大气气溶胶碳质组分在线分析仪的研制和应用

大气气溶胶碳质组分主要包括有机碳(Organic Carbon,OC)和元素碳(Elemental Carbon,EC),是大气细粒子的重要组成部分,对大气环境及人体健康具有非常重要的意义.针对目前商品化碳质气溶胶在线分析仪存在的一些问题,研制出大气气溶胶碳质组分在线分析仪(PKUOCEC),实现了对OC和EC的小时浓度测量.仪器同时采用热分解-光学透射(Thermo Optical Transmission,TOT)法和热分解-光学反射(Thermo Optical Reflection,TOR)法分离OC和EC,检测限为0.29μg·m-3(以C计)(采样时间40 min,采样流量8 L·min-1),测量范围最大值为211.50μg·m-3(以C计),可以满足不同环境的大气观测要求.于2016年1月23—31日采用该仪器对北京怀柔大气进行监测,并与商品化在线碳质气溶胶分析仪(RT-4 OCEC,Sunset Lab Inc.)和多角度吸收光度计(5012 MAAP,Thermo Scientific)进行比对.结果显示,PKU-OCEC测得的TC(Total Carbon,TC=OC+EC)和OC浓度均与Sunset-OCEC对应结果显著相关(TC:r=0.986,OC:r=0.984;p0.01),说明两台仪器测量结果具有很好的一致性;Sunset-OCEC测得的EC数据有39.39%低于0.013μg·m-3(以C计),剔除该部分异常值后,其测得的EC数据与PKU-OCEC数据的线性拟合方程由CEC_Sunset=0.9278×CEC_PKU!0.0704(TOT法)和CEC_Sunset=0.9476×CEC_PKU!0.2665(TOR法)变为CE C_Sunset=0.6810×CEC_PKU+1.2842(TOT法)和CEC_Sunset=0.7035×CEC_PKU+1.1179(TOR法),新的方程产生较大正截距,说明Sunset-OCEC的检测限偏高;PKUOCEC测得的EC数据与MAAP测得的BC数据显著相关,其线性拟合度(R2=0.8868(TOT法)、R2=0.8614(TOR法))大于Sunset-OCEC与MAAP的拟合度(R2=0.8047);PKU-OCEC分析仪TOT法和TOR法测得的OC浓度相当(COC_TOR=0.9963×COC_TOT,R2=0.9959).综合结果表明,PKU-OCEC分析仪测量数据可靠,运行稳定且操作简便,可以用于各种环境条件下的大气监测.     

南京北郊冬夏季大气PM2.5中水溶性有机碳的研究

为研究南京北郊大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的浓度及来源特点,在冬、夏季分别采集PM_(2.5)样品,还同步收集臭氧(O_3)浓度与相对湿度(RH)数据,分析了PM_(2.5)、有机碳(OC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)浓度特征,并对WSOC冬、夏季来源及其二次来源差异进行了探讨.结果显示,南京北郊冬季大气污染水平明显高于夏季且来源更复杂,与冬季静稳的天气条件及化石燃料和生物质燃烧排放较严重有关.冬季PM_(2.5)平均值为(136.7±42.4)μg·m~(-3),OC、WSOC浓度分别为(13.4±4.4)、(8.5±3.1)μg·m~(-3);夏季PM_(2.5)、OC、WSOC平均浓度分别为(61.5±14.6)、(6.7±2.1)、(4.6±1.7)μg·m~(-3).冬、夏季WSOC/OC值分别为67%±20%、69%±13%,且二次有机碳(SOC)与WSOC显著正相关,说明二次来源对WSOC有显著影响.冬季WSOC与O_3的负相关性不显著,与RH显著正相关;而夏季WSOC与O_3、RH的相关性正好与冬季相反,说明冬、夏季二次WSOC形成途径存在差异.冬季二次WSOC可能主要来自液相氧化,夏季可能主要来自光化学氧化.通过主成分因子分析法进一步确定南京北郊冬、夏季WSOC分别主要来源于二次来源和生物质燃烧、汽车尾气和扬尘.     

