浅析机动车燃料消耗排放量的检测计算及控制

现今,机动车的排气污染已经成为我国环保机构,大气控制环节中尤为重要的工作之一,可谓迫在眉睫、刻不容缓,机动车的燃料消耗污染影响着我国各个城市的环境质量。然而,我国的机动车活动水平数据还十分缺乏,其机动车行驶的里程只能通过有限的统计数据,甚至是一些非正式的调查以及研究来进行估算。我国,机动车的排放测试技术多样,包括台架测试法、公路隧道法、车载测试法等等,所以,就当前的形势而言机动车燃料减排控制具有重大且深远意义。     

机动车节能减排:国际经验与技术路径

目前中国机动车保有量已达2亿辆,但研究指出,到2030年,中国机动车保有量将继续增长至2.47亿～2.87亿辆.机动车已成为中国及世界很多国家能源消费、空气污染和温室气体排放的主要来源之一.为解决机动车发展伴随的空气污染、能源危机、气候变化及健康危害等问题,欧美日等发达国家通过制定法律法规、研发高能效车辆技术、开发清洁低碳燃料及实施有效的道路交通管理,不断致力于追求机动车节能减排的多种方案.     

液化石油气汽车尾气减排的研究与试验

为了减少机动车的尾气污染物排放,中国大、中城市大力推广使用燃气公共汽车和出租车,燃气汽车尾气污染物排放对城市环境影响,如何减少燃气汽车的尾气排放是目前面临的一个新课题。采用在燃气汽车燃料中加注适量的CPG-4型增效剂的方法进行对比实验研究,通过改善其燃烧特性,达到燃气汽车节能减排的目的。试验表明,在燃气汽车燃料中加注适量的CPG-4型增效剂能节约燃气消耗6%左右,大幅减少HC和PM的排放。     

机动车尾气VOCs排放特征及影响因素研究进展

机动车尾气排放是城市大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的重要来源之一,深入了解机动车尾气VOCs排放特征及其影响因素可以为其污染治理提供重要理论依据。台架试验和车载测试是研究尾气污染物排放特征的关键方法,该文主要综述了机动车尾气VOCs的实验研究进展,阐述了不同测试方法下的机动车尾气VOCs排放特征,对比了不同研究得到的VOCs排放因子及组分特征,包括燃料与车辆类型、排放标准、运行工况、启动方式、累计行驶里程及燃油组分等不同因素对VOCs排放的影响,并提出OVOCs组分的分析测定、机动车驾驶行为减排和生物质燃料的应用是未来研究重点关注的方向。     

机动车尾气污染及其减排措施

机动车的尾气排放已经对城市环境空气质量造成严重影响,成为城市大气主要污染源。中国城镇人口每年不断增加,直接导致中国机动车保有量的迅速加大,造成了机动车尾气污染的日益加剧,机动车尾气的治理已迫在眉睫。尾气成分复杂,污染物有百种以上,排放后再治理很困难,并直接伤害人体健康,因而,发展城市公共交通,减少小汽车的使用率,提高机动车尾气的排放标准,借鉴发达国家管理制度等管理措施;加强机动车能源的清洁化,使用氢燃料、乙醇汽油等燃料结构的改变;提高人们环保意识和养成良好的驾驶习惯等公众素质的提高,都是治理机动车尾气污染和改善城市环境质量的有效捷径。     

机动车代用燃料的尾气污染分析

通过对机动车代用燃料的ＣＯ、ＮＯＸ、ＨＣ及烟度等排放情况的分析，指出代用燃料在减轻机动车尾气污染、保护城市环境方面一般有着较好的表现，认为大力发展代用燃料是提高城市大气环境质量的有效途径。     

广州市机动车排气污染现状研究

研究了广州市机动车的排气污染分布状况，提出广州市汽车排放污染分布特点和出租车的排放污染分布因子等，对控制广州市机动车排放污染，建议应从源头抓起，改进车用燃料，控制在用车和发展公共交通等。     

广州市机动车尾气排放特征研究

文章利用COPERT IV模型计算广州市机动车尾气排放因子,结合机动车保有量和构成,获得2008年广州市机动车尾气排放总量并对排放因子的速度敏感性,以及不同车型、不同排放标准、不同燃料类型机动车排放特征进行了分析。结果表明:2008年广州市机动车CO、NOX、VOC和PM的排放总量分别为138 772.42 t、80 868.69 t、24 907.26 t和3 171.97 t。摩托车和小客车是CO和VOC的主要贡献车型,贡献率总和分别达到78.31%和70.52%;而作为NOX和PM的主要贡献车型,大客车和重型货车的贡献率总和分别达到78.94%和83.72%。国0标准机动车排放水平高于其他排放标准的车型,CO和VOC的排放分担率接近于保有量比例的2倍。汽油车是CO和VOC的主要贡献车型,其排放贡献率超过80%;而PM排放主要以柴油车为主;柴油车的NOX排放总量高,接近于汽油车的2倍。     

