我国育出高产优质面包用小麦

我国育出高产优质面包用小麦优质与高产是小麦育种中的两难课题。中国农科院作物所生理遗传室培育出的面包用小麦新品系“轮结ｓｌ＂和“轮综５２”，较好地解决了小麦品种优质与高产难以兼得的难题。由邓景扬研究员和他的课题组首次成功地利用太谷显性雄性核不育基因，经...     

优良小麦新品种——“川育12号”在武陵山区、黔江等地长势良好

优良小麦新品种—“川育12号”(原名10927),由中国科学院成都生物研究所小麦育种组敖栋辉等选育的早熟、抗病、高产品种。该品种以1984年用“80—9418”(即川育8号)作母本和“83—4516'’作父本杂交     

杨粮复合系统内生态因子的变化及对小麦产量的影响

通过对徐淮平原杨粮复合系统内不同物候期生态因子的变化规律研究发现，在杨树展叶期，不同株行距生态因子变化不明显，能满足小麦生长需要；在杨树展叶后，从全叶期到盛叶期，不同株行距生态因子变化有明显差异，并对小麦生长有一定影响。同时探讨了不同复合模式小麦产量的高低，从小麦产量的高低得出最佳的复合模式。     

郫县灰潮田有效硅含量和小麦施硅效应初探

通过同田对比试验，本文对郫县水稻土小麦施用硅肥进行了初步研究．结果表明，小麦施硅获得了增产效果；施硅对小麦穗粒数、株高和基部节间体积等具有生长效应；郫县水稻土有效硅含量为１２７±３９ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１（ｎ＝１２），变异较大，与土壤粘粒（＜０．００１ｍｍ）呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７９）；发育于第四系岷江灰色冲积母质的郫县水稻上，粘粘含量普遍较低，因此，郫县小麦施硅具有较大增产潜力．     

凉山发展吉萨大麦大有可为

凉山州小春粮食生产中需要解决三个问题。一是挖掘小麦中低产地的增产潜力;二是开发因衔接大春作物茬口而冬闲的耕地资源;三是开辟可以代换稻谷、顶替玉米和小麦,发展生猪的饲料来源。近几年来,州内冕宁、西昌、德昌等县市走种植吉萨大麦生产的路子,为解决上述问题提供了有益的启示,展示了一条增加粮食产量、开辟饲料来源的有效途径。吉萨大麦,群众誉称“高产大麦”、“丰产大麦”。是从内蒙古引进凉山栽培的一个高产稳产品种。它具有:①经济效益高。据冕宁县万余     

半干旱地区的农业

小麦、水稻、玉米等各类高产品种的出现为世界粮食情况的缓和起了一定作用。但是,另一方面,世界上几乎没有从此得到好处的人也还为数不少。其中最典型的地区就是干旱、半干旱地区。那些地区是世界上最贫穷的,农业条件最严酷的地区,而人口增长率却最高。为了这些地方提高作物产量,1972年,国际半干旱热带作物研究所(International Crops Reserch Institute for the     

温江县土壤中的硫

通过对温江县１２年水稻土种含硫量的测定表明，除两个土种外，１０个土种有效硫含量较低。对小麦、小稻和油菜茎杆及籽粒Ｎ／Ｓ测定，小麦、水稻缺硫。合理施用硫肥，增加土壤中的硫素营养，是当前农业环境中要注意的问题。     

利用数码相片对冬小麦生物量的试算

数码相片属于地面遥感资料的一种,被广泛应用于实地调查中.然而,目前利用数码相片对植被生物量进行推算的研究很少.利用数码相片提取小麦生长期的小麦覆盖度,结合地面实测叶面积指数(LAI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)和小麦生物量,分析小麦覆盖度与LAI,NDVI,生物量与小麦覆盖度、LAI,NDVI各自的相关系数,建立各自合适的回归模型推算冬小麦的生物量.结果表明,在小麦生长期,小麦覆盖度与LAI,NDVI的相关系数R2分别达到0.765,0.896,生物量与小麦覆盖度、LAI,NDVI的相关系数R2分别为0.774,0.876,0.712,生物量与其小麦覆盖度、LAI,NDVI之间具有很高的相关性,多元回归分析效果更好,系数R2达0.891.结果说明,在不破坏植被生长状态的情况下,基于数码相片可有效地推算小麦的生物量,这为大面积实地测量和遥感监测作物长势及其生物量估算提供了理论参考依据.     

