环形扩散管采集环境空气中气态多环芳烃的方法

建立了环形扩散管采集环境空气中气态多环芳烃的方法,采用平行实验分别比较了不同涂渍介质和不同吸附树脂对采样效率的影响.结果表明,利用正己烷作为涂渍介质、以XAD-2吸附树脂作为吸附剂涂渍的环形扩散管在二级串联使用的情况下,目标化合物的采样效率在92.21%-99.14%之间,采样效率的相对标准偏差在0.18%-2.2%之间,采样效率高且稳定,可满足不同环境下采样的要求.在采样体积为13.7m3的情况下,多环芳烃的检出限为2.06ng·m-3.利用该方法对北京市城区环境空气中气态多环芳烃的浓度进行了测定,春季和夏季气态多环芳烃的总浓度在498.29-1054.66ng·m-3之间,其中二环和三环的芳烃占优势,有一定量的四环芳烃,但高环数芳烃基本无检出.     

大气中多环芳烃(PAHs)在松针和SPMD上的分布

通过松针监测与半渗透膜被动式采样技术 (SPMD ) ,分析了我国珠江三角洲地区大气中多环芳烃的含量特征、来源及其分布 ,同时对这两种被动式采样技术进行了比较 松针及SPMD主要富集气态多环芳烃 (2— 4环 ) ,气态多环芳烃在松针和SPMD样品中的总含量分别为 313 9— 30 4 3 5ng·g-1和 14 5—116 9ng·SPMD-1·d-1 大气中多环芳烃含量的区域差异明显 ,珠江三角洲中部地区 (广州、佛山和东莞 )大气中多环芳烃的含量高 ,沿海地区的珠海、香港偏低 ,分子标志物指数表明 ,珠江三角洲大气中的多环芳烃主要是热成因 (燃烧 )来源 松针和SPMD对气态多环芳烃的监测具有很好的一致性 ,是进行区域大气污染评价的良好生物指示物     

城市室内环境多环芳烃污染与源的相关性

本实验选择了天津市４类典型室内环境和２处室外对照点，共１９个采样点。现场采样测定了１０种ＰＡＨｓ组成含量。结果显示，室内燃煤和室内吸烟是室内环境中多环芳烃排放的主要污染源。同作为对照的室外大气中多环芳烃组成和含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环芳烃组成和含量的特征性。提出了室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室内烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征则与室外     

煤和煤烟、柴油及其发动机尾气中多环芳烃分布的研究

本项工作研究了煤和煤烟、柴油及其发动机尾气中多环芳烃的测定方法。样品的第二级收集用吸附法取代了常用的冷凝法,因而适用于野外或现场的采样。样品的提取引用了超声技术,加快了提取的速度。并对煤烟和柴油发动机尾气中多环芳烃的分布规律进行了初步的探讨,为分析监测烟道气中的多环芳烃提供了一种简便的方法。     

气相色谱-质谱联用测定土壤及底泥样品中的多环芳烃和硝基多环芳烃

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定了某化工厂火灾后周边土壤和底泥中的多环芳烃(PAHs)和硝基多环芳烃(Nitro-PAHs).结果表明,距离爆炸地点最近的几个采样点PAHs的含量均在16.61μg·g-1以上,其中厂东北采样点的PAHs总含量甚至高达417.4μg·g-1,污染最为严重;部分样品中检测到三环以下的硝基多环芳烃,三环以上的几乎均未检出.说明在燃烧爆炸过程中产生了多环芳烃,但没有显著产生高致癌性、致突变性的硝基多环芳烃.     

