设施高肥力蔬菜地氮素调控下磷素特征研究

设施蔬菜种植中存在不合理施肥现象,土壤养分严重失调。为了解设施蔬菜地高氮肥力水平下不同氮素水平对磷素的养分吸收影响,2004—2007年在山东寿光进行不同氮素水平调控和秸秆还田试验,并于2007年冬春季进行裂区淋滤试验。结果表明,不同水平的氮素调控影响磷素含量变化,空白（NN）、有机肥（MN）、有机肥＋秸秆（MN＋S）供氮水平下土壤全磷含量逐年下降,降幅NN〉MN〉MN＋S,全磷增幅传统氮素（cN）〉传统氮素＋秸秆（CN＋S）〉氮素优化＋秸秆（SN＋S）〉氮素优化（sN）。CN、CN＋S供氮水平下土壤速效磷含量达到213．7、225．4mg·kg^-1,增长了17．1％、23．5％,磷素累积明显;其他供氮水平下速效磷含量逐年下降,降幅NN〉MN〉MN＋S〉SN＋S〉SN〉CN〉CN＋S,减少氮素供应有利于减缓磷素累积,促进磷的吸收利用。除NN供氮水平下土壤有机磷含量下降外,其他处理均不同程度增加,CN、CN＋S供氮水平下土壤有机磷含量累积明显（308．4、331Amg·ks。）,分别增长了28．5％、38．2％。SN＋S供氮水平下磷的吸收系数（HO,,rrg·100g。）达到了1571,增长了143．6％;CN、CN＋S供氮水平下磷的吸收系数出现了负增长,CN供氮水平下达到了416（P2O5,mg·100g^-1）,下降了35．5％。添加麦秸秆极大地提高了磷的吸收能力,在一定程度上能减缓土壤速效磷的累积。淋溶液中全磷含量SN〉SN＋S,有机磷含量SN〉SN＋S,秸秆还田对阻控有机磷素淋溶有一定的作用,但整个冬春生长季渗滤液中全磷含量在2．6～12．0mg·L^-1,有机磷含量在OA2～4．1mg·L^-1,淋出液水质仍超过了国家安全水质标准。因此,在高肥力水平下进行氮素调控,优化氮素供应量,促进了磷素的吸收利用,对农民在高肥力水平下施肥具有指导意义。建议农民在以后的种植中减少氮肥供应量及添加高碳源秸秆进行还田,以提高肥料的利用率,减少氮磷对土壤及水体的污染。     

水生植物石菖蒲在人工湿地水质净化中的应用

综述了石菖蒲在人工湿地水质净化中发挥的重要作用,植物通过吸附吸收、促进微生物的硝化反硝化作用等来实现氮、磷和有机污染物等的去除.分析了植物特性、植物搭配、环境因子以及水力负荷等对石菖蒲净化水质效率的影响.归纳了石菖蒲的生态习性和人工湿地设计时需要综合考虑的因素,对今后石菖蒲在人工湿地水污染控制等领域的应用进行了展望.     

用酶类生物促进剂-生物包治理农村污水

针对农村无序排放污水的特性,采用地埋式融生物接触氧化过程和水生植物净化为一体的“生物包”技术进行原位处理,并利用酶类生物促进剂提高微生物的活性增强其降解能力。实际应用结果表明,在酶类生物促进剂的作用下,当“生物包”驯化挂膜成熟后,对无序排入污水中的主要污染物有着相当高的去除效率,分别达到COD90．2％、BOD93．9％、氨氮97．2％、总磷89．7％。在适度引入10％的水生植物时,可进一步增强水体中磷的去除率。     

干旱胁迫下壳聚糖对花生幼苗生理特性的影响

为了研究壳聚糖对花生幼苗抗旱言的影响,以花生品种“花育23号”为材料,在干旱胁迫下,用不同浓度的壳聚糖溶雍处理花生幼苗,连续处理5d后测定叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、MDA和脯氨酸的含量变化。结果表明,花生幼苗在干旱条件下喷施壳聚糖与蒸馏水相比,在干旱第10天叶绿素含量提高了42．2％,MDA含量降低了36．2％;在干旱第6天,可溶性蛋白含量提高了129．0％;在干旱第8天,脯氨酸含量提高了257．0％。喷施壳聚糖溶液的最适宜浓度为0．10g／L,喷施该浓度壳聚糖可促进植物生长,增强抗旱性。     