朔州市市区PM2.5中元素碳、有机碳的分布特征

采集朔州市市区4个点位采暖季和非采暖季环境空气PM2.5样品,利用Elementar Analysensysteme Gmb H vario EL cube型元素分析仪测定其中元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)和有机碳(organic carbon,OC)含量,并对碳组分的浓度水平、时空分布特征和主要来源进行分析.结果表明,朔州市市区非采暖季PM2.5中OC和EC的平均浓度为(14.3±2.7)μg·m-3和(10.3±3.1)μg·m-3,采暖季OC、EC平均浓度分别为(23.3±5.9)μg·m-3和(20.0±5.7)μg·m-3;4个点位OC和EC的浓度均表现为采暖季大于非采暖季,其中在采暖季,点位SW中OC和EC浓度分别为28.5μg·m-3和28.1μg·m-3,高于其它采样点,在非采暖季,点位PS中OC和EC的浓度分别为17.7μg·m-3和14.1μg·m-3高于其它采样点;采暖季和非采暖季PM2.5中OC/EC值均小于2,但OC和EC相关性不好(在采暖季和非采暖季的相关系数分别为0.66和0.52),说明PM2.5中碳气溶胶来源复杂.控制碳组分一次排放来源,如燃煤烟尘、生物质燃烧及机动车尾气排放,同时关注二次污染是控制朔州市PM2.5的关键.朔州市市区采暖季和非采暖季PM2.5中二次有机碳(secondary organic carbon,SOC)浓度分别为(6.44±2.77)μg·m-3和(4.11±1.92)μg·m-3.     

南京北郊冬夏季大气PM2.5中碳质组分浓度及同位素组成研究

为研究南京北郊不同季节PM_(2.5)中碳质组分的主要来源,分别在2014年1月1—23日和2014年7月3—22日进行PM_(2.5)样品采集,并分析其中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)浓度及总碳同位素组成.结果表明,冬季PM_(2.5)浓度高于夏季,平均值为(146.69±64.67)μg·m-3,OC、EC浓度较高,分别为(14.77±5.58)μg·m-3与(9.01±4.74)μg·m-3;而夏季PM_(2.5)浓度为(57.69±23.80)μg·m-3,OC、EC浓度分别为(5.94±2.20)μg·m-3和(2.78±1.25)μg·m-3.二次有机碳(SOC)占OC比重较小,冬、夏两季分别为36.99%与27.37%,这与采样点紧邻公路主干道使颗粒物未得到充分的二次反应有关.南京北郊冬季δ13C平均值为-25.38‰±0.36‰,夏季为-26.50‰±0.58‰,通过与潜在污染源的δ13C值对比,推断出采样期间冬季主要的潜在碳质污染源为煤炭燃烧及机动车尾气,夏季主要的潜在碳质污染源为生物质燃烧及汽车尾气.     

南京北郊夏季大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的污染特征

采用DRI Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪对2013年5~7月期间南京北郊大气气溶胶9级惯性撞击式分级Andersen采样器膜采样样品中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度进行了分析.结果表明,南京北郊夏季EC、OC的平均浓度,在PM2.1(空气动力学直径≤2.1μm)中分别为(2.6±1.1)μg·m-3、(13.0±5.2)μg·m-3,在PM9.0(空气动力学直径≤9.0μm)中,分别为(3.4±1.7)μg·m-3、(20.3±7.3)μg·m-3.EC主要富集在超细颗粒物中,OC主要存在于细颗粒物中,EC的PM1.1/PM9.0比值和OC的PM2.1/PM9.0比值分别为0.62和0.64.EC和OC浓度的平均最高值都出现在≤0.43μm粒径段中,分别占PM9.0中的总元素碳的33.4%和总有机碳的21.1%.南京北郊夏季PM1.1、PM2.1和PM9.0中EC、OC的相关性较好,说明存在共同的一次污染源.通过OC/EC特征物比值的方法得到南京夏季碳质颗粒物的主要来源有机动车尾气排放、燃煤排放和地面扬尘排放.     