北京中关村地区大气多环芳烃的污染

1981年至1982年在北京中关村等处八个采样点逐月采集大气颗粒物,用高效液体色谱法分析了十二种多环芳烃化合物,并对这些地区燃煤设施、能源消耗情况作了调查。结果表明,空气中多环芳烃含量在地区、季节上差别明显。本文讨论了上述差异的原因及多环芳烃的防治途径。     

发酵牛粪和造纸干粉对土壤中多环芳烃降解的影响

运用泥浆反应法研究添加发酵牛粪和造纸干粉对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)降解的影响.试验按水土比2:1制成泥浆反应器,设置对照、添加2.5%发酵牛粪和添加2.5%造纸干粉等3个处理,25～28℃摇床培养,分别于10、20、30 d采样测定土壤中多环芳烃降解菌的数量和多环芳烃含量.结果发现,所有处理土壤中多环芳烃的含量均随培养时间的延长而逐渐降低,而添加发酵牛粪和造纸干粉均有利于提高土壤中多环芳烃降解菌的数量,在培养30 d后土壤中多环芳烃的降解率分别从对照处理的19%显著提高到37%和35%(P<0.05).结果还发现,多环芳烃分环降解率随苯环数增加而下降,培养30 d后土壤中2环多环芳烃的降解率达95%以上,3环多环芳烃的降解率为50%左右,对照处理4～6环多环芳烃的降解率为7%～13%,而添加发酵牛粪和造纸干粉处理土壤中4～6环多环芳烃的降解率显著提高到21%～28%(P<0.05),但对2～3环多环芳烃的降解无明显影响,表明这两种物质对土壤中多环芳烃降解的影响关键在于促进高环多环芳烃降解菌的生长繁殖及降解活性.     

人尿中1—羟基芘与空气中多环芳烃的定量关系

本文对不同采样点人尿中的1-羟基芘含量和受试人携带的个体空气采样器中以及所在环境中固定采样器中多环芳烃的浓度进行了测定。数理统计结果表明,尿中1-羟基芘与个体采样器中的芘或苯并(a)芘有显著的正相关。个体采样器的测定结果较客观地反映了受试人吸入空气中多环芳烃的浓度,证明尿中1-羟基芘在人体接触多环芳烃的健康风险评价中,是一个有效的生物监测指标。     

长江流域表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及来源解析

长江流域沉积物多环芳烃分析表明,多环芳烃浓度总和(不包括苝)约为10.31~1 239 ng·g-1,与国内外其他区域相比,整体处于一个低至中等程度的污染水平。长江自上游至下游,沉积物中多环芳烃含量呈上升趋势,与沿途各省多环芳烃的排放状况相吻合。扬州(YZ)和湘江(XJ)采样点沉积物中多环芳烃含量最高,污染最严重。根据多环芳烃的比值特征,长江流域沉积物中多环芳烃主要受以煤、木材、油类的燃烧影响较大,还有部分来自油类的泄漏,极少量来自自然成因。     

北京城市道路积尘多环芳烃的粒度分布特征及其影响因素

对北京城市不同道路类型的道路积尘进行了为期16个月的采样,分别分析了道路尘的粒径、多环芳烃及TOC.道路积尘的粒径呈三峰态分布,<75 μm部分的颗粒所占体积最大,>214 μm部分颗粒所占体积最小.>214 μm这部分颗粒中的多环芳烃质量分数最低,<75μm和75～214μm这两部分颗粒中多环芳烃的质量分数没有显著差异,但由于<75μm部分颗粒所占的体积和质量比例最大,这部分颗粒的多环芳烃累积量所占比例最高.不同道路的积尘粒径存在差异,海淀路和成府路机动车道的积尘颗粒相比自行车道和人行道的颗粒更粗.由于粒径分布的差异和多环芳烃质量分数的差异,不同类型道路的多环芳烃累积量的粒径分布呈现差异.多环芳烃质量分数和累积量的粒度分布也呈现季节差异,冬春季<75 μm颗粒中的多环芳烃质量分数最高,多环芳烃的累积量所占比例也较夏秋季高.在三个粒级中,TOC与多环芳烃质量分数均呈现显著的正相关.高比例的细颗粒及细颗粒中的多环芳烃使得道路积尘再悬浮进入大气以及随湿沉降进入地表径流的环境风险加大.     