红卵黄鸭蛋生产技术研究及效果分析

鸭蛋营养丰富,易被人体消化吸收,深受人们喜爱,而其中红卵黄鸭蛋更是鸭蛋中的精品。实验结果表明：采用特色配方饲料,加上放牧与补馈相结合的饲养技术,实验组鸭群产蛋率保持在八成以上,并且鸭蛋卵黄呈现鲜明的红色,其钙、磷、锌、碘的含量显著高于普通鸭蛋;其中10种必需氨基酸的含量为5．83％,对照组为5．28％,表明红卵黄鸭蛋比对照组普通鸭蛋营养更丰富,生产红卵黄鸭蛋的经济效益显著高于对照组的经济效益。     

硫酸盐废水处理产电过程中的电子分流机制研究

为探讨废水中硫酸盐对微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电效能的影响,采用单室空气阴极MFC反应器处理模拟硫酸盐废水,并对硫酸盐的电子分流过程进行了监测。结果表明,在一定范围内,提高硫酸盐浓度能使MFC的稳定电压上升,电池持续时间延长,MFC输出功率增大。随着进水硫酸盐浓度提高,微生物产生的电子总量中,硫酸盐还原捕获的电子和通过外电路的电子所占的比例均下降,分别由12．54％和31．45％下降至7_32％和8．49％。研究表明,较低浓度硫酸盐能够提高MFC的电能输出功率,但由于硫酸盐的还原将消耗掉大量电子,进而降低MFC的库伦效率。     

缓释碳源强化人工湿地脱氮效果研究

将玉米芯改性制成高效缓释碳源投加在调节池中,可为人工湿地中微生物硝化反硝化提供外加碳源.在南京市窑上村农村生活污水处理中进行试验,通过控制调节池水力停留时间,研究缓释碳源对人工湿地脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,水力停留时间为4h时,人工湿地中氨氮去除率可达72.83％,而且人工湿地的经济性以及处理能力均可达到较高水平.     

氮、磷在湿地基质中降解的机理研究

湿地基质被看成是人工湿地处理污水的核心部分,通过科学实验,文章分析了人工湿地运行中氮、磷在沿程方向和纵向的基质中的分布,重点研究湿地基质对于氮、磷的净化作用,有利于进一步理清湿地基质降解氮、磷的机理。     

复式潜流湿地净化生活污水的试验研究

研究了新型复式潜流人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果。在不同水力负荷、季节、曝气方式等条件下经过小试试验,分析了该湿地对污染物净化效果的影响。结果表明,该系统出水水质稳定,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918--2002）的一级A标准。在水力负荷184mm·d。条件下COD、NH,一N去除率最大分别可达87．2％、68．9％。冬季低温条件下对各类污染物去除率仍大于20％。正交试验分析得知,最佳运行条件是气温28．6℃、水力负荷0．184m3·m-2·d-1、水力停留时间2．4d。对比试验表明,采用预曝气方式对湿地净化效果明显优于厌氧处理。     

黄顶菊入侵对土壤磷细菌多样性的影响

采用选择性培养基和rep—PCR聚类分析等手段,通过盆栽试验,研究了入侵植物黄顶菊对土壤中磷细菌多样性的影响。结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后增加了土壤中无机磷和有机磷细菌的数量,入侵后其数量分别为人侵前的1．17倍和1．08倍。rep—PCR基因指纹分析结果显示,黄顶菊入侵前土壤磷细菌包含19个聚类群,其中无机磷细菌10个聚类群,有机磷细菌9个聚类群;入侵后土壤磷细菌包含22个聚类群,其中无机磷细菌11个聚类群,有机磷细菌11个聚类群。多样性分析结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后土壤中无机磷细菌的丰富度指数、香农一威纳多样性指数分别为11和2．369,高于入侵前的10和2．303;有机磷细菌的丰富度指数、香农一威纳多样性指数分别为11和2．398,高于入侵前的9和2．197,而2种细菌的物种均匀度指数基本不变。本文从土壤微生态学的角度初步探讨了黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物群落中磷细菌的影响,为进一步研究黄顶菊入侵的地下化感机制和竞争机制提供一定的理论依据。     

