不同有机物料中的磷形态特征研究

采用DOU的磷形态分级方法,研究了猪粪沼渣(ZZ)、牛粪沼渣(NZ)、牛粪秸秆堆肥(NJD)、污泥堆肥(WD)、农村生活垃圾堆肥(NSLD)等7种有机物料中的磷形态及其比例.结果表明,有机物料中全磷及各形态总磷存在较大差异,以猪粪沼渣全磷含量最高,为23.59 g·kg-1,以牛粪沼渣全磷含量最低,仅3.61 g·kg-1.猪粪沼渣、牛粪沼渣、牛粪秸秆堆肥、污泥堆肥中各形态总磷(Pt)大小顺序为HCl-P残留态-PNa HCO3-PNa OH-PH2O-P,而3种农村生活垃圾堆肥中各形态磷含量则为HCl-P残留态-PH2O-PNa HCO3-PNa OH-P.7种有机物料中HCl提取态磷占回收全磷(Ptt)比例达47.75%~84.96%,表明有机物料中的大部分磷更容易被如HCl等强浸提剂提取,而这部分磷不易被植物吸收利用.各有机物料中磷以无机态磷为主,无机磷占全磷比例在53.18%~87.33%之间.各形态中的无机磷以Na HCO3-Pi占形态总磷比例最高(79.72%~94.76%),且在回收全磷中主要分布于HCl提取态,各形态中的有机磷则主要分布于HCl-P和残留态-P.经堆腐后的牛粪秸秆堆肥各形态无机磷占全磷比例较牛粪沼渣均有所增加,表明好氧堆肥有助于有机物料中磷的矿化,提高有机物料中磷的有效性.     

不同畜禽粪便堆肥过程中马尿酸的变化

利用畜禽粪便进行室内模拟堆肥试验,研究不同畜禽粪便中有害物质马尿酸(HA)含量的差异﹑堆肥过程中马尿酸含量的动态变化以及影响因素.结果表明,不同种类的畜禽粪便原料中马尿酸含量差异很大,其中牛粪>猪粪>鸡粪,奶牛粪中HA含量高达129.48mg/kg,猪粪为81.80～85.99mg/kg,而鸡粪为42.62～45.11mg/kg;不同粪便中HA含量均随着堆肥的进行而迅速升高,然后较慢降低,于42d后降低到初始值以下并趋于稳定;不同粪便在不同堆肥阶段HA变化的速度和幅度不同;堆肥14d后HA的降解率与时间之间的关系可以较好地用v=A+Blnt回归方程来拟合;温度、pH值与HA含量的变化趋势基本一致;堆肥过程中腐殖化作用是HA含量降低的原因之一.     

不同有机物料对水稻根表铁膜及砷镉吸收转运的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了油菜秸秆、蚕豆秸秆、泥炭、猪粪堆肥和生物炭这5种有机物料对贵州石灰岩黄壤区某砷（As）和镉（Cd）复合污染稻田土壤As/Cd有效性、水稻根表铁膜及As/Cd吸收转运的影响.结果表明,施用有机物料显著提高了有机质和水稻生物量;除油菜秸秆对土壤pH值影响不明显外,施用有机物料显著提高土壤pH值,使土壤有效Cd含量降低34.77%~82.69%;猪粪堆肥和生物炭使土壤有效As含量显著提高,油菜秸秆和泥炭处理使土壤有效As含量显著降低;施用有机物料有助于水稻根表铁膜的形成,并使其中Cd、As含量分别提高17.73%~151.03%和28.49%~94.86%,使水稻糙米Cd含量降低15.87%~79.45%,As含量降低27.04%~82.51%,降幅以生物炭处理最大;有机物料还显著降低Cd在根-茎-叶-籽粒的转运系数及As从茎向籽粒转运系数.相关分析表明,土壤pH、有效Cd和铁膜Cd含量是影响籽粒Cd累积的主要因素,土壤pH、有机质和铁膜As含量是影响籽粒As累积的主要因素.有机物料通过改变土壤pH、有机质含量及铁膜中As和Cd含量,影响水稻对As和Cd的吸收和转运.     

生物炭和鸡粪对镉低积累油菜吸收镉的影响

采用田间试验,研究在污灌菜地上施用生物炭和鸡粪对镉低积累油菜生长和镉吸收的影响,并通过重金属形态分析探讨其作用机理.结果表明,施用添加剂可提高油菜地上部产量,高剂量生物炭和鸡粪复配处理增产效果最佳,最大增产率为174%.施用添加剂可显著降低油菜地上部镉含量,其中,高剂量生物炭和鸡粪复配处理降低效果最佳,最大降低率为72.0%,使所有供试品种地上部镉含量满足食品安全标准要求.施用添加剂可显著降低土壤TCLP提取态镉含量,最大降低率为36.5%.施用生物炭和鸡粪促进土壤镉由活性高的可交换态向活性低的有机结合态或残渣态转化,从而显著降低镉的生物有效性和可迁移性.以上结果表明,种植镉低积累品种同时施用生物炭和鸡粪可以满足油菜在镉污染土壤上安全生产的需要.     

