我国夏季不同类型植被BVOCs排放观测与模拟研究

植物排放的挥发性有机物（天然源VOCs,BVOCs）对大气二次污染的形成有重要作用,为了解我国不同植被类型BVOCs排放特征,应用动态封闭式采样法和热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用（TD-GC-MS）技术对不同植被类型植物的单萜烯排放进行定量观测,应用MEGAN 2.1排放模式建立2018年夏季我国高时空分辨率BVOCs排放清单.结果表明：针叶树具有较高的单萜烯排放速率,其中以排放异松油烯、顺式-β-罗勒烯、柠檬烯、香桧烯为主;阔叶树种排放的单萜烯以α-蒎烯为主;农作物、草地、灌木中排放速率最高的化合物分别为异松油烯、反式-β-罗勒烯和柠檬烯. 2018年夏季我国BVOCs排放总量为33.6×10¹² g,异戊二烯、单萜烯、倍半萜烯和其他VOCs分别占64.13%、9.63%、2.11%和24.31%,其中阔叶树排放贡献率最高,为56.01%,灌木排放贡献率为14.16%.我国夏季BVOCs排放主要分布在东北、华东和华中地区,6种植被类型的排放受植被分布的影响呈现出不同的空间分布特征.研究显示：各类型植被单萜烯排放速率大小呈针叶树>阔叶树>草地>农作物&...     

我国夏季不同类型植被BVOCs排放观测与模拟研究

植物排放的挥发性有机物（天然源VOCs,BVOCs）对大气二次污染的形成有重要作用,为了解我国不同植被类型BVOCs排放特征,应用动态封闭式采样法和热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用（TD-GC-MS）技术对不同植被类型植物的单萜烯排放进行定量观测,应用MEGAN 2.1排放模式建立2018年夏季我国高时空分辨率BVOCs排放清单.结果表明：针叶树具有较高的单萜烯排放速率,其中以排放异松油烯、顺式-β-罗勒烯、柠檬烯、香桧烯为主;阔叶树种排放的单萜烯以α-蒎烯为主;农作物、草地、灌木中排放速率最高的化合物分别为异松油烯、反式-β-罗勒烯和柠檬烯. 2018年夏季我国BVOCs排放总量为33.6×10¹² g,异戊二烯、单萜烯、倍半萜烯和其他VOCs分别占64.13%、9.63%、2.11%和24.31%,其中阔叶树排放贡献率最高,为56.01%,灌木排放贡献率为14.16%.我国夏季BVOCs排放主要分布在东北、华东和华中地区,6种植被类型的排放受植被分布的影响呈现出不同的空间分布特征.研究显示：各类型植被单萜烯排放速率大小呈针叶树>阔叶树>草地>农作物&...     

短期干旱胁迫对马尾松排放挥发性有机物的影响

为探究干旱环境对BVOCs排放的影响,应用动态封闭式采样系统和热脱附-气相色谱-飞行质谱仪,对短期干旱胁迫作用下马尾松的BVOCs排放进行了实验室测量,定量分析BVOCs排放速率和排放组成的变化.结果表明,干旱胁迫时异戊二烯的排放受到抑制,排放速率降低约50%;单萜烯和倍半萜烯的排放水平增强,排放速率分别为137.85和0.98μg/（m²·h）,是未受胁迫时的2.9和2.0倍.除反式-α-香柠檬烯外,干旱胁迫促进各单萜烯和倍半萜烯化合物的排放,是未受胁迫时的1.3~42.4倍,其中3-蒈烯排放的响应最敏感,α-葑烯、α-水芹烯和石竹烯的响应最弱.干旱胁迫时单萜烯和倍半萜烯的排放组成有所变化,但主导的化合物种类不变,单萜烯以α-蒎烯、香桧烯和β-蒎烯为主,占比分别为48%、17%和17%;倍半萜烯以石竹烯和长叶烯为主,占比分别为57%和34%.     

湖南省天然源挥发性有机物排放时空特征研究

基于MEGANv3.1模型,结合WRF3.4.1气象数据、MODIS数据提取的叶面积指数、J4置信度下不同植被排放因子、生态功能类型数据及植被生长因子数据,估算了湖南省范围内2018年植被挥发性有机物（Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds,BVOCs）排放情况.结果显示,湖南省BVOCs排放总量约为259.15万t,其中,异戊二烯排放占40.35%,单萜烯排放占23.09%,半萜烯排放占2.31%,甲醇排放占8.81%,其他VOC排放占25.45%.空间分布上,湖南省BVOCs排放集中区域与森林密集区域基本重合,主要分布在常德南部、益阳西部、湘西州西南部和怀化市全境及岳阳东部、长沙东部、株洲北部与湘潭交界处,以及株洲南部与郴州北部交界处.BVOCs的排放不仅与植被分布有关,也具有明显的季节性.夏季BVOCs排放最多,占全年的64.23%;冬季BVOCs排放最少,占1.01%;春季与秋季排放分别占18.69%和16.07%.本研究首次聚焦湖南省,在高时空分辨率尺度下分析了该区域BVOCs排放的时间和空间分布特征,可为后续的大气环境研究与精细化管理工作提供依据.     

