水环境状况有重要影响.以若尔盖湿地为例,基于面向对象的土地利用类型遥感解译,结合水质检测数据,从小流域和缓冲区尺度,分析不同尺度土地利用方式对地表水环境的影响及驱动机制.结果发现：（1）若尔盖湿地水质为Ⅴ类水,且整体呈现轻度富营养化,主要污染物为总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）,污染来自生活污水和放牧;（2）土地利用方式与地表水环境质量联系紧密,水体面积占比与化学需氧量（COD）呈现负相关关系、沼泽面积占比与TN呈现正相关关系和TP呈现负相关关系;（3）不同尺度土地利用方式与地表水环境存在显著关联性,1 000 m缓冲范围内的土地利用方式解释度最高,200 m的土地利用方式对COD的解释度最大,500 m的土地利用方式对TP和TN的解释度最大,800 m的土地利用方式对叶绿素（Chl-a）的解释度最大.本研究结果表明：若尔盖湿地对污染物和富营养化有一定的净化作用,但不同的土地利用方式对不同污染物作用存在差异,水体对Fe²⁺、 COD和Chl-a有净化作用,沼泽对TP有净化作用但对TN却呈现累积效应.应控制小尺度（≤1 000 m）的土...     

密云水库上游白河地表水质对不同空间尺度景观格局特征的响应

基于密云水库上游北京境内白河段9个监测断面的水质数据,利用多元统计分析方法分析不同空间尺度（100、200、300、500和1000 m）河岸带缓冲区土地利用景观格局特征与水质总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的关联性,识别水质对景观特征响应的最佳缓冲区尺度.结果表明,密云水库上游北京境内白河周边土地利用景观格局对水质的影响随着河岸缓冲区不同宽度的变化而不同,在河岸小尺度缓冲区表现得更明显,对水质TN和TP空间分异解释的最佳尺度分别为300 m和100 m河岸缓冲区.300 m缓冲区尺度,耕地斑块密度和草地聚集指数是影响河流TN的主要指数.100 m缓冲区尺度,城乡居民点面积比例对河流TP影响显著.该研究表明,优化河岸缓冲区300 m宽度范围内的景观格局,特别是耕地和林草地的合理配置提高农业景观的连通性和聚集度以及岸边城乡居民点面积与污染物排放控制,对于改善北京境内白河段河流水质的生态功能和保障密云水库饮用水安全十分重要.     

三峡水库支流大宁河冬、春季水华调查研究

以三峡水库主要支流--大宁河冬、春季2次不同类型水华的调查数据为依据,分析并比较了不同水华期间水质的变化、营养盐的构成及水华的特征.结果表明,大宁河冬季水华以唐家湾为中心,叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量较高[(Chl-a)_(max)/(Chl-a)_(min)=260];随着藻类的生长总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数出现富集而含量升高,溶解氧(DO)和pH却出现低值;水华高峰期水体藻类较少,共发现2门4种,水华优势种为铜绿微囊藻和水华微囊藻,藻密度高达3.15×10~7个/L,相关加权综合营养状态指数为80,属于重度富营养化水体.而春季水华属于自回水段以下整体性暴发,Chl-a含量也较高[(Chl-a)_(max)/(Chl-a)_(min)=140];TN、TP和高锰酸盐指数均是随着水华的发生逐渐升高;水华高峰期藻类种群丰富,共发现5门44种,各断面水华优势种和藻密度均不同,相关加权综合营养状态指数显示东坪坝和白水河为轻度富营养化水体.相关性分析表明,冬季水华期间Chl-a与TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数、水温呈显著正相关,与DO、透明度(SD)呈显著负相关;春季水华Chl-a与TP、高锰酸盐指数、DO、pH呈显著正相关,与SD呈显著负相关.冬季水华pH与SD呈显著正相关,与TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数呈显著负相关;而春季水华pH与Chl-a、TP、高锰酸盐指数、DO、气温呈显著正相关,与SD呈显著负相关.     