太原市大气PM2.5中碳质组成及变化特征

采用DRI Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪测定了2009年冬季和2010年春季太原市区大气细粒子(PM2.5)中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的昼夜变化特征,分析了含碳物质的变化特征,并探讨了其来源.结果表明,PM2.5、OC、EC平均浓度水平和OC/EC平均值均呈现出冬季[(289.2±104.8)μg·m-3、(65.2±22.1)μg·m-3、(23.5±8.2)μg·m-3和2.8±0.3]高于春季[(248.6±68.6)μg·m-3、(29.7±6.2)μg·m-3、(20.2±5.4)μg·m-3和1.5±0.3],冬季夜晚[(309.3±150.0)μg·m-3、(74.6±19.5)μg·m-3、(24.3±6.6)μg·m-3和3.1±0.3]高于白天[(234.9±122.1)μg·m-3、(54.9±28.2)μg·m-3、(22.6±10.8)μg·m-3和2.5±0.5],春季白天[(292.5±120.8)μg·m-3、(32.7±10.5)μg·m-3、(22.7±10.1)μg·m-3和1.6±0.5]高于夜晚[(212.3±36.7)μg·m-3、(29.6±6.6)μg·m-3、(20.7±6.4)μg·m-3和1.5±0.2]的污染特征.这是因为冬季处于采暖期,特别是夜晚,煤和生物质燃烧量增加导致碳质颗粒物排放量增加以及大气温度低且稳定不利于污染物扩散;高的OC/EC是OC排放量增加所致而非二次有机碳(SOC)的贡献,因为气温低且太阳辐射弱不利于SOC的生成.春季白天PM2.5、OC和EC浓度水平高于夜晚可能是白天风速比夜晚大且相对湿度比夜晚低而更有利于城市扬尘形成所致,OC/EC高可能是白天温度较高且太阳辐射较强有利于SOC的生成.与国内其他城市相比,太原PM2.5、OC和EC均处于较高的浓度水平,表明太原碳质气溶胶污染严重,可能对城市灰霾形成有重要贡献.     

大气细颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳监测方法对比

在线精确测量大气细颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)是研究碳质气溶胶形成和来源解析的重要科学基础.在线测定仪器选取不同的升温程序可能导致OC和EC观测数据差异,造成对研究结果的误判.对比分析在线OC/EC分析仪最常使用的RT-Quartz(R法)、NIOSH 5040(N法)和Fast-TC(F法)这3种温度协议下获得的OC和EC实际观测结果,结合北京空气污染程度,讨论了3种分析程序观测结果的异同.结果表明,3种分析程序对TC(TC=OC+EC)、OC和EC的测量均无显著性差异,但存在一定偏差.对TC的测量,R法比N法低5%,比F法高1%;对OC的测量,R法比N法低9%,比F法高1%;对EC的测量,R法比N法高20%,比F法低11%,其中R法温度协议在不同空气质量下对TC、OC和EC测量的变异系数均小于N法和F法.使用R法的在线分析与小流量PM2.5石英膜采样-离线分析所测定的TC、OC和EC结果的线性拟合斜率分别为1.21、1.14和1.35,R2TC、R2OC和R2EC分别为0.99、0.99和0.98;R法测定的EC浓度显著低于多角度吸收光度计(MAAP)测定的BC浓度.当BC8μg·m-3时,EC/BC为0.39,而当BC8μg·m-3,EC/BC为0.88.EC与BC变化趋势相近,但浓度值存在系统误差.     