蝈蝈情

四十多年前的八月，正是玉米窜红缨、大豆挂金铃、南瓜开黄花、小麦灌满浆、高梁穗疯长的八月。     

壳聚糖对小麦期叶中营养物质含量的影响

在不同壳聚糖浓度和时间条件下对小麦种子进行处理,通过小麦萌发后期叶中游离氨基酸、蛋白质、叶绿素和可溶性糖含量的变化,从而得出壳聚糖处理小麦种子的最佳条件为:浓度8g/L、浸种时间10h,其结果将对小麦生产提供理论基础.     

A Decision-Aid Framework to Provide Guidance for the Enhanced Use of Best Available Techniques in Industry

Best Available Techniques (BATs) contribute significantly to the reduction of industrial environmental burdens with respect to air pollution, wastewater, and solid wastes. In Europe, the application of BATs is prescribed by Directive 96/61/EC, which, however, leaves the selection of specific BATs to plant operators. In making their choices, installations have to consider not only the environmental benefits of BATs, but also all relevant cost components. In assessing the economic attractiveness of potential BATs and their combinations, as well as incentives and disincentives to be instituted, the cost of environmental externalities, usually not reflected in market prices, should be taken into account. In this paper, a decision-aid framework combining an assessment of environmental externalities and the utilization of multicriteria methods and, more specifically, Multiobjective Mathematical Programming, capable of addressing all these issues in a comprehensive and coherent manner, is presented. This is illustrated by its application for the region of Attica in Greece, where over 50% of the industrial basis and Athens, with its 4 million inhabitants, are located. The implementation of the framework and its associated tools to 800 installations led to the identification of the specific BATs, alone or in combination, that provide the most cost-effective reductions of four air pollutants (PM10, SO₂, NO_x, VOC) and CO₂. The results also clearly demonstrate the increased pollution reductions that would result from the adoption of BATs made economically attractive by the inclusion of externalities. Estimates of investments and net present values with and without incentives/disincentives are also provided.     

Rehabilitation and Flood Management Planning in a Steep,Boulder-Bedded Stream

This study demonstrates the integration of rehabilitation and flood management planning in a steep, boulder-bedded stream in a coastal urban catchment on the South Island of New Zealand. The Water of Leith, the primary stream flowing through the city of Dunedin, is used as a case study. The catchment is steep, with a short time of concentration and rapid hydrologic response, and the lower stream reaches are highly channelized with floodplain encroachment, a high potential for debris flows, significant flood risks, and severely degraded aquatic habitat. Because the objectives for rehabilitation and flood management in urban catchments are often conflicting, a number of types of analyses at both the catchment and the reach scales and careful planning with stakeholder consultation were needed for successful rehabilitation efforts. This included modeling and analysis of catchment hydrology, fluvial geomorphologic assessment, analysis of water quality and aquatic ecology, hydraulic modeling and flood risk evaluation, detailed feasibility studies, and preliminary design to optimize multiple rehabilitation and flood management objectives. The study showed that all of these analyses were needed for integrated rehabilitation and flood management and that some incremental improvements in stream ecological health, aesthetics, and public recreational opportunities could be achieved in this challenging environment. These methods should be considered in a range of types of stream rehabilitation projects.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

A PROPOSED METHOD FOR DROUGHT MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: Existing definitions of drought have focused on limited hydrologic indicators and are less effective for the purpose of drought monitoring. This study uses historical records of streamflow, precipitation, ground water, temperature, and lake elevation to define drought. Based on the method of truncation, drought durations and conditional probabilities of each indicator were estimated to define the drought severity levels, namely, 70 percent, 80 percent, 90 percent, and 95 percent. A drought monitoring method was developed by a combination of truncation level, duration, and conditional probabilities of five indicators. A six-month period of the 1988 drought in the central Ohio region was used to test the monitoring method. It was found that the developed method could effectively detect an occurrence of drought.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