12种常见落叶果树BVOCs排放清单和排放特征

为了解城市近郊区域植物源挥发性有机化合物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)排放情况,运用动态采样法对北京地区广泛种植的12种典型落叶果树(其中9种为首次报道) BVOCs进行野外采样和实验室分析.结果表明,果树释放物中含有烃类、醇类和醛类等9类物质,烃类含量最高,占39. 0%. 12种果树均释放异戊二烯和单萜(6种果树释放倍半萜烯),其中,桃等3种果树为高BVOCs排放树种,海棠等9种果树为中等BVOCs排放树种.果树总BVOCs(异戊二烯、单萜和倍半萜烯之和)释放速率在(2. 6±0. 1)～(14±0. 8)μg·(g·h)~(-1)之间,其中杏子总BVOCs释放速率最高[(14±0. 8)μg·(g·h)~(-1)].对不同科属及生活型果树BVOCs进行显著性分析发现,木本类果树异戊二烯释放速率[(4. 2±1. 4)μg·(g·h)~(-1)]显著高于藤本类[(0. 6±0. 2)μg·(g·h)~(-1),P=0. 03],但果树BVOCs的释放速率不具有显著的科属差异,暂不能依据果树科属关系对BVOCs释放水平进行分类.与松柏科植物不同,具有花香或脂香味的β-月桂烯(β-myrcene)、D-柠檬烯(D-limonene)和γ-松油烯(γ-terpinene)是果树释放的主要成分,β-月桂烯(β-myrcene)含量最高,占单萜总释放量的59. 3%.此外,果树还可能释放芴、菲和萘等8种具有芳香味的有毒有害大气污染物.本研究拓展了BVOCs研究领域,为丰富BVOCs数据库及BVOCs环境效应评估提供了基础数据.     

北方常见绿化树种BVOCs排放特征及其与光合作用参数的相关性

为了解北方常见绿化树种植物源挥发性有机化合物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)的排放特征及其与光合作用参数(净光合速率P_n、气孔导度g_s、胞间CO_2浓度c_i、蒸腾速率T_r)的相关性,本实验采用动态采样装置收集14种落叶乔木BVOCs排放数据.结果表明,不同科属间异戊二烯和总BVOCs(异戊二烯、单萜和倍半萜烯之和)释放速率差异显著(P0.01).除金银木和榆树,其他绿化树种均释放异戊二烯、单萜和倍半萜烯类物质,其中杨柳科(杂交杨‘546’、速生杨‘107’、小叶杨、垂柳)和豆科植物(国槐、刺槐、龙爪槐)排放异戊二烯较多,释放速率在(30.1±4.3)～(91.8±10.0)μg·(g·h)~(-1)之间;木犀科(白蜡、丁香)、蔷薇科海棠、无患子科栾树和槭树科元宝枫主要排放单萜和倍半萜烯,其中白蜡和元宝枫单萜释放速率最高,分别为(10.6±4.8)μg·(g·h)~(-1)和(11.8±6.4)μg·(g·h)~(-1).罗勒烯和β-蒎烯是绿化树种排放的两种主要单萜物质.P_n和g_s与BVOCs释放速率之间无显著相关性,但杨柳科植物异戊二烯(r=0.681,P0.01)和总BVOCs(r=0.698,P0.01)释放速率与叶片T_r呈显著正相关,而豆科植物的总BVOCs释放速率与c_i呈显著正相关(P=0.04).本研究为城市绿化树种的筛选和配置提供科学参考,也为BVOCs释放机制的研究提供理论依据.     

基于多模型和多源数据的京津冀地区BVOCs排放清单

为系统研究京津冀地区天然源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)排放量及时空分布特征,基于蓄积量产量、土地利用遥感解译数据、MEGAN模型,计算获得了2018年京津冀地区各区县BVOCs排放量及排放组成.结果表明,基于蓄积量产量、遥感解译和Megan数值模型的2018年京津冀地区BVOCs排放总量分别为74.14万t,84.48万t和77.73万t.北京、天津和河北平均排放总量分别为11.8万t、3.2万t和63.7万t;异戊二烯、单萜烯和其他VOCs平均排放量分别为29.19万t、22.58万t和27.41万t,林地、耕地和草地占比分别为68.42%、23.07%和3.89%.从时间分布来看,京津冀地区BVOCs排放呈显著单峰型,其中夏季排放最高,达到52.64万t,占全年总排放量的66.64%,而冬季平均排放量最低,仅有1.59万t,占全年总排放量的2.01%.从空间分布来看,基于多源清单的BVOCs空间分布均呈现出北高南低的趋势,高排放地区沿太行山脉及燕山山脉走势较为明显,这些地区主要以林地草地排放为主,而冀东南平原地区主要以耕地排放为主.从方法差异来看,基于遥感解译的光温模型获得的排放量相...     