我国钢铁企业二氧化碳排放结构探讨

根据钢铁行业碳素流和直接排放计算原理,利用温室气体排放分析模型对几家典型大型钢铁联合企业的CO2排放进行了计算,结合钢铁行业的能源消耗情况对钢铁企业的CO2排放结构进行了分析,提出我国钢铁企业CO2的控制重点在于燃料消耗,需从降低高炉燃料比、优化副产煤气尤其是高炉煤气的回收利用、控制烧结固体燃料消耗等几个方面采取措施。     

珠江三角洲机动车污染物排放特征及分担率

建立了2006年珠江三角洲(以下简称为珠三角)地区机动车排放清单,获得了该地区分车型、区域以及燃料类型的机动车排放分担率. 结果表明:①珠三角地区不同车型的机动车污染排放分担率有显著差别,其中柴油大货车、汽油小客车和柴油小货车是机动车排放NO_x的主要来源,摩托车、汽油小货车和汽油小客车是机动车排放VOCs的主要来源,柴油大货车、柴油大客车和柴油小货车是机动车排放PM₁₀的主要来源;②广州、佛山、东莞和深圳等经济发达和快速发展地区的机动车污染物排放量均较大,这4个城市机动车NO_x,VOCs和PM₁₀的排放量之和分别占珠三角地区机动车排放总量的79.7%,69.8%和77.9%;③机动车燃油比例对污染排放影响显著. 汽油车(含摩托车)对VOCs的排放分担率较大(约为93.8%),而柴油车对NO_x和PM₁₀的排放分担率较大(分别为61.5%和84.0%).      

大气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的人为来源研究

在2002年春、夏、秋、冬四季对环境大气中挥发性有机化合物的组成和变化规律进行了研究,在此基础上运用CMB8.0受体模型对各类污染源进行了源解析,得到受体点各人为污染源的年平均贡献率分别为:汽车尾气62%,汽油挥发9%,石油液化气10%,涂料6%,石油化工6%,未知源6%.对不同物种贡献的分析显示,环境大气中的乙烯、苯和甲苯等化合物主要来自于汽车尾气的排放,异戊烷来自于汽油的挥发,石油液化气、涂料、石油化工分别对大气中的异丁烷、正己烷和2,4-二甲基戊烷贡献量最大.     

某污染场地地下水石油烃的健康风险评估及其微生物群落分析

有机污染场地地下水石油烃污染问题较为普遍,对周边环境和人体健康造成一定影响. 为探究污染场地地下水环境中石油烃含量、健康风险及其与微生物群落分布关系,对天津市某污染场地地下水石油烃开展健康风险评估调查,使用气相色谱法分析石油烃浓度,利用污染场地健康与环境风险评估软件进行健康风险评估,利用高通量测序技术进行地下水微生物群落特征分析. 结果表明:①5个监测井的石油烃污染情况有显著差异,A1～A4监测井石油烃浓度较低,健康风险处于可接受水平;A5监测井石油烃浓度是其他4个监测井的60～100倍,总石油烃危害商为44.990,为可接受值的45倍,健康风险较高. ②4个监测井地下水中均含有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),说明这两种细菌对石油烃污染有一定耐受能力. A5监测井细菌Chao指数和Shannon-Wiener指数最高,说明细菌多样性和丰富度最高,且该监测井变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)绝对丰度均较高,说明一定浓度石油烃的存在会促进具有降解石油烃功能的细菌生长. 研究显示,一定浓度石油烃的存在使石油烃降解菌绝对丰度增加,从而增加了对石油烃的降解能力,增强了石油烃的自然衰减能力,有利于降低人体健康风险.      

Life cycle analysis and choice of natural gas-based automotive alternative fuels in Chongqing Municipality,China

Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source. A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains. The objective of this study is to carry out an economic, environmental and energy (EEE) life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conventional gasoline in an abundant region of China. A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE, in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol, dimethylether (DME) and Fischer Tropsch diesel (FTD). The study included fuel production, vehicle production, vehicle operation, infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system. A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline. Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources. Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale, direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an economical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly. The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles, and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing. The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.     

生命周期方法在天然气基汽车燃料评价中的运用

运用生命周期评价方法,对以天然气为原料生产压缩天然气、甲醇、二甲醚、柴油4种汽车代用燃料系统进行生命周期的能源、环境和经济评价,评价结果是：压缩天然气系统生命周期内的能耗相对少,总成本相对低,对生态环境更友好,压缩天然气是富含天然气地区一段时期内汽车代用燃料的优先选择．     

黄河入海口沉积物脂肪烃的分布特征及源解析

为探讨黄河流域生态环境变化对莱州湾生态环境的影响,本研究分析测试了黄河入海口70 cm沉积物柱状样的总有机质参数、脂肪烃组成及含量。结果表明：1968年前,黄河入海口沉积物中有机质含量较低,陆源高等植物源有机质和人类活动源石油烃在沉积物有机质中的占比都较低,藻类、细菌源有机质为沉积物有机质的主要来源;1968-2001年,黄河入海口沉积物中有机质含量逐年增高,沉积物中陆源有机质和人类活动源石油烃含量都呈增长趋势;2001-2010年,黄河入海口沉积物中有机质含量较低,其中,藻类、细菌源有机质占比增大,人类活动源的石油烃污染仍然明显;2010年后,黄河入海口沉积物中有机质含量又呈增高趋势,且沉积物中陆源有机质和人类活动源石油烃含量也呈增长趋势。综上所述,黄河入海口区域有机质污染程度较轻,沉积物有机质呈自然源和人类活动源混合输入特征,其中,人类活动源石油烃是该区域有机质污染的主要来源。     