毗邻铁矿的景区土壤重金属形态及生物有效性

采用三酸联合消煮法和Tessier连续提取法研究了毗邻铁矿的千山景区土壤重金属的总量和形态分布,同时通过对植物中重金属含量的检测,研究了土壤重金属的生物有效性。结果表明土壤中镉、铜含量均超过了国家自然风景区所需达到的土壤环境质量一级标准的上限,两者分别是一级标准的2.45～4.65倍和1.1～1.95倍,个别区域铅、锌也有超标;土壤中镉以残渣态和碳酸盐结合态为主,分别占总量的58.16%～83.17%和3.39%～22.91%,铜以残渣态和有机结合态为主,分别占总量的76.67%～88.82%和3.75%～20.38%,铅、锌以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主;植物吸收的重金属不仅包括可交换态和碳酸盐结合态,还包括了在一定条件下释放出来的铁锰氧化物态和有机结合态。     

畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属在土壤剖面中积累迁移特征及生物有效性差异

通过田间小区试验,定量化研究连续4 a施用不同量猪粪、鸡粪有机肥后不同重金属在土壤剖面中迁移积累特征及生物有效性差异,为科学确定农田土壤重金属的环境容量提供依据.结果表明,连续4 a施用猪粪显著增加了耕层土壤中Cu、Cd的含量,与对照比增幅分别是43.8%~118.6%和28.2%~44.9%.施用鸡粪显著增加耕层土壤Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、As、Pb含量,增幅分别为29.7%~48.5%,239%~456%,19.9%~80.8%,40.4%~163%,11.8%~22.0%和80.3%~95.0%.猪粪带入的Cu、Zn在耕层土壤中的积累率分别为76.4%~119%和14.2%~20.4%,鸡粪带入Cu、Zn在耕层土壤中的积累率分别为72.1%~88.7%和63.9%~78.9%.施用高量的猪粪、鸡粪Cu、Zn存在明显向土壤深层迁移现象,连续4 a施用60 t·hm^-2的猪粪,Cu迁移到了15~30 cm土层.连续4 a施用60 t·hm^-2鸡粪,Zn迁移到了30~60 cm土层.但连续4 a施用不同量猪粪和鸡粪,土壤剖面中耕层以下土层中Cd、Cr、As、Pb含量均没有显著增加.连续4 a施用鸡粪显著降低小麦籽粒中Cu、Cd含量,显著增加了小麦籽粒中Zn、Cr含量和小麦秸秆中Zn含量,连续4 a施用猪粪显著降低了小麦籽粒中Zn含量,60 t·hm^-2猪粪显著增加了小麦子粒中As含量,猪粪处理还显著增加了秸秆中Cu、As含量.4 a小麦收获累计对有机肥带入重金属的携出率小于6%.小麦籽粒对Cu、Zn的累计携出量高于秸秆,对Cd、Cr、As、Pb携出量低于秸秆,有机肥用量越高,小麦收获对有机肥带入重金属的携出率越低.确定农田土壤重金属环境容量时应考虑不同有机肥中重金属在土壤剖面中积累特征和向下迁移量.     

利用稳定同位素202Hg稀释技术判定不同来源有机肥施用对外源汞在土壤中形态分布的影响

有机肥施入土壤后,是否会对土壤重金属的活性及植物吸收造成影响是人们关心的问题.本研究应用稳定同位素²⁰²Hg稀释技术,通过培养实验和改进的Tessier连续提取法,探索不同来源有机肥(秸秆、杨树叶、油枯、酒糟、猪粪、鸡粪)施用对外源汞在天津潮土中形态分布及有效性的影响.结果表明,在连续提取法中结合同位素²⁰²Hg稀释技术,通过同位素比值R_Hg(²⁰²Hg/²⁰⁰Hg)的变化对Hg进行形态分析,相比传统的对Hg形态直接进行含量测定,可以更精确直观地反映出Hg形态分布的变化.在潮土中加入外源²⁰²Hg和有机肥后,同位素比值R_Hg最为显著的变化集中在交换态(含水溶态)、胡敏酸结合态、富里酸结合态及有机质结合态,且不同来源有机肥对Hg形态的影响也主要集中在这部分形态,对碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态的影响较小.与未加入有机肥的对照处理相比,猪粪及鸡粪的施用使外源示踪²⁰²Hg显著向活性较强的交换态(含水溶态)、富里酸结合态转移,而在胡敏酸结合态中比例降低,下降幅度约为55%(猪粪)和58%(鸡粪).油枯及酒糟的施用,使外源示踪²⁰²Hg显著向活性较低的胡敏酸结合态转移,其同位素比值R_Hg分别增长了约90%(酒糟)和85%(油枯),而在活性较高的交换态(含水溶态)和富里酸结合态中分布比例降低.秸秆和杨树叶对于污染土壤Hg形态分布的影响并不显著.研究结果表明,不同来源的有机肥对Hg污染潮土中Hg的形态分布有显著影响,因此,在Hg污染农田土壤上施用有机肥料需要格外谨慎.     

