手机辐射的危害

手机辐射危害人体健康，这一点在世界各国早成定论。正是基于手机辐射对人体有害的共识，世界各国政府都制定了手机辐射的安全标准。我国也在前不久公布了手机辐射安全标准的征求意见稿。为什么手机辐射会对人体造成危害？手机主要是通过天线辐射微波，微波具有很强的穿透力。这种微波辐射传播的是能量。根据能量守恒定律可知，辐射到人体的微波会将其能量传递给人体（例如大脑或眼睛等），并转化为其他形式的能量，产生致热效应和非致热效应。总之，微波的能量不会消灭。微波炉能在较短时间内将鲜肉烧熟，就是微波能量转化为热能的结果。频…     

微波吸波屏防护装置

微波是一种彼长极短、频率极高的电磁波,频率通常在300兆周以上。随着微波技术应用的推广,解决微波辐射对人员危害的问题也更为迫切。微波辐射源有磁控管、行波管、速调管等,微波辐射的生物效应主要决定于频率、功率密度和接触时间,而功率密度的大小是与距辐射源的距离平方成反     

矿井热宽温度环境人体热健康分区热调节模型*

为评价矿井热环境中工人职业健康安全状况,提出矿井热宽温度环境人体热健康状态的基本特征与生理要求,分析热宽温度环境人体分区热调节规律与热健康状态的对应关系。基于生物控制论的观点,提出热宽温度范围内不同热应力作用下人体分区热调节机制,建立人体分区热调节模型。结果表明:模型能实现对环境热应力作用下人体物理热平衡状态与生理状态的参数化描述,揭示多因素作用下人体热健康状态的热应力边界与变化规律。分区热调节模型提供了人体热健康状态定量模拟平台,通过参数调整可使模型适应研究需求,模型为井下热环境工人职业健康安全状况分析与评价提供了可参考的思路与方法。     

话中暑

中暑是一种高温环境下发生的急性疾病,是人体散热机制发生障碍所造成的。在正常情况下,无论冬天或夏天,人的体温总是保持在36.5-37℃之间。这是由于人体本身有着调节体温的中枢,使人体产生的热量和放出的热量保持平衡。人吃的食物在体内产生的热和肌肉活动产生的热叫做“体热”。体热可以通过三种方式放散出来。一种是当空气温度比人体皮肤温度低的时候,皮肤把热传给身体附近的空气,由空气把热带走,这叫做“对流”。一种是身体将热直接放射到周围的物体上,这叫做“辐射”。另一种是出汗,当大气温度超过33℃时,对流和辐射散热几乎停止,人体主要靠出汗散     

电磁波与安全

人类在发展电磁波应用技术的同时，必须注意安全问题。人体各组织都有电性能及对部分电磁波的吸收特性；电磁波引起的生物效应可分为热效应与非热效应，人的眼晶状体及睾丸最容易受热效应的影响。国外就电磁波辐射致死量进行了大量的动物实验，为了防止电磁波对人体的危害，部分国家已制定了有关电磁波辐射允许量的安全标准。     

暖体假人模拟人体热反应测控模型的研究

通过低温下人体非蒸发散热规律的研究与应用,建立了暖体假人模拟人体热反应仿真测控模型,该测控模型具有很好的调节品质和实用价值。     

消防员职业安全健康风险及运动潜在调节效应:基于复原力相关生物标志物视角

为从自然科学角度解释消防员在面临极端工作压力下造成心理塌陷或振作的成因，探究潜在的调节效应，首先，整理归纳消防职业压力对复原力相关生物标志物的影响；其次，借鉴不同特种人群在复原力相关生物标志物研究领域的成果，探寻构建与消防职业相适宜的复原力生物监测模型的路径；最后，从运动角度出发，阐释消防员是否在抵抗消防职业压力对复原力相关生物标志物产生的负面影响方面具有潜在调节效应。结果表明：消防职业压力会打破复原力生物适应的平衡状态，对消防员职业安全健康产生不利影响；与消防职业相适宜的复原力生物监测模型，需在借鉴不同特种人群指标选择的基础上，以适当生物标志物的平衡组合为基础构建；运动在促进神经内分泌稳态平衡、上调合成代谢、提高抗炎方面对复原力相关生物标志物的良性发展具有潜在调节效应。     

微波作用下煤层渗透性变化规律实验研究

为了深入研究微波辐射条件下功率、辐射时间、渗透率、有效应力之间的关系,采用自行设计的微波辐射含瓦斯煤渗流实验系统,进行了不同微波功率、不同辐射时间条件下的煤样渗透率测量实验。研究结果表明:微波辐射条件下,渗透率与有效应力之间遵循负指数函数关系,拟合结果R2均大于0.98;渗透率随微波功率和辐射时间的增加单调递增,并且在低有效应力区数据增长的线性拟合斜率大于高有效应力区;煤样在微波作用下,相同的能量输入,微波功率越高,煤样渗透率越大;研究结果为微波辐射技术在煤层气开采领域的应用提供理论参考。     

微波生物效应与人体健康

自从18世纪以来,科学家就对电磁场(EMFs)和各种生命过程的相互作用产生浓厚的兴趣.他们的注意力主要集中在不同频率范围内的电磁场,其中微波是电磁波谱重要的组成部分.微波本质是一种频率在300MHz至300GHz之间电磁波,相应的波长区域为1m至1mm.它具有波动性、高频性、热效应和非热效应四大基本特性.微波不仅能够穿透到生物组织内部,使偶极分子和蛋白质的极性侧链以极高的频率振荡,增加分子的运动,并可导致热量的产生,而且能够对氢键、疏水键和范德瓦尔斯键产生作用,使其重新分配,从而改变蛋白质的构象与活性.微波与生物组织的相互作用主要表现为热效应和非热效应.由于极其缺少有关微波和生物体系相互作用机理的信息,确定和评价微波的生物效应又很复杂,因此,在物理和工程学界一直对微波的生物效应存有争议.     

