金属氧化物降解六氯苯的活性比较及催化机理研究

以氧化铝(α-Al_2O_3、γ-Al_2O_3)、氧化钙(CaO)、过渡金属氧化物(Mn O_2、α-Fe_2O_3、γ-Fe_2O_3、Ni_2O_3、CuO)为催化剂,考察了催化剂种类、添加比例等因素对六氯苯(Hexachlorobenzene,HCB)降解效果和产物组分的影响.结果表明,催化效果随催化剂添加比例的提高显著增加.在反应温度为350℃,反应时间1 h,金属氧化物添加比例为100∶1的条件下,碱土金属氧化物CaO及过渡金属氧化物中的α-Fe_2O_3和Ni_2O_3降解活性较好,这3种氧化物对HCB的降解率分别达到65.5%、100.0%和100.0%,脱氯率D_1分别为54.4%、81.9%和77.5%.HCB降解有机产物分析结果显示,8种金属氧化物与HCB样品反应产物中均存在低氯代苯,在α-Fe_2O_3和Ni_2O_3的催化作用下有2~4氯代低氯苯检出,说明在降解过程中存在明显的逐级脱氯/加氢反应;与CaO反应后的产物中低氯代苯较少,经拉曼光谱定性分析,有无序碳的检出,说明除了脱氯/加氢还存在脱氯缩合反应.     

CuO/g-C3N4活化过二硫酸盐降解甲基橙

采用水热-煅烧法合成了CuO/g-C₃N₄催化剂,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、红外吸收光谱和X射线能谱对其基本性能进行表征,进一步研究了不同参数下CuO/g-C₃N₄活化过二硫酸盐(PDS)体系对有机污染物(甲基橙,MO)的去除效果。活化实验结果表明:CuO/g-C₃N₄对活化PDS降解MO具有明显效果。优化实验结果表明:在催化剂的水热时间为8 h,CuO复合比为10%,反应体系中催化剂初始浓度为1.00 g/L,PDS初始浓度为4 mmol/L,pH=3的条件下,30 min内MO的降解率高达99.20%。机理分析表明催化剂表面的硫酸根自由基(SO₄-·)和羟基自由基(·OH)是降解MO的主要活性物质,并且有少量超氧自由基(·O₂-)参与其中。对该催化剂进行5次重复实验后,活化PDS对MO降解率仍保持在90%以上,表明该催化剂有较好的稳定性。     

UVA紫外辐射下H2O2/KI降解水中磺胺嘧啶

研究了UVA(λ=365 nm)紫外辐射下碘与过氧化氢共存对水中磺胺嘧啶的降解.同时,考察了溶液初始p H值、H_2O_2和KI添加浓度等对UVA/H_2O_2/KI体系降解磺胺嘧啶的影响,并对体系中的主要活性物质进行了分析.结果表明,UVA/H_2O_2/KI体系对磺胺嘧啶的降解作用显著.初始p H值的影响较大.作为体系中碘及其自由基产生的关键因子,一定范围内,H_2O_2、KI的添加浓度增加,磺胺嘧啶的去除率增加,且存在适宜添加浓度,分别为120 mmol·L~(-1)和2.4 mmol·L~(-1).甲醇和甲硫咪唑的抑制实验结果表明,碘自由基为UVA/H_2O_2/KI体系降解磺胺嘧啶的主要活性物质.HPLC谱图显示,磺胺嘧啶在降解过程中主要有3种产物生成,其中之一可能为磺胺.     

