山东省2000～2005年环境成本核算

为衡量山东省经济发展成效,在联合国综合环境经济核算体系和我国绿色国民经济核算的研究基础上,建立资源耗减、环境污染、生态破坏和环保支出的框架核算环境成本,并对山东省2000～2005年的环境成本进行了核算.结果表明环境成本在GDP中所占比例在8%左右,环境成本的增幅与GDP的增幅相当.山东省在经济发展的同时,环境成本也在同比例地增加,节约资源和减少污染排放的压力依然很大.     

信息

<正>在一些国家已经建立的国民经济核算体系、资源环境统计数据和联合国等国际组织发布的环境经济核算体系文献基础上,中国环境经济核算体系可以分为环境-经济流量混合核算、以绿色GDP为中心的总量核算等四个部分。     

首个绿色GDP核算报告出炉前后

历时两年半,中国首个《中国绿色国民经济核算研究报告2004》绿皮书日前正式公布,这是中国第一份经环境污染调整的GDP核算研究报告,这也是世界上第一份环境污染经济核算报告。     

基于模糊评价模型的绿色GDP核算方法研究

目前绿色GDP核算存在诸多的困难和争议,出现理论上可行而实践上存在种种障碍的局面,这是绿色GDP不能在我国经济核算上得到普及和运用的重要原因。针对绿色GDP核算困难,提出了基于模糊评价模型的绿色GDP核算方法。该方法既兼顾了影响绿色GDP核算的多元因素,又能把一些影响绿色GDP核算的定性问题定量化,在一定程度上克服了现行绿色GDP核算中的困难。     

重庆低碳经济与可持续发展现状研究——基于综合绿色GDP核算体系

低碳经济是以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济模式,其实质是能源高效利用、清洁能源开发、追求绿色GDP的问题,核心是能源技术和减排技术创新、产业结构和制度创新、人类生存发展观念的根本转变.低碳经济已经成为一个地区可持续发展的必由之路.通过运用绿色GDP核算体系对2001-2008年的重庆社会经济发展相关数据进行核算,并在此基础上通过与重庆传统GDP核算数据对比,对重庆近几年低碳经济与可持续发展现状给出客观描述与评价.     

绿色GDP向我们走来

近来,绿色 GDP 成为一个热门词汇。但何为绿色 GDP 呢?它与 GDP 有何区别?我国的绿色 GDP 核算体系从何入手呢?带着这些问题, 记者采访了出席中国绿色国民经济核算和环境污染经济损失调查试点工作培训班的专家、官员及一线工作者。     

绿色GDP-对环境与经济综合核算体系的认识

现行国民经济核算体系中GDP的核算由于未能有效包括环境因素，故不能适应可持续发展的需要，构造绿色GDP的关键在于解决对环境因素的量化描述。     

我国绿色国民经济核算体系研究全面启动

国家环保总局和国家统计局于6月24日～25日联合召开了“建立中国绿色国民经济核算体系国际研讨会”,两局负责人在会议上指出近期将采取四大措施,积极推动我国绿色国民经济核算体系(绿色GDP)研究工作,为落实科学发展观提供数据支持和考核基础。这四大措施是:一、建立综合环境与经济核算理论体系及基本框架;二、开展和建立环境污染物实物量核算;三、开展和初步建立环境损失价值量核算,测算经环境损失调整的GDP,即涉及环境降级成本调整的绿色GDP;四、通过国家和地方试点,总结推广环境核算研究成果。国家统计局局长李德水在会上说,目前我国…     

弹性系数在“绿色GDP”核算研究中的应用

本文总结了四川省在"中国环境经济核算体系总体框架"下"绿色GDP"核算结果的局限性,进而提出了"绿色弹性系数"的概念,并比较分析了2005~2007年四川省各地区的"绿色弹性系数",有效地反映了环境污染负荷的变化与社会经济的发展相互制约的关系以及发展趋势和规律。     

