热带农业与热带旅游业的共生发展模式

本文结合海南特区农业与旅游业资源的特点，提出热带农业与热带旅游业共生发展的理论，分析了其发展的可能性与必要性，并对共生发展的有效模式进行了探讨，提出了搞好海南特区两大产业共生发展的对策．     

湘西民族地区农村剩余劳动力转移问题探讨——以湘西龙山县劳动力转移情况为例

对中西方关于农村剩余劳动力转移理论进行了比较,在介绍Lee E S“推拉”模型的基础之上,结合湘西龙山县的具体情况分析了民族地区农村剩余劳动力转移的动因和湘西农村剩余劳动力转移存在的问题,提出了解决的对策,并将“推拉理论”运用到我国民族地区农村剩余劳动力转移的实证分析上。     

合理有效地实现农村剩余劳动力就地转移──以桂东县为例

农村剩余劳动力是社会人口学中与农村经济发展关系较为密切的一个重要因素,农村剩余劳动力的走向直接关系到本地区的经济发展趋势,因此研究和探讨农村剩余劳动力的走向对探索本地区经济发展战略具有重要作用。实现农村剩余劳动力转移包括就地转移、异地开发和迁移转移3种模式[1],其中就地转移模式对地方经济发展具有积极促进作用,其转移速度可以标示本地经济发展的快慢．本文以湖南省桂东县为例,就贫困地区如何实现农村剩余劳动力就地转移作了较深入的探讨。1桂东县农村剩余劳动力现状据统计,1994年桂东县总人口为16．8万人,其中农业…     

六安市农村剩余劳动力问题研究

农村剩余劳动力的产生有其特定的背景和原因,同时也与"三农"问题息息相关,农村剩余劳动力问题长期受到学术界的关注。在计算安徽省六安市剩余劳动力存量的基础上,采用灰色关联分析方法,对影响六安市农村剩余劳动力的因素进行分析,并结合区域实际情况,探讨由剩余劳动力过多所产生的一系列问题,提出剩余劳动力转移的对策。     

市场经济下我国农村剩余劳动力的转移与开发

市场经济的高速发展使我国农村发生了重大变革,农村剩余劳动力问题成为社会关注的一个重要课题。本文通过对农村劳动力的基本状况和转移特征的论述,客观地分析了剩余劳动力转移的阶段性,提出了劳动力转移开发的几种模式,并就这一问题提出了建议     

异地开发是农村剩余劳动力转移的重要模式

本文阐述了异地开发在农业方面的4点作用和农村剩余劳动力转移的3种基本模式。结合我国国情，指出异地开发是当前我国农村剩余劳动力转移的重要模式，它具有投入小、见效快、收益大的特点。建议政府组织开展有关实施异地开发的政策和措施等问题的研究，把异地开发工作引向深入。     

谈乡镇企业经济发展与环境污染控制

党的十一届三中全会以来,随着农村经济体制改革的深入,乡镇企业得到了蓬勃发展。现在我国已有1500多万个乡镇企业,吸收了农村20％的剩余劳动力,非农产业第一     

弘扬竹文化开发竹产业

地处我国竹资源富集地区,素有“竹乡”美誉的宜宾市,近年来大做“竹文章”,使竹业生产得到了迅猛发展。全市已形成由资源培育到加工利用、旅游休闲、出口创汇于一体的综合开发新格局。２０００年,全市竹业产值达到５亿元,竹业创税利５０００多万元,出口创汇近１００万美元,解决农村剩余劳动力１０万多人,成为全市发展地方经济、增加农民收入新的增长点。早在１０年前,原地委、行署根据本地竹类资源丰富的实际,响亮地提出并争取原国家林业部支持,建立了旨在促进竹业发展在内的大林业开发试验区,以此来带动农村产业结构的调整和优…     

农村环境污染不容忽视

城乡改革的深入,使乡镇企业蓬勃发展。这不仅对安置农村剩余劳动力,活跃农村市场、促进农村经济和农业生产的发展、提高农民生活水平有着重大作用,而且对建立新型城乡关系,建设农村两个文明,也有着深     

发展乡镇企业与保护生态环境——荣经县乡镇企业调查

一、引言党的十一届三中全会以来,我国农村形势发生了巨大的变化。乡镇企业迅猛发展,对改变农村单一经济结构.发展商品生产,搞活农村经济,提高农民生活水平,均起了积极的作用。而农村剩余劳动力离土不离乡,进厂不进城,围绕农村办工业,办好工业支援农业,使务农与务工紧密结合,并通过各种形式“以工补农”,亦将有利于农业生产的发展。近几年来,由于党的政策调动了广大农民的积极性,因此在不太长的时间     

Predicting impacts of major projects on housing prices in resource based towns with a case study application to Gladstone,Australia

The resources sector in Australia makes a major contribution to the national economy, and underpins employment and population in the mining and mineral processing towns. For those towns, rapid growth in employment can generate particular pressures in local housing markets because of the relatively large size of the industry and the small housing stocks involved. Through a case study of Gladstone, the study provides a dynamic five-step population and housing model, to estimate short to medium term mining impacts of major resource developments. The model includes both the direct and indirect labour force generated by new resource sector developments and their flow-on effects on population increases. Sensitivity testing has allowed for different levels of resource development, employment multipliers and labour inflows. Three different approaches have then been applied to predict the housing price impacts of the expected population growth.     