STREAM IMPROVEMENTS AND FISH RESPONSE: A BIO-ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT1

ABSTRACT: Human modifications of natural streams in the name of habitat improvement take various forms, and the impacts of those improvements, both positive and negative, vary by orders of magnitude from stream to stream. The positive impacts are achieved through careful and timely planning, design, installation and monitoring of projects. Negative impacts are the results of rush jobs dictated by available money, a lack of consideration for limiting factors, untrained and inexperienced personnel, force-fitting structures instead of bending the flow, lack of a watershed plan, poor communication and cooperation among disciplines, not using the team approach, and single habitat solutions which neglect diversity and artificial constraints. These problems are discussed from various perspectives, but emphasis on an integrated, bioengineering approach is threaded throughout the discussion of the problems and benefits associated with stream improvements and fish response. A general systems approach is presented which uses common language as a focal point for interdisciplinary communication, which is one of the major problems in resource management. Various conceptual models are discussed to describe system complexities, and factors which constrain project evaluation in terms of biological, physical, economic and other components. Conclusions about why some projects are successful, while others are not, are followed by recommendations for concerted and diversified efforts to improve our success in stream stewardship.     

Evaluating cumulative effects of disturbance on the hydrologic function of bogs,fens, and mires

Few quantitative studies have been done on the hydrology of fens, bogs, and mires. Consequently predicting the cumulative impacts of disturbances on their hydrologic functions is extremely difficult. For example, few data are available on the role of bogs and fens with respect to flood desynchronization and shoreline anchoring. However, recent studies suggest that very small amounts of groundwater discharge are sufficient to radically modify mire surface-water chemistry, and consequently, vegetation communities and their associated surface-water hydrology. Bogs and fens are, in a sense, hydrobiologic systems, and any evaluation of cumulative impacts will have to (1) consider the complicated and little understood interactions among wetland hydrology, water chemistry, and biota, and (2) place the effect of individual wetland impacts within the context of the cumulative impacts contributed to the watershed from other geomorphic areas and land uses.It is difficult to evaluate the potential cumulative impacts on wetland hydrology because geologic settings of wetlands are often complex and the methods used to measure wetland streamflow, groundwater flow, and evapotranspiration are inexact (Winter 1988). This is especially so for bogs, fens, and mires underlain by thick organic soils. These wetlands, found in the circumboreal areas of North America, Europe, and Asia, are major physiographic features in eastern North America, northern Europe, and Siberia (Kivenen and Pakarinen 1981, Gore 1983, Glaser and Janssens 1986). Their very scale makes it difficult to quantify the hydrologic function accurately. The hydrology of small bogs and fens found elsewhere is just as poorly understood because of conflicting conceptual models of pertinent hydrologic processes.This article (1) reviews our current understanding of the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires at different scales and in different physiographic settings and (2) presents hypotheses on potential cumulative impacts on the hydrologic function that might occur with multiple disturbances.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.     

重庆华蓥山山脉药用植物资源调查研究

通过野外考察、标本采集、资料查阅整理及标本鉴定,对重庆华蓥山山山脉药用植物资源进行了调查.结果表明,重庆华蓥山共有药用植物240科1017属2251种(含变种和亚种),其中地衣植物5科8属11种、苔藓植物23科30属36种、蕨类植物40科82属190种、裸子植物9科17属25种、被子植物163科880属1989种.对其种类组成、分布、药用部位、疗效等进行了统计分析,对民间习用药物做了简要介绍,并对其开发利用提出了建议.     

Basic principles of agroecology and sustainable agriculture

In the final analysis, sustainable agriculture must derive from applied ecology, especially the principle of the regulation of the abundance and distribution of species (and, secondarily, their activities) in space and time. Interspecific competition in natural ecosystems has its counterparts in agriculture, designed to divert greater amounts of energy, nutrients, and water into crops. Whereas natural ecosystems select for a diversity of species in communities, recent agriculture has minimized diversity in favour of vulnerable monocultures. Such systems show intrinsically less stability and resilience to perturbations. Some kinds of crop rotation resemble ecological succession in that one crop prepares the land for successive crop production. Such rotations enhance soil organic processes such as decomposition and material cycling, build a nutrient capital to sustain later crop growth, and reduce the intensity of pest buildup. Species in natural communities occur at discrete points along the r-K continuum of reproductive maturity. Clearing forested land for agriculture, rotational burning practices, and replacing perennial grassland communities by cereal monocultures moves the agricultural community towards the r extreme. Plant breeders select for varieties which yield at an earlier age and lower plant biomass, effectively moving a variety towards the r type. Features of more natural landscapes, such as hedgerows, may act as physical and biological adjuncts to agricultural production. They should exist as networks in agricultural lands to be most effective. Soil is of major importance in agroecosystems, and maintaining, deliberately, its vitality and resilience to agricultural perturbations is the very basis of sustainable land use.