光助-二茂铁/H2O2非均相体系降解磺胺二甲基嘧啶

抗生素在废水和地表水中经常检出,因其可诱导细菌菌群的抗药性而备受关注,因而亟需发展新型高效的抗生素去除技术.本研究构建了基于二茂铁(Fc)的光助非均相氧化体系,并选取水体中广泛检出的磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMZ)为模型化合物,研究了SMZ在该体系中的降解动力学、转化途径和产物.结果表明,相对于Fc、Fc+UV、H_2O_2、H_2O_2+UV、Fc+H_2O_2体系,SMZ在Fc+H_2O_2+UV体系中呈现更好的降解效率.自由基淬灭实验证实·OH是Fc+H_2O_2+UV体系中决定SMZ降解的最主要活性物种.电子自旋共振实验发现Fc+H_2O_2+UV体系中产生了超氧自由基阴离子,说明Fc在光照条件下可产生电子. H_2O_2接受电子后歧化产生·OH进而促进SMZ降解.采用轨道离子阱高分辨质谱对SMZ在Fc+H_2O_2+UV体系中的降解产物进行了鉴定,发现有SMZ的羟基化、脱SO_2和C—S、S—N及N—C键断裂的产物形成.水中常见溶解性组分,如DOM、Cl~-及Br~-,可淬灭·OH而抑制SMZ降解,但离子强度对SMZ在Fc+H_2O_2+UV体系中的降解无显著影响,说明该技术对于含有高盐度抗生素废水的处理仍具有较好的效果.     

Ti基和Mn基介孔催化剂活化过硫酸钠降解有机污染物的反应机制

为获得高效活化过硫酸盐降解有机污染物的环境友好Ti基介孔催化剂,在无光照条件下对比了介孔氧化钛(AM-TiO₂)和介孔氧化锰(M-MnO₂)两种催化剂活化过硫酸钠(PDS)降解四环素(TC)和罗丹明B(RhB)的过程.同时,通过结构表征、电子自旋共振谱仪(ESR)光谱、密度泛函理论计算和中间产物分析等,首次详细探明了两种介孔催化剂活化PDS降解有机污染物过程机制的差异.结果表明,与传统M-MnO₂催化剂类似,在无光照条件下AM-TiO₂也能有效活化PDS降解TC和RhB.但两种催化剂活化PDS过程中产生的活性物种存在显著差异.AM-TiO₂活化PDS过程中产生的·OH和·SO₄^-等自由基数量要少于M-MnO₂活化PDS的过程,但AM-TiO₂活化过程可以产生丰富的¹O₂参与污染物的降解.因此,AM-TiO₂活化PDS降解污染物...     

g-C3N4在可见光下协同PDS降解磺胺二甲嘧啶的机制研究

以二聚氰胺为前驱体合成光催化剂石墨相碳化氮(g-C_3N_4),通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)等技术对g-C_3N_4材料进行形貌结构和光学性能的表征.实验过程中,以g-C_3N_4光催化降解磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)中,加入过硫酸盐(PDS)联合效果的研究结果表明,PDS加快了g-C_3N_4对SMZ的光催化降解;通过荧光测试,表明了PDS使g-C_3N_4的光生空穴(h~+)与光生电子(e-)能够进行有效地分离,从而加强其光催化性能;实验同时研究了PDS/g-C_3N_4体系对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)光催化降解的影响机制.研究表明,SMZ的光催化降解反应符合准一级动力学规律;pH在酸性环境下有利于SMZ的降解;使用草酸钠作为光生空穴分子捕获剂,检测到h~+存在于PDS/g-C_3N_4光催化体系中,并计算得出h~+的贡献率为65.9%,表明h~+在降解中起到主要作用;TOC的检测表明,加入PDS有助于SMZ的矿化.     

微米α-Fe_2O_3非均相电Fenton降解罗丹明B

以考察非均相电Fenton法处理罗丹明B(RhB)的影响因素为目的,采用水热法制备α-Fe_2O_3微米颗粒,钛涂钌铱(Ti/RuO_2-IrO_2)电极为阳极和阴极,组成非均相电Fenton体系降解RhB废水,探讨了微米α-Fe_2O_3投加质量浓度、pH和电流密度对RhB降解效果的影响,以及催化剂的循环使用效果。结果表明:当微米α-Fe_2O_3投加质量浓度为0.5 g/L,pH为3.0,电流密度为12 mA/cm~2时,反应60 min后,非均相电Fenton体系对RhB的去除率可达97.42%,且催化剂循环使用3次后,仍可以保持95%以上的去除率,具有较好的稳定性。     

