三峡库区(重庆)县域多维贫困的时空演变分析——基于可持续生计视角

基于Aklire、Foster提出的多维贫困测度基本原理,从可持续生计视角出发,构建县区多维贫困测度指标体系,对三峡库区(重庆)不同县区的多维贫困状况展开跨时区的测度与比较,分析出三峡库区(重庆)地区多维贫困和各贫困维度的时空演化与结构变迁特征,从而有针对性地实施扶贫开发策略,促进库区稳定脱贫。结果表明:(1)2005—2016年,三峡库区(重庆)县区的扶贫开发工作取得了显著成效,库区的综合多维贫困指数从0.587下降至0.326。(2)库区各区县多维贫困指数呈现两边高、中间低的趋势。(3)目前三峡库区(重庆)各县区的多维贫困以轻度和中度为主,金融资本、物质资本和社会资本对库区各区县多维贫困贡献度较大,人力资本在多维贫困结构变迁演化中呈上升趋势。     

安徽省扶贫开发途径初探

当前，我国扶贫工作进入了全面消除贫困的历史新阶段，一定要坚定不移、坚持不懈地做好该项工作，如期实现脱贫目标。安徽省扶贫工作经过10余年的艰苦努力，取得了较大成绩，贫困地区的面貌发生了根本性变化，贫困人口大幅度减少，温饱问题基本得到解决，初步摆脱了贫困状况。但由于长期以来受自然、历史、社会等诸多因素的影响，安徽省部分地区，特别是山区仍很贫困落后，扶贫开发工作面临着十分艰巨的任务。从全省现有的200多万贫困人口而论，贫困人口多数分布在自然条件恶劣、基础设施差的偏远山区、库区和引蓄洪低洼区，这是今后扶贫工…     

欧盟与中国实施长期合作规划 “云南环境与贫困治理项目”开始受益

PlanofLong－TermCooperationbetweenEuropeanUnionandChinaImplementedProjectonTreatmenttoEnvironmentandPovertyinYunnanisBenefited欧洲委员会环境司司长Enthoven先生最近表示，考虑到中国对解决边远贫困问题所给予的重视，欧盟将继续“云南环境与贫困治理项目”的准备工作，这将是第一个由项目受益者直接参与项目各阶段工作的欧盟援助项目。Enth0Ven先生曾于IWe年9月应国务委员宋健的邀请，作为国际合作与持续发展中国委员会成员，首次对中国进行了官方访问。Enthven先生以及其他委员会成员受到李鹏总理的接见，李鹏总理重申…     

国家集中连片特困地区旅游扶贫开发模式研究——以四川秦巴山区为例

将旅游产业发展融人连片特困地区扶贫开发,是新时期中国扶贫开发体制的系统创新与重要举措.四川秦巴山区是推进国家集中连片特困地区旅游扶贫攻坚的关键区域,其实践经验为相关理论研究提供了重要契机.前期关于旅游扶贫模式的理论研究有待深入,这为本课题提供了思考空间,在比较典型区域旅游扶贫发展模式的适用条件、影响因素与实施对策的基础上,构建国家集中连片特困地区旅游扶贫系统集成开发模式.研究结论为国家集中连片特困地区旅游扶贫产品开发、线路设计等后续研究奠定了理论基础,具有重要的理论及实践价值.     

基于多维贫困测度的民族地区乡村旅游扶贫对象识别研究——以甘南藏族自治州扎尕那村为例

民族地区乡村旅游是实现当地贫困人口脱贫的有效途径之一,解决脱贫问题的核心与关键则是对贫困人口的精准识别与精准帮扶。选取甘南藏族自治州扎尕那村为研究案例地,以家庭为基本识别单元,采用多维贫困测度与Probit两值模型校验法进行研究。结果表明:(1)民族地区乡村居民不仅面临收入上的贫困,还面临教育、健康、生活等方面的多维贫困,尤其是以教育贫困最为严重;(2)户主的受教育水平、健康状况、家庭人口规模、家庭成员的受教育水平与家庭贫困之间存在着显著的负相关关系;(3)家庭未成年人口数量、距离景区远近与家庭贫困之间存在显著的正相关关系。     

河北省生态扶贫分类研究

以河北省62个扶贫开发重点县为研究区域,分析了国家和河北省生态扶贫相关的政策,并利用Arc GIS对河北省土地利用类型、自然保护区分布状况、生态功能重要区、生态脆弱性以及生物多样性优先区等要素进行聚类分析,按照研究区域生态环境特点和贫困现状将贫困区域划分为生态移民、生态工程、生态旅游、生态产业和生态种植五类,分别叙述了五类区域的分区状况和生态扶贫方向。     

异地开发是农村剩余劳动力转移的重要模式

本文阐述了异地开发在农业方面的4点作用和农村剩余劳动力转移的3种基本模式。结合我国国情，指出异地开发是当前我国农村剩余劳动力转移的重要模式，它具有投入小、见效快、收益大的特点。建议政府组织开展有关实施异地开发的政策和措施等问题的研究，把异地开发工作引向深入。     

扶贫区的环境管理

当前，随着一系列扶贫项目的实施，一些地区已率先搞下“贫困帽”，搭上“富康车”。然而，在贫困区的经济取得发展的同时，环境的污染、资源的破坏也成了扶贫中严重的问题。一些贫困区的环境污染和资源的破坏随着经济的发展在逐步加剧。今年年初颁布的烟家八七扶贫攻坚计划》，将对全国最贫困、最落后的地区实行扶贫攻坚，据此，作为现在既是基层政府职能部门，也是国家环境法规执行机关的环境管理机构和管理干部，如何把握扶贫区环境问题的新特点、新要求，保证脱贫致富、环境保护齐头并进的势头．使扶贫区人民生活水平快速提高，笔者拟做…     

滇西集中连片特困地区县域贫困的时空演变特征及形成机制

为全面了解集中连片特困地区县域贫困的演变特征与形成机制,运用探索性空间数据分析方法分析了滇西边境山区56个国家级贫困县贫困程度的时空差异和演变特征,并采用空间面板计量方法获取了影响因素。结果显示:(1)县域贫困程度在空间上显著正相关,且关联性逐年增强;县域贫困程度的空间差异逐年减小。(2)研究区域呈现出中部以低高、高低为主,四周以低低、高高为主的空间集聚分布,贫困程度的空间异质性显著。(3)空间相邻地区贫困程度减轻1个单位,能促使本地区贫困程度减轻0. 9397个单位。(4)人均GDP、固定资产投资、城市化水平对贫困程度的减轻有正向影响,第二产业比重、第三产业比重、公路网密度、旅游收入对贫困程度的减轻有负向影响。     

我国省域地区减贫的空间模式探讨——以贵州省为例

减贫脱贫具有地理上的溢出效应,贫困空间特征逐渐成为制定区域减贫政策的重要依据,但目前学术界对减贫脱贫空间模式或空间规律的研究较少。采用空间统计方法和GIS可视化技术,以贵州省为例,对省域减贫脱贫的空间模式进行了动态统计分析和可视化表达。研究发现,贵州省具有从核心到边缘扩散的空间减贫规律,贫困县致富格局与减贫摘帽过程呈现空间扩张趋势,充分揭示了以贵阳、遵义为核心的黔中经济区的辐射带动作用。基于研究结果,提出省域空间发展和减贫脱贫可充分利用以经济集聚为导向的空间减贫模式,加强扶贫开发横向布局和区域扶贫开发合作,加快全省脱贫致富,与全国融为一体的现代化进程。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.