冬夏季广州城区碳气溶胶特征及其与O_3和气象条件的关联

2008年1月1日～31日和7月1日～31日在广州城区每天采集1个PM2.5样品,对样品进行碳成分分析,得到有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)浓度.同步观测了气象因子以及SO2、NO2、O3气态污染物浓度.结果发现,冬季和夏季PM2.5日均值质量浓度分别为(81.2±61.4)μg.m-3和(53.7±23.2)μg.m-3,OC质量浓度分别为(24.6±19.3)μg.m-3和(14.0±5.6)μg.m-3,EC质量浓度分别为(7.9±5.4)μg.m-3和(4.7±2.2)μg.m-3,OC/EC比值分别为2.9±0.6和3.2±1.0.冬夏季非降雨的稳定天气条件下二次有机碳气溶胶(SOC)浓度分别为(6.1±6.6)μg.m-3和(5.8±5.2)μg.m-3.冬夏季SOC和O3浓度显著相关(p0.01).东南风和西南风条件下,OC、EC浓度普遍较高,表明东莞、江门和佛山地区的工业污染源对广州地区污染物累积和霾天气的形成有一定的贡献.     

西安冬季非灰霾天与灰霾天PM2.5中水溶性有机氮污染特征比较

2012年12月4~13日在西安市运用大流量大气采样器进行每小时1次PM2.5样品采集,对其进行有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、水溶性总氮(WSTN)、水溶性有机氮(WSON)以及无机离子分析,探讨其浓度、组成、时间变化特征和来源.结果表明,采样期间西安PM2.5中WSON小时平均浓度为(12±9.4)μg·m-3,最高达31μg·m-3,平均占水溶性总氮(WSTN)的47%±9.8%,而无机氮NH+4-N和NO-3-N则平均分别占WSTN的29%±8.5%和23%±8.1%.WSON∶WSOC(N∶C)质量比值范围为0.04~0.65,平均为0.31±0.13.在非灰霾天(能见度>10 km)、轻霾天(5 km<能见度<10 km)和重霾天(能见度<5 km),WSON分别为(1.6±0.9)、(6.5±3.9)和(23±4.7)μg·m-3.WSOC/OC质量比值在整个观测期间无明显变化,但是WSON/WSOC(N∶C)质量比值从非灰霾天、轻霾天到重霾天呈逐步增大趋势,其均值分别为0.2±0.1、0.3±0.1和0.4±0.1,与颗粒物碱度减弱酸度增强相一致.此外,整个采样期间WSON与NH+4、SO2-4和NO-3呈强线性相关(R2>0.80),阴阳离子当量平衡进一步显示:WSON与颗粒物中和度呈负相关(R2=0.53).研究结果表明,大气中有机胺等气态水溶性含氮有机物可通过酸碱中和与颗粒相酸性物质反应,由气相转移到颗粒相,并且重霾天低温、高湿和静风的气象条件有利于这种酸碱中和导致的气固相转化,促使更多的WSON生成.     

南京北郊秋季PM2.5碳质组分污染特征及来源分析

本研究于2015年10~11月在南京北郊分昼夜采集PM_(2.5)样品,采用热光透射法(TOT)和离子色谱法对样品中的有机碳(OC)/元素碳(EC)和左旋葡聚糖(levoglucosan)的质量浓度特征进行分析.观测期间OC和EC的平均浓度分别为(11.3±4.9)μg·m-3和(1.1±0.9)μg·m-3,总碳TC占PM_(2.5)的质量分数为22.9%,OC/EC的平均值为7.4,SOC占OC的质量分数为51.9%.PM_(2.5)、OC、EC和SOC质量浓度都体现出夜晚白天的特征,白天OC和EC的相关性好于夜晚(相关性系数分别为0.86和0.7).通过分析PM_(2.5)、左旋葡聚糖和SOC质量浓度以及后向轨迹和火点数据可知南京北郊在13~16号受到来自河北等地生物质燃烧远距离输送的影响.采样期间K+和左旋葡聚糖与OC、EC和SOC的相关性显著(相关性系数分别为0.78、0.79和0.65),经受体示踪物方法估算采样期间生物质燃烧对OC的贡献为21.9%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.