中国土地资源安全度研究——以土地资源的人口承载力为标准

土地资源安全维系着国民经济能否可持续发展，而可持续发展是在不超过生态系统承载力条件下的一种安全发展模式。以中国大陆29个省市为例，研究了中国各省区的土地资源人口承载力，进而计算了我国土地资源的安全度。结果表明，我国各省区土地资源人口承载力存在明显的地域不均衡现象，超载与盈余并存；多数省份处于接近或超过土地资源人口承载临界值，我国土地资源安全状况不容乐观。     

水资源足迹计算模型研究——以南京市为例

在生态足迹理论的基础上探讨了水资源足迹的概念。基于水资源生产力,推导出水资源足迹和水资源承载力的计算公式,用水资源赤字和水资源盈余来衡量水资源利用的可持续性。以南京市为例进行模型实证研究,计算了2003～2007年南京市水资源足迹和水资源承载力,结果表明南京市水资源足迹增长明显,水资源承载力总体平稳,赤字从2004—2007年呈指数增长趋势。实证研究表明模型结果可以在一定程度上衡量生产消费对水资源的影响。     

Valuing natural resources and the implications for land and water management

New models of sustainable development stress the importance of the efficient management of resources, including labour, capital equipment and natural resources. Overuse of the resource base today will lead to shortages tomorrow; yet it can be a difficult task persuading politicians and planners in developing countries of the importance of resource management. This paper suggests methodologies for doing so and argues the urgency of the task.     

干旱河谷地区农业产业结构的调整对环境及经济的影响分析--以汉源地区为例

中国农业产业结构的调整，是中国改革开放、市场化发展的集中体现。本文以汉源地区为例，总结分析了典型的干旱河谷地带农业产业结构的调整情况，不仅促进了当地农村发展方式的根本转变、改善了农村经济、提高了农民收入，同时还解决了当地剩余劳动力的就地消化问题。本文指出了农业产业结构的调整可能对当地生态环境造成的影响，其中诸如不舍理用药用肥造成的水污染、土壤和农产品的硝酸盐污染以及土壤退化、大气污染等环境问题。需要在实践中更加审慎地调整农业产业结构。     

AN OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF URBAN WATER RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: A mathematical programming model is proposed to determine economically efficient urban water resource allocation and pricing policy by maximizing the sum of the consumer and producer surplus. The optimization of this nonlinear problem is accomplished by the use of linear programming algorithm. The feasibility of using recycled water for municipal purposes is examined in a planning context. The impact of higher water quality discharge standards on pricing and allocation of water is analyzed and the attractiveness of water reuse option is demonstrated.     

THE VALUES OF GOODS AND SERVICES–IMPLICATIONS FOR A FLEXIBLE NATIONAL WATER POLICY1

ABSTRACT: This paper evolved from a concern that water resource administrators and planners do not have a consistent definition of the value of goods and services of outputs from projects and programs. A more flexible approach to planning and evaluation is presented that recognizes the interaction of production and consumption through the use of commodity demand curves. Use of the concept of consumer surplus permits measurement of the differential impacts on producers' and consumers' welfare. Quadratic programming is suggested as a consistent means of quantifying these differential impacts.     

The relationship between milk production and farm-gate nitrogen surplus for the Waikato region, New Zealand

As the scope and scale of New Zealand (NZ) dairy farming increases, farmers and the industry are being challenged by Government and the New Zealand public to address growing environmental concerns. Dairying has come under increasing scrutiny from local authorities tasked with sustainable resource management. Despite recent efforts of farmers and industry to improve resource use efficiency, there is increasing likelihood of further regulatory constraints on water use and nutrient management. This study uses available data on farm-gate nitrogen (N) surpluses and milk production from the Waikato, New Zealand's largest dairying region, together with a farm scale modeling exercise, to provide a perspective on the current situation compared to dairy farms in Europe. It also aims to provide relevant guidelines for N surpluses and efficiencies under NZ conditions. Waikato dairy farms compare favorably with farms in Europe in terms of N use efficiency expressed as L milk/kg farm-gate N surplus. Achievable and realistic good practice objectives for Waikato dairy farmers could be 15,000 L milk/ha (1200 kg milk fat plus protein/ha) with a farm-gate N surplus of 100 kg/ha giving an eco-efficiency (L milk/kg N surplus) of 150, and long-term average nitrate leaching losses of approximately 25-30 kg/ha/yr. This can be achieved by increasing the N conversion efficiency through lower replacement rates (16 versus 22%), lower stocked (< 3 cows/ha) high genetic merit cows (30 L milk/day at peak) milked for longer (277 versus 240 days), feeding effluent-irrigated, home-grown, low-protein supplements to cows on high-protein, grass-clover pastures to dilute N concentration in the diet, removing some of the urinary N from the paddocks during critical times by standing cows on a loafing pad for part of the day, and through lower N fertilizer rates (50-70 kg/ha/yr compared to the norm of 170-200 kg/ha/yr) and using a nitrification inhibitor and gibberellins to boost pasture growth and the former to reduce N leaching.     

Poverty and biodiversity in rural areas based on two investigations in Pujiang County,China

This study presents an integrated framework for the analysis of options of agricultural development and natural resource management at the ecosystem level. Pujiang County in Zhejiang Province, China, is used as a case-study area. The IMGLP model is applied to maximize regional agricultural economic surplus and labor market conditions in Pujiang. The consequences of four poverty reduction strategies (intensification of production, diversification toward livestock production, land expansion, and exit from agriculture) are determined for a set of regional poverty and biodiversity indicators. Diversification seems to be the most promising poverty reduction strategy, but requires an efficient use of animal manure in cropping systems to avoid environmental problems. Improved nutrient management in cropping systems is effective in reducing the regional nitrogen surplus, but less effective in increasing per capita income. The exit strategy is beneficial for reducing poverty and achieving biodiversity, but may have important social consequences that are not addressed in this study. Further reduction of rural poverty is hampered by labor constraints during the harvesting period for high-value crops such as vegetables and fruits. These constraints can be overcome by intensive research and development in the field of agricultural mechanization.