绿色GDP核算实证研究——以成都市为例

针对GDP的缺陷导致自然资源和环境的价值被忽视或扭曲，制约了我国经济可持续发展的问题，提出以绿色GDP来进行国民经济核算，落实科学发展观，并以成都市为例进行了实证研究，得出近年来成都市已加强环保意识，经济正在走向可持续发展道路，绿色GDP核算体系具有深远理论和实践意义。     

新导则下天然气输气管道项目大气环境影响评价

文章按照HJ 2.2—2018《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》要求,以某天然气输气管道项目为实例,对大气环境影响评价工作进行了梳理。首先利用AERSCREEN模型估算出各主要污染物的最大浓度占标率P_max,并以此判定评价等级和评价范围;其次进行环境质量现状调查、污染源调查及污染物排放量核算;最后提出环境监测计划。     

A review of studies applying environmental impact assessment methods on fruit production systems

Although many aspects of environmental accounting methodologies in food production have already been investigated, the application of environmental indicators in the fruit sector is still rare and no consensus can be found on the preferred method. On the contrary, widely diverging approaches have been taken to several aspects of the analyses, such as data collection, handling of scaling issues, and goal and scope definition. This paper reviews studies assessing the sustainability or environmental impacts of fruit production under different conditions and identifies aspects of fruit production that are of environmental importance. Four environmental assessment methods which may be applied to assess fruit production systems are evaluated, namely Life Cycle Assessment, Ecological Footprint Analysis, Emergy Analysis and Energy Balance. In the 22 peer-reviewed journal articles and two conference articles applying one of these methods in the fruit sector that were included in this review, a total of 26 applications of environmental impact assessment methods are described. These applications differ concerning e.g. overall objective, set of environmental issues considered, definition of system boundaries and calculation algorithms. Due to the relatively high variability in study cases and approaches, it was not possible to identify any one method as being better than the others. However, remarks on methodologies and suggestions for standardisation are given and the environmental burdens of fruit systems are highlighted.     

战略环境影响评价的实施与对策

战略环评将环境、社会和经济做为一个系统,进行整体、全面的综合评价,为决策提供依据、方案和措施,使决策更为科学、合理、严谨、可行,真正从决策到源头控制,减轻环境污染和生态破坏.从战略环境影响评价的兴起发展和法律意义入手,从理论和实践上全面系统的论述和探讨了如何有效实施战略环境影响评价的对策与措施.     

Economic assessment of the health effects related to particulate matter pollution in 111 Chinese cities by using economic burden of disease analysis

With China's rapid economic development, environmental problems have become more and more serious. Particulate air pollution is terrible in cities with large and dense population. It may lead to adverse health effects and economic costs. In this study, we calculated the health effects of pollution caused by particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10mum (PM(10)) in 111 Chinese cities in 2004 according to statistical data and epidemiological exposure-response functions. Using economic burden of disease analysis, an economic assessment of these health risks was also presented. In contrast to many previous studies that have examined individual cities, this study covered most large and medium-sized cities in China, which accounted for more than 70% gross domestic product (GDP) of China in 2004. The total economic cost caused by PM(10) pollution was estimated as approximately US$ 29,178.7 million. Mega cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin contribute relatively more to the total costs. The results will help policy makers in formulating more effective countermeasures and increasing public awareness to enhance environmental protection.     