Continuous monitoring of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near open‐air burning of metal scraps

Airborne concentrations of PAH in the vicinity of the source region with open‐air burning of metal scraps were measured between February, 1992 and November, 1993. The activity of open‐air burning decreased significantly since 1993 due to prohibition regulation. Both gaseous phase and particle‐bound PAH were measured at five sampling sites, which included one reference sampling site far away from the source region. Both values of gaseous and particle‐bound PAH concentrations, which were measured in the vicinity of source region, decreased clearly during the two years monitoring period. It shows that the uncontrolled open‐air burning of metal scraps was a significant emission source of airborne PAH in the study area. The profiles of various species of PAH were also compared. A large decrease in benzo(a)pyrene was observed in the source region.     

Monitoring von PAK-Metaboliten in Aalmuttern (Zoarces viviparus) aus der Wismar-Bucht

Background, aim, and scope Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are important environmental contaminants in the marine environment. The Baltic is known to be significantly contaminated with PAH. The eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) has been used for coastal monitoring in the Baltic. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether the eelpout can be used to investigate PAH contamination in the Mecklenburg Bight and whether PAH sources may be revealed by the relation of the metabolites. Material and methods PAH metabolites were determined in the bile fluid of eelpout caught in spring 2008 at three sampling locations in the Wismar Bight. Two metabolites were determined by means of HPLC and fluorescence detection. In addition, bile pigments were measured photometrically. Results The concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene in bile were significantly different at all three sampling locations under investigation. Highest concentrations were found near the city of Wismar with a mean value of 1086?ng/ml. Concentrations for individual fish ranged from <22.5 to 3317?ng/ml 1-hydroxypyrene. Concentrations of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene were lower and ranged from 2.1 to 803?ng/ml in individual samples. In fish caught next to the city of Wismar a mean value of 96?ng/ml 1-hydroxyphenanthrene was calculated. Discussion In the light of substantial anthropogenic contamination in this area caused by harbor, shipyards and shipping traffic, high values of 1-hydroxypyrene found in eelpout near the city of Wismar appear to be very plausible. Furtheron, the 1-hydroxypyrene results are in accordance to literature data. 1-Hydroxyphenantrene in eelpout bile was found in higher concentrations compared to earlier investigations. Spatial differences in the relation of the two metabolites may indicate a local source of PAH. Recommendations and perspectives PAH metabolites are useful parameters for monitoring the PAH pollution of fish like eelpout. Additional information regarding potential PAH sources can be gained from the relations of individual metabolites.     

Characterization and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air (Tehran,Iran)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the urban atmosphere and the atmospheric pollutants to be identified as the most suspected carcinogens. In early measurements of urban PAH concentrations in Tehran area, the correlation between concentrations of different species indicated that automobiles were the predominant source of emission of PAHs in this city. From the diagnostic ratios, the results indicated that PAHs in the ambient air in Tehran originate primarily from diesel and gasoline engines, but contribution of the related diesel emission is apparently higher, or dominant, at the sampling sites and therefore considered as the major emission of PAHs in the ambient air.     

Sources and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of the Basque Country (Bay of Biscay)

This contribution characterises the sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of the Basque coast (Bay of Biscay). Different source characterisation approaches (i.e. GIS assisted-chemometrics, PAH diagnostic ratios and analyses of composition profiles) were used in combination to successfully identify the factors determining the origin and distribution of PAHs. Urban/industrial combustion processes were identified as the main PAH source. However, the analysis of PAH composition patterns and diagnostic ratios identified secondary natural and petrogenic PAH sources on small spatial scales. The median ∑18PAH concentration ranged from 66 μg kg^?1 (d.w.) to 7021 μg kg^?1 (d.w.). The Ibaizabal estuary, which supports most of the anthropogenic pressure in the region (i.e. urban development, industrialisation, commercial and recreational harbours), also showed the highest PAH concentrations. On the shelf, human activities, hydrodynamic conditions and geomorphological features led to spatial differences in the PAH concentrations among sectors: the offshore and west sectors were characterised by higher concentrations, while the lowest values were found in the mid and east sectors. The results enhance the knowledge on PAH-related contamination processes and could be used to support the environmental assessment process required under current European marine legislation.     

Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediment of Temsah lake, Suez Canal, Egypt

Lake Temsah is one of the main wetlands in the Suez Canal region, and the main source for fish for the area. The lake is the end-point of several wastewater effluents. In the present study, residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were monitored in the sediment of the lake. Samples were collected from six different sampling stations around the lake using a box-corer sampler, then kept frozen. Samples were extracted and cleaned up before residue determination was conducted using an HRGC/HRMS. An HP 6890 plus gas chromatograph was coupled to a Micromass Autospec Ultima mass spectrometer operating in EI mode at 35 eV and with a resolution of 10.000 (5% valley). PCDDs and PCDFs were detected in all sediment samples collected from various sampling stations. Results showed some progressive increase in PCDDs concentrations relevant to increase in chlorination. In the PCDD group of congeners, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 octa-CDD had the highest detected concentrations in all samples, while 2, 3, 7, 8 tetra-CDD showed the lowest concentrations. The World Health Organization toxicity equivalents ranged from 0.387 to 11.20 ng kg^-1 d.w. For PCDD homologues, hexa-CDD was the most dominant homologue in all sediment samples analysed. Regarding dioxin-like PCBs, results showed that IUPAC No. 118 congener, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, pentachlorobiphenyl was the most concentrated of all detected congeners, with concentrations ranging between 0.039 and 43.201 µg kg^-1. For polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo(b+k+j)fluoranthene had the highest concentrations in almost all sampling stations. However, fluorene was the smallest detected concentration in almost all stations. This result would indicate that PAH contamination of the lake seems to be coming from one main source in all sampling stations. The present work is the first record of PCCDs, PCCFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in the Temsah lake. The concentrations of the contaminants monitored in this study, especially those of PAHs, are rather alarming. Efforts should be made to stop point sources that contaminate the lake.     

Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Baikal water and adjacent air layer

The composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Baikal water and adjacent air layer and PAH emission composition profiles of possible sources were investigated. Analysis of emission composition data showed that the source profiles could not be grouped by fuel type or pyrogenic/petrogenic origin. Because of the similarity of source PAH profiles, the drawing of 3D mixing diagrams was the only way to check whether some of the potential PAH sources were the true sources. The mixing diagrams showed that the sources of air pollution were paper mills and wood burning and that the sources of water pollution were coal-fired and oil-fired boilers. The common source for both air and water was only oil and petroleum products. To determine the locations of PAH sources, their contributions to air and water pollution were calculated and mapped. Based on the results, air and water were polluted from both local and regional sources. The location of the zone influenced by a particular source was conditioned by physical properties of source emission, direction of air/water flows that transfer PAHs and temperature differences between mixing air/water flows.     

Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,polychlorinated dibenzofurans,dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediment of Temsah lake,Suez Canal,Egypt

Lake Temsah is one of the main wetlands in the Suez Canal region, and the main source for fish for the area. The lake is the end-point of several wastewater effluents. In the present study, residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were monitored in the sediment of the lake. Samples were collected from six different sampling stations around the lake using a box-corer sampler, then kept frozen. Samples were extracted and cleaned up before residue determination was conducted using an HRGC/HRMS. An HP 6890 plus gas chromatograph was coupled to a Micromass Autospec Ultima mass spectrometer operating in EI mode at 35 eV and with a resolution of 10.000 (5% valley). PCDDs and PCDFs were detected in all sediment samples collected from various sampling stations. Results showed some progressive increase in PCDDs concentrations relevant to increase in chlorination. In the PCDD group of congeners, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 octa-CDD had the highest detected concentrations in all samples, while 2, 3, 7, 8 tetra-CDD showed the lowest concentrations. The World Health Organization toxicity equivalents ranged from 0.387 to 11.20 ng kg^?1 d.w. For PCDD homologues, hexa-CDD was the most dominant homologue in all sediment samples analysed. Regarding dioxin-like PCBs, results showed that IUPAC No. 118 congener, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, pentachlorobiphenyl was the most concentrated of all detected congeners, with concentrations ranging between 0.039 and 43.201 µg kg^?1. For polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo(b+k+j)fluoranthene had the highest concentrations in almost all sampling stations. However, fluorene was the smallest detected concentration in almost all stations. This result would indicate that PAH contamination of the lake seems to be coming from one main source in all sampling stations. The present work is the first record of PCCDs, PCCFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in the Temsah lake. The concentrations of the contaminants monitored in this study, especially those of PAHs, are rather alarming. Efforts should be made to stop point sources that contaminate the lake.     