CaCl2盐度对活性污泥性能影响的研究

针对某企业高含盐有机生产废水,采用传统活性污泥法,实验研究了氯化钙盐度对活性污泥性能的影响,分别研究了盐度对有机物的去除能力、活性污泥中微生物的耗氧速率、活性污泥的结构和沉淀效果及对菌胶团中微生物生态的影响。结果表明,当氯化钙盐度从0mg/L升高到40000mg/L的时候,废水中COD的去除率由92.9%降低到56%,活性污泥的耗氧速率下降,菌胶团的微生物种类也随之减少,MLVSS/MLSS下降,活性污泥中的无机成分增加,沉淀性能增强,菌胶团也更为致密。     

联合生物法处理炼油厂含油污泥的研究

大港石化公司采用联合生物法处理含油污泥,对使用好氧、厌氧工艺处理含油污泥的结果进行了探讨。实验结果表明:先进行好氧处理然后脱水再进行厌氧堆肥工艺处理含油污泥,除油率达到97.6%,除磷、钾的指标低于《城镇垃圾农用控制标准》(GB8172-87)的要求外,其他指标均符合该标准要求,且避免了二次污染。     

缺氧反应时间对反硝化除磷系统脱氮除磷效果的影响

反硝化除磷工艺具有节省碳源、曝气量以及污泥产量低等优点,因而在处理城市生活污水中具有显著优势。反硝化除磷效能主要在缺氧阶段完成。缺氧时间直接影响系统的脱氮除磷效率。本实验以SBR反应器在厌氧/缺氧/好氧条件下富含的反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)为研究对象,通过调节不同的缺氧反应时间(150 min,210 min和270 min),考察缺氧反应时间冲击对下一周期代谢的影响和长期对整个反硝化除磷系统的影响。冲击实验发现:缺氧时间的改变基本不影响下一周期挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的吸收以及硝氮去除。在长期缺氧反应时间不同的系统中,当缺氧时间分别为150 min、210 min和270 min时,除磷效率分别是-10.4%、62.5%、73.6%,脱氮率均达到100%。当缺氧反应时间从150 min延长到270 min时,微生物体内聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)水平和聚磷(poly-P)水平以及释磷量都升高。实验表明,缺氧时间的适当延长利于提高除磷效率。     

Bioproduction of ferric sulfate used during heavy metals removal from sewage sludge

Toxic metals removal from wastewater sewage sludge can be achieved through microbial processes involving Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The oxidation of ferrous ions by A. ferrooxidans, cultured in sewage sludge filtrate, was studied in both batch and continuous flow stirred tank reactors. Sewage sludge filtrate containing natural nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) was recovered as effluent following the dehydration of a primary and secondary sludge mixture. Batch and continuous flow stirred tank reactor tests demonstrated that A. ferrooxidans were able to grow and completely oxidize ferrous iron in a culture medium containing more than 80% (v v(-1)) sewage sludge filtrate with 10 g Fe(II) L(-1) added. Toxic levels were reached when total organic carbon in the sewage sludge filtrate exceeded 250 mg L(-1). The ferric iron solution produced in the sludge filtrate by A. ferrooxidans was used to solubilize heavy metals in primary and secondary sludge. The solubilization of Cu, Cr, and Zn yielded 71, 49, and 80%, respectively. This is comparable with the yield percentages obtained using a FeCl(3) solution. The cost of treating wastewater sewage sludge by bioproducing a ferric ion solution from sewage sludge is three times less expensive than the conventional method requiring a commercial ferric chloride solution.     

Compartmentalization of metals within the diverse colloidal matrices comprising activated sludge microbial flocs

Activated sludge floc from a wastewater treatment system was characterized, with regard to principal structural, chemical, and microbiological components and properties, in relation to contaminant-colloid associations and settling. Multiscale analytical microscopies, in conjunction with multimethod sample preparations, were used correlatively to characterize diverse colloidal matrices within microbial floc. Transmission electron microscopy, in conjunction with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), revealed specific associations of contaminant heavy metals with individual bacterial cells and with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Floc structure was mapped from the level of gross morphology down to the nano-scale, and flocs were described with respect to settling properties, size, shape, density, porosity, bound water content, and EPS chemical composition; gross surface properties were also measured for correlation with principal floc features. Compartmentalization results based on 171 EDS analyses and representative high-resolution images showed that nano-scale agglomerations of (i) silver (100%) and (ii) zinc (91%) were confined almost entirely to EPS matrices while (iii) Pb (100%) was confined to intracellular granules and (iv) aluminum was partitioned between EPS matrices (41%) and intracellular matrices (59%). The results suggest that engineered changes in microbial physiology and/or in macromolecular EPS composition may influence metal removal efficiencies.     