玻璃幕墙光污染环境影响评价案例分析

以两栋建筑为例探讨了玻璃幕墙光污染的环境影响评价体系。提出以眩光特征和不舒适眩光评价等级作为评价标准,同时通过计算确定污染范围和控制手段。结果验证了此评价体系的有效性和实用性。     

环境风险评价构架的探讨

本文归纳并概括了国际上和我国环境风险评价的一般构架,从环境风险评价、安全评价、健康评价、生态评价、最大可信灾害事故及最大可接受水平等几个方面对我国环境风险评价一般构架进行了探讨,分析了我国环境风险评价构架中存在的问题,提出了进一步完善我国环境风险评价一般构架的方法,并辅以了案例分析。     

Applying Ecological Risk Principles to Watershed Assessment and Management

Considerable progress in addressing point source (end of pipe) pollution problems has been made, but it is now recognized that further substantial environmental improvements depend on controlling nonpoint source pollution. A watershed approach is being used more frequently to address these problems because traditional regulatory approaches do not focus on nonpoint sources. The watershed approach is organized around the guiding principles of partnerships, geographic focus, and management based on sound science and data. This helps to focus efforts on the highest priority problems within hydrologically-defined geographic areas. Ecological risk assessment is a process to collect, organize, analyze, and present scientific information to improve decision making. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored three watershed assessments and found that integrating the watershed approach with ecological risk assessment increases the use of environmental monitoring and assessment data in decision making. This paper describes the basics of the watershed approach, the ecological risk assessment process, and how these two frameworks can be integrated. The three major principles of watershed ecological risk assessment found to be most useful for increasing the use of science in decision making are (1) using assessment endpoints and conceptual models, (2) holding regular interactions between scientists and managers, and (3) developing a focus for multiple stressor analysis. Examples are provided illustrating how these principles were implemented in these assessments.     

从水污染防治角度出发的全国分省域水环境安全研究

针对我国日益严峻的水环境安全问题,本文从水污染防治角度出发,依据影响我国水环境安全的关键污染问题,即水环境质量、水污染物排放、水环境风险,构建了水环境安全指标体系。利用相关分析法、主成分分析法,简化、优化评价指标体系。利用层次分析法与专家打分法,估算各指标权重,采集各指标数据对全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)2011—2013年的水环境安全状况进行评估。结果表明:该指标体系在一定条件和范围内是合理的,我国水环境安全大体呈西高中东低的空间分布,京津冀区域水环境安全评价值较低。"十三五"时期,京津冀地区应着重于降低主要污染物浓度,削减劣V类断面比例,提高水环境质量,海南、福建、广东等地区着力于减少农业等水污染物排放强度,湖南等地区则需要重点关注涉重企业的污染物排放。     

关于环评中的景观影响评价问题

环境影响评价制度对控制环境污染和防止生态破坏取得明显的成效。随着社会的进步和人们对环境质量的高要求,景观环境影响评价已成为旅游资源、森林资源、矿产资源开发以及交通运输等建设项目环境影响报告书中的重要内容。但由于目前尚缺乏评价规范和评价标准,在开展景观影响评价中存在着不少的困难,评价标准和评价等级的缺乏,使评价的深度和广度以及景观污染的界定上难以满足评价结果的要求;评价方法的不确定,又使评价过程难以统一,难以预测项目建设对景观的影响程度,而人才的缺乏则是困扰持证单位的主要问题。所以目前急切需要解决问题的办法是尽快制定景观评价的标准和规范,研究评价的方法,以加速人才的培养,使景观影响评价真正能达到保护景观的目的。     

基于环境污染责任保险的环境风险评估研究进展

环境风险评估是环境污染责任保险制度实施和应用的重要环节,是一种为投保人和承保人量化环境风险的方法,量化结果是保险公司厘定保费的重要参考依据。随着环境污染责任保险的发展和推广,构建适用于环境污染责任保险的环境风险评估体系逐渐成为当前的研究热点之一,但目前针对环境污染责任保险环境风险评估缺乏深入系统的研究与总结。在已有研究基础上,本文进一步明确环境污染责任保险环境风险评估内涵及特征,并对其评估体系进行科学界定,简要评述当前环境污染责任保险环境风险评估的相关研究主题,并在已有模型和方法基础上构建环境污染责任保险环境风险评估的理论框架,最后在总结当前研究不足的前提下,探讨未来环境污染责任保险环境风险评估的研究趋势,为环境污染责任保险的实施和应用提供思路和参考。