An interval dynamic multimedia fugacity (IDMF) model for environmental fate of PAHs and their source apportionment in a typical oilfield,China

An interval dynamic multimedia fugacity (IDMF) model with a new validation criterion of interval average logarithmic residual error (IALRE) was developed in this study. The environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source apportionment in a typical oilfield of China were simulated from 1985 to 2010. The PAH concentrations predicted by the model were in agreement with the measured concentrations, which were indicated by the IALREs calculated at 0.41, 0.63, 0.52, and 0.58 for air, water, soil, and sediment, respectively. The multimedia concentrations of Σ16 PAHs were 29.55, 39.22, 31.98, and 26.69 times greater in 2010 than those in 1985, and were higher than any other year modelled. Additionally, 87.82% of PAHs remained in the soil in 2010. PAH source emission into the soil was the major modelled source, whereas PAH degradation in the air was the major modelled loss pathway; the dominant transfer process between the adjacent compartments was atmospheric deposition from air to soil. It was demonstrated that high-temperature combustion was the major source of PAHs in the air and soil, whereas biomass and coal combustion were attributed to water and sediment compartments. The IDMF model was effective in the dynamic source apportionment of PAHs.     

Air pollution from aluminum smelting plants. II. the contribution from an aluminum smelting plant using the söderberg process to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and mutagens in ambient air

Extracts of airborne particles collected in the surroundings of an aluminum smelting plant have been analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and tested for mutagenic activity. The results were discussed in relation to the meteorological conditions during sampling and showed that the ambient concentrations of these parameters are significantly influenced by the emissions from the smelting plant in the summer, but not in the winter. The results from the mutagenicity testing showed that the mutagenic activity of particle extracts from this area was equal to or lower than what has been reported from other urban areas in Scandinavia.

The contribution of PAH and mutagens to the concentrations of these compounds in ambient air was estimated based on parallel measurements of fluoride and from emission values of fluoride, PAH and mutagens. It was concluded that whereas the smelter emissions could account for more than 50% of the yearly average of ambient PAH, the contribution of mutagens was significantly less.     

An approach to uncertainty estimation in determining polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fuel-contaminated soils

An estimation of uncertainty contribution in the entire set of the analytical data of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil during a full year is presented. The analyses were performed as part of a project devoted to the assessment of the natural attenuation of selected PAHs in agricultural soil contaminated by a fuel spill. In particular, we investigated the effect of natural attenuation on the PAH dissipation rate in plots of two types of scenarios in agricultural soils. One of them was previously affected by an accidental fuel spill 10 years ago, and the other one was non-affected. The major components for estimating uncertainty contributions have been evaluated based on intermediate precision from different levels of PAH mass fraction, sample locations, and long term data set. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was applied to the mass fractions of clean or blank soil sub-samples versus contaminated soil sub-samples for grouping comparable data. Variables of influence in this study were site, month, and lysimeter of sampling (referring to a stainless steel box, with side lengths of 50 cm). Study sites or the spatial arrangement of lysimeter showed a clear effect in sub-sample results with the lowest mass fraction levels for heavier PAH, while monthly sampling was the variable of most significant influence for the more strongly contaminated sub-sample results.

Finally, the results of the PAH mass fractions in contaminated soil sub-samples indicated a monthly variation for which lighter, volatile PAHs rapidly decreased while the less volatile did not change.