不同缓冲区的土地利用方式对地表水水质的影响：以海河流域天津段为例

探明土地利用方式与水质的关系对改善地表水环境具有重要意义.基于2021年天津市16个国家地表水水质监测站的月数据及土地利用数据,利用GIS空间分析和数理统计方法研究不同尺度缓冲区的土地利用方式对地表水水质的影响.结果表明：①研究区土地利用类型以建设用地、耕地和水域为主,对河流水质影响显著.除水温（WT）和pH外,耕地、建设用地和水域与各水质指标均呈负相关;林地和草地与溶解氧（DO）和总氮（TN）呈正相关,与其他水质指标均呈负相关.②水质指标在不同季节表现出明显的空间差异.pH、DO与TN浓度在旱季较高,而高锰酸盐指数、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）与总磷（TP）浓度在雨季较高.③冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,800 m缓冲区土地利用对旱季水质变化具有最大的解释能力（50.4%）,而3 000 m缓冲区土地利用可以最大程度解释雨季水质变化情况（49.6%）;从旱雨季的平均解释率来看,3 000 m缓冲区是天津市土地利用对水质指标的最佳影响尺度（50.0%）;④偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）分析可知,3 000 m缓冲区内建设用地、耕地和水域是影响地表水水质变化最显著的地类.旱季大多数水质指标PLSR模型的预测能力比雨季强.在旱季,除WT和pH外,其余水质指标均受耕地的影响最大.在雨季,建设用地对WT和NH₄⁺-N浓度的影响最大,其余水质指标的最重要影响因子仍是耕地.研究表明合理规划河流或湖库3 000 m内的土地利用方式有利于改善地表水水环境质量.     

南京市九乡河流域景观格局空间分异对河流水质的影响

定量探讨不同景观格局与水质关系对于指导城市景观规划、保护周边水环境具有重要意义.以南京市九乡河流域为研究区域,基于2009年的Quick Bird影像和2009年10月～2010年9月的水质实时监测数据,利用GIS空间分析技术以及统计分析的方法,从景观水平和类型水平2个方面分析了流域景观格局空间分异对河流总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数和氨氮(NH4+-N)的影响.结果表明,流域的大部分景观类型与河流TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数和NH4+-N浓度存在显著的相关关系:建设用地和未利用地的面积比例与TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数和NH4+-N浓度显著正相关,林地的面积比例与这些指标呈显著负相关,而耕地的面积比例与TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数和NH4+-N浓度相关性不显著;从景观水平上看,流域景观以少数类型大斑块为主或同一类型的斑块高度连接时,河流中TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数和NH4+-N浓度较低,水质较好;但针对具体的景观类型有所不同,建设用地、未利用地以及耕地的集中连片分布会引起TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数和NH4+-N浓度的上升,而林地的大面积分布则对这些指标具有相反的效应.     

南京仙林新市区土地利用结构与格局对湿地水环境氮、磷影响研究

以南京仙林新市区典型湿地为例,综合考虑湿地生态系统特点及其集水区内土地利用情况,根据湿地受城市化影响程度,将10个典型城市湿地分为农村型、城郊型和城市型三大类,采用RDA分析方法,研究城市湿地氮、磷与不同土地利用类型和格局的相互关系.结果表明:1农村型湿地水质最好,城郊型次之,而城市型湿地水质明显劣于农村型与城郊型.2各类型湿地TP、TN浓度均表现为湿季大于干季特征.其中,农村型与城郊型湿地TP浓度干湿季差异较城市型明显;而TN浓度干湿季节变化则呈现相反规律.3湿地水质受到多种土地利用类型和格局的综合影响.在土地利用方面,TP、TN浓度在干、湿季节均与不透水用地呈显著正相关,与草地、林地和湿地均表现为负相关,并且湿地与水质指标的负相关性较草地、林地显著.在土地利用格局方面,TP、TN浓度在干、湿季均与平均斑块形状呈负相关,与斑块密度、多样性指数为正相关;在景观相邻性影响方面,土地利用格局与TN浓度关系密切,湿季呈负相关,干季为正相关.     