污水处理厂化学除磷精确控制系统研究——以山东某污水处理厂为例

我国总磷排放标准日趋严格,污水处理厂为保证出水总磷达标,过量投加化学除磷剂,造成资源浪费.为在出水水质达标的基础上节省化学除磷剂添加量,以山东某污水处理厂为例设计了化学除磷精确控制系统.在充分考虑仪器故障潜在风险的前提下,根据进水磷酸盐负荷实时调整药剂投加量,采用"前馈+反馈"控制的模式,实现加药过程的自动化及智能化....     

萃取法处理含油污泥技术研究

采用萃取法处理新疆油田含油污泥,通过萃取剂的筛选,萃取温度、萃取剂与含油污泥质量比等因素对除油率的影响,以及萃取液放置时间对萃取剂回收率的影响等进行了实验,结果表明:自主研发的萃取剂ZZEG具有较好的除油率与回收率;较低温度时,萃取温度对除油率影响较大;除油率随萃取剂与含油污泥质量比的增加而提高;萃取液的放置时间对萃取剂的回收率无明显的影响,萃取剂回收率随分馏温度的提高而增加,分馏温度以200℃较为适宜。     

增加污水中挥发性脂肪酸以提高生物除磷效果的研究进展

VFA（挥发性脂肪酸）是生物除磷过程中的关键物质,并且不同VFA对生物除磷效果的影响也不相同。本文介绍了提高污水中VFA含量的几种方法,这些方法包括直接加入VFA、通过发酵污水产生VFA、发酵污水和初沉污泥产生VFA、发酵初沉污泥以及发酵初沉污泥和剩余污泥的混合物产生VFA等几种方法来提高生物除磷效率。目前国内外以发酵初沉污泥产生VFA的研究和应用较多。     

Treatment and reuse of sewage sludge

Sewage sludge was treated using composting, fixed-bed and stirred anaerobic digesters. The treatment performance in terms of the physico chemical parameters, bacterial indicators and pathogenic forms were assessed. In addition, the biogas production rate was recorded in the case of anaerobic digesters. Composting of the sewage sludge increased its total solids from 39 to 93% after 6 weeks, while the reduction in organic matter was 40% and the total nitrogen and phosphorus contents increased by 22 and 30%, respectively. Complete removal of salmonellae and faecal coliforms occurred, so that the composted sludge could be used as a soil conditioner and fertilizer. The results of the anaerobic treatment indicated that an organic load of 4.8kg COD m–3 per day achieved the best operating conditions for either the stirred or fixed-bed digester. The mean percentage removals of COD, BOD, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and the biogas production rate for the stirred digester were 53, 53, 24 and 29% and 259 L kg–1 COD per day, respectively. The corresponding mean percentage removals and production rate for the experiments with a fixed-bed digester were 61, 62, 33 and 35% and 328 L kg–1 COD per day, respectively. Improvements in the BOD and faecal coliform reductions and the gas production rate of 17, 38 and 21%, respectively, were achieved due to the presence of media (Berl saddles) in the fixed-bed digester. The microbial content of the anaerobically treated sludge is too high to be used as a fertilizer, while that of the composted sludge is low enough for such use.     

Effect of sequentially combining methanol and acetic acid on the performance of biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal

A sequentially combined carbon (SCC) source using methanol and acetic acid was investigated for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a wastewater treatment process consisting of an anoxic zone, an oxic zone and a final settling tank. The anoxic zone was divided into two separate anoxic zones to feed methanol in the first anoxic zone and acetic acid in the second anoxic zone. Methanol and acetic acid, each as the sole carbon source, were also tested for comparison. The use of SCC was superior in nitrogen removal with all combined COD ratios of methanol/acetic acid tested, yielding 95.8-97% efficiency (less than 1 mg N/l in the final effluent). The highest phosphorus removal of above 92% (final effluent concentration of 0.12 mg P/l) was achieved when only acetic acid was used at a quantity equivalent to 50 mg COD/l. However, when SCC was used, the acetic acid dosage of 50 mg COD/l could be reduced down to 20 mg COD/l when 30 mg COD/l was replaced by methanol; this resulted in a final effluent phosphorus concentration of 0.6 mg P/l. Additional benefits of SCC included the excellent sludge settling properties compared to the use of methanol or acetic acid alone.