腐殖酸活性组分及其比例对紫色潮土中铅形态转化和有效性演变动态的影响

腐殖酸(HAs)是制约土壤铅赋存形态与活性的重要因素.本研究通过室内模拟实验,结合化学连续提取形态分级方法,探讨HAs活性组分(胡敏酸,HA;富里酸,FA)添加量及其比例(HA/FA比)对紫色潮土中铅赋存形态、有效性变化动态的影响.结果表明:(1)外源铅进入土壤经60d转化平衡后,土壤中交换态、残渣态铅降低,铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态铅增加,碳酸盐结合态铅变化不明显.(2)紫色潮土以交换态铅和碳酸盐结合态铅对有效铅贡献最大,HA通过降低碳酸盐结合态而对土壤铅产生钝化作用,FA则通过增加交换态和碳酸盐结合态而活化土壤铅;随着HAs用量的增加,钝化或活化作用越强.当HAs用量为3%C时,添加HA的土壤碳酸盐结合态铅较对照降低13.4个百分点,有效铅相应降低14.19%;添加FA的土壤交换态铅较对照增加13.59个百分点,碳酸盐结合态铅增加2.15个百分点,有效铅较对照相应增加4.09倍.FA(1%C)是土壤铅活化的突变点,当FA1%C时,土壤铅活化百分率增加了14%,土壤铅活性和生物有效性显著增大.(3)等量HAs(1%C)条件下,当HA/FA比≥7/3时,促进土壤铅向低活性的有机结合态和残渣态转化,HAs对土壤铅表现为钝化作用,而当HA/FA比≤5/5时,则表现为活化作用.     

不同腐殖酸物质对土壤中汞的固定作用及植物吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同腐殖酸物质对土壤有机结合态汞、全汞含量及土壤汞生物有效性的影响.结果表明,不同供试腐殖酸物质可以显著增加土壤中有机结合态汞和残留在土壤中汞的含量,降低土壤中汞的挥发量,从而有效降低土壤汞的生物有效性.与加入HgCl2但不施加腐殖酸物质的对照CK2相比,添加腐殖酸钠、提纯后的煤基腐殖酸、土壤腐殖酸、氨化风化煤、风化煤、褐煤、泥炭的处理中油菜对土壤中汞的吸收量分别降低了73.62%、71.11%、63.39%、40.05%、33.61%、22.26%、5.66%.     

不同有机物料施用对菜地磷累积和转化的影响

当前以土壤有机质提升为核心的耕地质量提升是保证粮食安全的基础,但在有机质提升过程中土壤磷素的累积和转化特征仍不清楚.在等碳施用条件下,研究对比不同有机物料投入对菜地不同土层土壤磷的累积、转化和迁移规律,以期同步实现有机质提高和磷肥高效管理.试验设置对照（不施肥）、农户传统施肥、生物炭、鸡粪、餐厨废弃物和玉米秸秆施用这6个处理,于辣椒收获期测定各处理下不同土层有效磷（Olsen-P）和水溶性磷（CaCl₂-P）含量、土壤磷组分、有机质（SOM）和pH等指标.在0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层中,农户传统施肥处理有效磷含量最高,4种有机物料处理下有效磷顺序依次为：秸秆>生物炭>鸡粪>餐厨废弃物,秸秆和生物炭处理较餐厨废弃物分别增加59.6%~67.3%和29.1%~36.9%.秸秆处理最易于提升土壤活性磷库,0~5 cm土层土壤活性磷较鸡粪和餐厨废弃物处理分别增加47.3%和35.1%.随着土层深度增加鸡粪处理的有效磷降低比例最少,20~30 cm土层有效磷占表土层的55.9%,而在其他3种物料处理下仅占16.0%~34.0%.和农户传统施肥相比,有机物料施用后pH显著升高0.18~0.36个单位,鸡粪和餐厨废弃物处理的pH显著高于生物炭和秸秆（P<0.05）.生物炭处理下SOM含量相比其他3种有机物料显著增加7.7%~17.6%.4种有机物料中,秸秆提高土壤活性磷库的效果最佳,有利于快速提升植物可利用磷;鸡粪处理下磷素最易向下迁移;在基于土壤地力提升的农田管理下,施用生物炭既有利于改善土壤酸碱度和提高SOM,也可避免磷素在耕层过量积累,降低环境风险.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.