武汉市公交车内噪声监测与分析

对武汉市区公交车内的噪声进行监测,用等效连续声级、噪声污染综合指数及污染等级等指标对车厢内的噪声进行分析评价,对普通公交车及新型空调公交车内的噪声状况进行对比分析,并对车内的主要噪声源进行监测。结果发现,武汉市区公交车内普遍存在噪声超标的情况;空调公交车中无车载电视的公交车声环境较好。公交车内噪声的等效连续声级均超过75 dB（A）;噪声污染综合指数均超过1.0,属声环境恶化一类;噪声污染级都大于80。呼吁有关部门尽快出台相关的标准来规范公交车内的声环境,给人们的出行提供一个良好的乘车环境。     

含油污泥处理技术进展

石油工业生产的特征固体废物——含油污泥,是一种由石油烃、水、固体颗粒物和其他物质（如重金属）组成的固态/半固态复合物,因毒性和易燃性被归入危险废物管理。我国含油污泥年产量高达500万t,其中含有15%~50%的石油烃。含油污泥的处理要兼顾无害化和资源化。基于其组成、性质和危害,介绍了含油污泥的油品资源化分离法（离心、溶剂萃取、热解）和无害化剩余含油残渣处理法（焚烧、固化、生物处理）等国内外常用的处理方法。大体上,含油污泥的处理思路为,首先预处理降低含水率、提高含油率,再经油品分离法回收含油污泥中的石油烃,最后无害化处理剩余含油残渣。讨论了各方法的特点以及国内外研究进展,提出了含油污泥处理技术的发展建议。     

Environmental management system and human resource practices: is there a link between them in four Brazilian companies?

The aim of this article is to analyze the theoretical model proposed by [Jabbour CJC, Santos FCA. Relationships between human resource dimensions and environmental management in companies: proposal of a model. Journal of Cleaner Production 2008;16(1):51–8.] based on the data collected in four Brazilian companies. This model investigates how the phases of the environmental management system can be linked to human resource practices in order to attain continuous improvement of a company's environmental performance. Our aim is to contribute to a field, which has little empirical evidence. Although the interaction between the phases of the environmental management system and human resource practices is recommended by the specialized literature [Daily BF, Huang S. Achieving sustainability through attention to human resource factors in environmental management. International Journal of Operations and Production Management 2001;21(12):1539–52.], the results indicate that most of the theoretical assumptions could not be confirmed in these Brazilian companies.     

Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in eight mollusc species along Tamilnadu coast, Bay of Bengal, India

Eight mollusc species and sediment samples collected from three different stations along Tamilnadu coast, Bay of Bengal, India were analysed for the levels of petroleum hydrocarbons to elucidate the status of the petroleum residues in mollusc meant for human consumption. The concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments along Tamilnadu coast varied from 5.04–25.5 g/g dw (dry weight). High concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the sediment of Uppanar estuary (25.5 1.45 g/g dw) was perhaps land and marine based anthropogenic sources of this region. The petroleum hydrocarbon residues in eight mollusc species collected from Uppanar, Vellar and Coleroon estuaries varied between 2.44–6.04 g/g ww (wet weight). Although the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment of the Uppanar region was markedly higher than the background, the petroleum hydrocarbon residues in mollusc collected from Uppanar estuary did not suggest bioaccumulation. The results signified that industrial growth has affected the aquatic environments and regular monitoring will help to adopt stringent pollution control measures for better management of the aquatic region.     

On-board measurement of emissions from liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline and diesel powered passenger cars in Algeria

On-board measurements of unit emissions of CO,HC,NOx and CO2 were conducted on 17 private cars powered by different types of fuels including gasoline,dual gasoline–liquefied petroleum gas(LPG),gasoline,and diesel. The tests performed revealed the effect of LPG injection technology on unit emissions and made it possible to compare the measured emissions to the European Artemis emission model. A sequential multipoint injection LPG kit with no catalyst installed was found to be the most efficient pollutant reduction device for all of the pollutants,with the exception of the NOx. Specific test results for a sub-group of LPG vehicles revealed that LPG-fueled engines with no catalyst cannot compete with catalyzed gasoline and diesel engines. Vehicle age does not appear to be a determining parameter with regard to vehicle pollutant emissions. A fuel switch to LPG offers many advantages as far as pollutant emissions are concerned,due to LPG's intrinsic characteristics.However,these advantages are being rapidly offset by the strong development of both gasoline and diesel engine technologies and catalyst converters. The LPG's performance on a chassis dynamometer under real driving conditions was better than expected. The enforcement of pollutant emission standards in developing countries is an important step towards introducing clean technology and reducing vehicle emissions.