Fe2+与Fe0活化过二硫酸盐降解活性艳蓝KN-R

为了解Fe2+与Fe0在活化PDS(过二硫酸盐)降解活性艳蓝KN-R时的差异,通过序批试验,考察了Fe2+/PDS和Fe0/PDS体系中c(Fe2+)、ρ(Fe0)、c(PDS)和初始pH对KN-R降解的影响. 结果表明:在Fe2+/PDS体系中,最佳反应条件〔初始pH为3.0,c(Fe2+)为1.0 mmol/L,c(PDS)为2.0 mmol/L〕下,180 min后KN-R的去除率达到96.55%;过高的pH和c(Fe2+)对KN-R的降解均有明显的抑制作用. 在Fe0/PDS体系中,当pH和ρ(Fe0)过高时,KN-R的去除率仍维持在较高水平,当pH为9.0时,180 min后KN-R的去除率为90.53%;当ρ(Fe0)为448 mg/L时,50 min后KN-R的去除率就能达到94.35%. 在2个体系中,c(PDS)的升高均能显著提高KN-R的去除率,当c(PDS)由0.5 mmol/L增至8.0 mmol/L时,KN-R的去除率由47.25%(Fe2+/PDS体系)和57.00%(Fe0/PDS体系)增至100%. 动力学分析显示,KN-R的降解均遵循一级反应动力学;最佳反应条件下2个体系中的活性自由基均以硫酸根自由基(SO₄-·)为主. 因此,在降解KN-R过程中,Fe0/PDS体系的性能明显优于Fe2+/PDS体系.      

超声激发碘自由基降解水中磺胺嘧啶

以H2O2和KI作为分子碘(I2)的来源,研究超声/H2O2/KI体系对磺胺嘧啶(SD)的降解效果.考察超声/H2O2/KI体系中溶液初始pH值、H2O2和KI添加浓度等因素的影响.采用碘自由基抑制剂甲硫咪唑对体系中的活性物质进行分析.结果表明,超声/H2O2/KI体系显著提高了磺胺嘧啶的降解效果,磺胺嘧啶的去除率随溶液初始pH值(2.6~5.2)的升高而降低; H2O2和KI的添加浓度对磺胺嘧啶的去除率影响较大,磺胺嘧啶的去除率随其初始浓度的增大而降低.碘自由基(I·和I2-·)是超声/H2O2/KI体系降解磺胺嘧啶的主要活性物质.HPLC图谱表明,磺胺嘧啶降解的同时生成4种产物,磺胺为降解产物之一.     

热处理天然褐铁矿制备γ-Fe2O3及其NH3-SCR活性探究

以天然褐铁矿为前驱体,通过热处理制备γ-Fe_2O_3作为NH3-SCR催化剂.借助XRD、XRF、XPS、NH3-TPD、FR-IR等表征方法,考察反应温度、褐铁矿中的锰氧化物以及H_2O和SO_2对催化剂选择催化还原NO活性的影响并与α-Fe_2O_3作对比.结果表明,由于γ-Fe_2O_3表面比α-Fe_2O_3具有更强的酸性,使得γ-Fe_2O_3的脱硝温度窗口(200~350℃)宽于α-Fe_2O_3(200~300℃),且在活性温度窗口下,催化剂脱硝效率达到99%以上;γ-Fe_2O_3催化剂中少量MnO_2的存在,提高了催化剂低温段(100~200℃)脱硝活性,降低了高温段(400~450℃)脱硝活性;SO_2的存在会使γ-Fe_2O_3的脱硝温度窗口向高温区偏移100℃、体积分数为5%的H_2O对脱硝反应的抑制作用很小,但当SO_2和5%H_2O同时存在,尤其是SO_2的体积分数达到0.12%时,硫酸铵盐类的迅速生成会大大降低γ-Fe_2O_3的脱硝活性;此外,γ-Fe_2O_3经过NH3-SCR反应后,其磁化率略有降低,催化剂仍然具有磁回收循环利用的潜力.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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