三峡蓄水期间汉丰湖消落区营养状态时间变化

为探明三峡蓄水后汉丰湖消落区水质营养状态的变化特征,于2013年10月至2014年2月对水质进行连续观察,测定了水质物理参数、营养盐与叶绿素(Chl-a)的质量浓度.结果表明,水体中营养盐与Chl-a质量浓度的增加,在淹水后营养程度有升高现象,2014年2月与2013年10月相比,TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数与Chl-a质量浓度分别增加了4.7、1.0、0.2、3.27倍,TN、TP质量浓度均超过藻类生长限值,随滞留时间延长易造成水体富营养化,应引起重视.Chl-a单因子评价反映出水质由贫营养向富营养演变.TN/TP结果表明,TN、TP分别在不同时间内制约着藻类的生长;2013年10~12月与2014年2月,藻类生长受TN限制;2014年1月,藻类生长受TP限制.Chl-a与p H、DO、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、TN、高锰酸盐指数及TP呈显著正相关,而与SD、水温呈显著负相关;蓄水期间,水质受到了同一污染源的影响.因子分析结果表明,汉丰湖消落区水质主要受p H、DO、NO-3-N、TN的影响,同时Chl-a、TP、NH+4-N与好氧性有机物的污染不可忽视;在蓄水稳定初期水体具有自净能力,随蓄水滞留时间的延长,水质污染程度整体上呈现逐步恶化的趋势,应加以控制;三峡蓄水期间,南河、东河营养程度相对较高,应加强治理.     

鄱阳湖入湖河流氮磷水质控制限值研究

鄱阳湖近年氮磷营养物浓度逐步升高,入湖河流是鄱阳湖氮磷输入的重要途径.采用BATHTUB模型建立了鄱阳湖入湖河流与湖区ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）的响应关系,模拟了入湖河流执行GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中不同氮磷标准限值对湖区水质的影响,发现当入湖河流ρ（TP）执行河流Ⅲ类标准限值或超过Ⅲ类标准限值时,对应湖区ρ（TP）超标;入湖河流执行Ⅲ类及以上湖泊水质标准限值时,湖区水质可以达到Ⅲ类保护目标,但对入湖河流存在一定的过保护现象.因此,以满足现行湖泊水质达标为情景,以湖泊ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）各类别标准限值为目标,试算了入湖河流氮磷控制限值,提出了鄱阳湖入湖河流的氮磷控制限值建议方案,其中鄱阳湖湖体水质目标为Ⅲ类时,入湖河流ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）控制限值分别为0.075和1.20 mg/L,此时入湖河流氮磷控制限值方案既能保证湖泊水质达标,又不会造成对河流的水质控制过于严格.研究显示,基于湖泊水环境质量达标情况试算的入湖河流氮磷所需控制限值,建议可作为解决入湖氮磷污染控制问题的参考.      

北洛河流域水质空间异质性及其对土地利用结构的响应

根据2011年10月和2012年10月的北洛河流域水体采样数据,利用GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析了北洛河流域水质指标TP、TN、NO-3-N、NH+4-N和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)的空间变异特征,并探讨了子流域尺度上不同土地利用结构对河流水质的影响.结果表明,北洛河流域水质指标TN和NO-3-N受结构性因素影响显著,表现出较强的空间变异性,而TP、NH+4-N和CODMn受到结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用,表现出较弱的空间变异特征.TN与农业用地面积百分比呈显著正相关关系,与林地面积百分比呈显著负相关关系,NO-3-N与农业用地面积百分比存在显著正相关关系.可以初步推测,控制TN空间异质性分布的结构性因素是农业用地和林地,而控制NO-3-N空间分布的结构性因素为农业用地.     

景观类型与景观格局演变对洪泽湖水质的影响

基于Landsat序列遥感影像数据解译进行了景观类型分类,分析了2008—2018年洪泽湖16个监测点位水质数据变化特征,从流域尺度研究了景观类型和景观格局演变对湖区水质的影响机制.研究结果表明,洪泽湖区主要水质风险指标为总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）,淮安南区域TN和TP浓度较高.2000年之前洪泽湖流域内景观类型主要为旱地（43.3%）,2000年后主要景观类型逐渐转变为水田（37.7%）和建设用地（23.6%）.建设用地、水田、入湖河流、围圩和围网养殖面积与湖区TN和TP浓度呈显著正相关,林地和草地面积与TN和TP浓度呈显著负相关.围圩养殖面积对TN浓度变异解释度最高,建设用地面积对TP浓度变异解释度最高,分别为47.6%和43.2%.近20年洪泽湖流域景观破碎度增大,斑块密度指数（PD）和蔓延度指数（CONTAG）与湖区TN、TP浓度呈显著正相关.建设用地、围网和围圩养殖面积增加以及景观破碎化增强与湖区TN和TP浓度上升密切相关.减少围圩和围网养殖的面积比例,控制建设用地和水田规模,降低生态空间景观破碎度,是维护和修复洪泽湖水质安全和水生态健康的重要抓手.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.