基于遥感资料的中国东部地区植被VOCs排放强度研究

本研究充分基于遥感资料获取中国东部地区叶面积指数和叶生物量的最新信息,并广泛调研了植被VOCs排放因子的最新研究进展,以2008—2010年的植被和气象的平均状态为背景,基于MEGAN排放模型,研究了中国东部地区植被VOCs(BVOCs)排放的时空分布特征.结果表明,我国东部地区BVOCs年排放总量为11.3×106t(以C计,下同),其中异戊二烯(ISOP)、单萜烯(MON)和其它VOC(OVOC)质量分数(下同),分别为44.9%、31.5%、23.6%.BVOCs排放呈现明显的季节变化特征,春、夏、秋、冬4个季节分别占全年的11.2%、71.8%、14.1%和3.0%.空间分布上,排放高值区主要分布于大小兴安岭、长白山脉、秦岭大巴山脉、东南丘陵、海南等植被茂密的区域,年均排放强度一般在1500～6000kg·km-·2a-1之间,福建、广东、江西、浙江、湖南、湖北等省份BVOCs的排放总量与平均排放强度均较高.本研究所得到的高时空分辨率的BVOCs排放清单,可以为区域环境与气候的数值模拟研究提供基础.     

珠三角地区林木天然源碳氧化合物的排放及其对臭氧浓度的影响

使用封闭式采术法分析测定了珠江三解洲地区主要优势树种天然碳氢化合物的排放速率，用源调查法推算出该地区天然源碳氢化合物的排放通量，测定树种包括马尾松、湿地松、黎蒴、尾叶桉、南洋楹、大叶相思、荷木。经分析，所测树木排放的碳氢化合物主要有萜烯类和异戊二烯，其中鉴定出的萜烯有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、蒈烯、莰烯、桧烯、柠檬烯、罗勒烯等。同时，本报告按9km&;#215;9km的网格精度估算了珠三角地区森林面积分布数据，根据测定的排放因子以及其他地相关资料，首次对该地区天然源碳氢化合物的排放量进行了估算，计算出全年森林向大气中释放碳氢化合物19.6万t，占该地区大气中碳氢化合物排放总量的57%。根据二维格子空气质量模式和CBM-IV机理模拟了天然源排放碳氢化合物对研究地区臭氧产生浓度的影响。     

天津市常用绿化树种挥发性有机物排放潜力估算

BVOCs（植被释放的挥发性有机物）对PM_2.5等大气颗粒物的形成有重要贡献,树种BVOCs排放潜力的研究有助于城市绿化树种的科学选择.对天津市城市绿地常见绿化树种BVOCs样品进行采集与鉴定,基于Guenther提出的模型估算了天津市32种常见绿化树种BVOCs的排放量,并对估算过程中的不确定性因素进行分析.结果表明:构树、毛白杨、旱柳和绦柳的BVOCs排放量（以C计）最高,分别为2 179.438、2 147.394、2 116.537、2 045.722 g/（株·a）.从科属的角度来看,杨柳科植物BVOCs排放量最高,豆科、桑科和松科BVOCs排放量位居其次.采用聚类分析方法将32种绿化树种的异戊二烯、单萜烯排放潜力进行分类,其中毛白杨、构树、旱柳和绦柳属于高排放异戊二烯的树种;油松和苹果属于高排放单萜烯的树种.从科属水平而言,豆科和杨柳科植物具有较强的异戊二烯排放潜力.松科和部分蔷薇科的乔木具有较强的单萜烯排放潜力.从叶片类型的角度上,阔叶树主要以排放异戊二烯为主,针叶树主要以排放单萜烯为主,且异戊二烯的排放潜力要大于单萜烯的排放潜力.植物OVOCs（其他VOCs）排放潜力与异戊二烯和单萜烯的排放潜力相比显著较弱.天津市外来树种与本地树种BVOCs排放潜力无显著性差异（P＞0.05）.研究显示,天津市常用绿化树种的单株排放潜力差异明显,因此可优选臭椿、洋白蜡和紫叶李等排放潜力相对较低的树种用作城市绿化.      

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.