微波作业人员的膳食

微波作业人员常年受电磁波辐射。科学测定,高强度微波辐射机体,会变为热能,导致人的体温和皮温升高;低强度的微波辐射,可转换为化学能,久之可引起中枢神经、植物神经及心血管系统的慢性损伤。为了减轻微波辐射的危害,必须加强作业防护,同时还应有合理的营养配给。 营养学家对微波站的测试结果表明,维生素对于保持微波作业人员的视觉器官和皮肤、神经系统的正常状态,具有重要意义。尤其是维生素A,只有当其供给量达到1300国际单位时,才能维持作业人员的正常活动。 缺乏维生素A,引起的临床症状主要反映在皮肤和眼部。因为维生素A的主要功用是…     

Mortality Risk in Pediatric Motor Vehicle Crash Occupants: Accounting for Developmental Stage and Challenging Abbreviated Injury Scale Metrics

Objective: Survival risk ratios (SRRs) and their probabilistic counterpart, mortality risk ratios (MRRs), have been shown to be at odds with Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) severity scores for particular injuries in adults. SRRs have been validated for pediatrics but have not been studied within the context of pediatric age stratifications. We hypothesized that children with similar motor vehicle crash (MVC) injuries may have different mortality risks (MR) based upon developmental stage and that these MRs may not correlate with AIS severity.

Methods: The NASS-CDS 2000–2011 was used to define the top 95% most common AIS 2+ injuries among MVC occupants in 4 age groups: 0–4, 5–9, 10–14, and 15–18 years. Next, the National Trauma Databank 2002–2011 was used to calculate the MR (proportion of those dying with an injury to those sustaining the injury) and the co-injury-adjusted MR (MR_MAIS) for each injury within 6 age groups: 0–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–18, 0–18, and 19+ years. MR differences were evaluated between age groups aggregately, between age groups based upon anatomic injury patterns and between age groups on an individual injury level using nonparametric Wilcoxon tests and chi-square or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate. Correlation between AIS and MR within each age group was also evaluated.

Results: MR and MR_MAIS distributions of the most common AIS 2+ injuries were right skewed. Aggregate MR of these most common injuries varied between the age groups, with 5- to 9-year-old and 10- to 14-year-old children having the lowest MRs and 0- to 4-year-old and 15- to 18-year-old children and adults having the highest MRs (all P <.05). Head and thoracic injuries imparted the greatest mortality risk in all age groups with median MR_MAIS ranging from 0 to 6% and 0 to 4.5%, respectively. Injuries to particular body regions also varied with respect to MR based upon age. For example, thoracic injuries in adults had significantly higher MR_MAIS than such injuries among 5- to 9-year-olds and 10- to 14-year-olds (P =.04; P <.01). Furthermore, though AIS was positively correlated with MR within each age group, less correlation was seen for children than for adults. Large MR variations were seen within each AIS grade, with some lower AIS severity injuries demonstrating greater MRs than higher AIS severity injuries. As an example, MR_MAIS in 0- to 18-year-olds was 0.4% for an AIS 3 radius fracture versus 1.4% for an AIS 2 vault fracture.

Conclusions: Trauma severity metrics are important for outcome prediction models and can be used in pediatric triage algorithms and other injury research. Trauma severity may vary for similar injuries based upon developmental stage, and this difference should be reflected in severity metrics. The MR-based data-driven determination of injury severity in pediatric occupants of different age cohorts provides a supplement or an alternative to AIS severity classification for pediatric occupants in MVCs.     

Employee behaviors before and after stress management

A quasi-experiment was used to compare employee behaviors before and after stress management training. Organizational records on employee absenteeism, performance ratings, equipment accidents, and work injuries were obtained for highway maintenance workers who received biofeedback (BIO=21) or muscle relaxation (MR=16) training. Similar data were gathered for a comparison group of employees who did not volunteer for training (n = 80). The pre-training period (time 1) consisted of 2 1/2 years. The post-training period was divided into the year immediately after training (time 2) and the following 1/2 year (time 3). Multiple regression analyses indicated that the MR (but not BIO) group variable explained unique variance in time 2 absenteeism (p < 0.05) but not in performance ratings, equipment accidents, nor work injuries (p > 0.05). Neither group entered predictive models for any measure at time 3 (p > 0.05). The results provide limited support for relaxation training offered as a prevention activity in work settings.     

人的失误理论研究进展

人的失误理论研究已进入结合认知心理学并以人的失误动态过程为研究热点的阶段。笔者回顾了人的失误理论研究的进展,讨论了相关的人的认知行为类型、认知失误的基本概念和人的失误模型。例如适用于不同情景和应用条件的几种模型:刺激-调制-响应(S-O-R)模型;失误的决策阶梯(Step-ladder)模型;通用GEMS模型以及Worledge认知模型。由于人的行为的复杂性和难以预测性造成了人的可靠性分析(HRA)的困难,因此,对人的行为的深入了解必须从人的行为特性及其规律性入手,将人的可靠性分析与行为科学理论结合起来,揭示人的失误发生的内在规律。与此同时,重点分析了概率安全评价技术(PSA)中如何对人的失误事件进行定量估计;如何考虑人的心理因素影响的几种重要的人的失误理论模型,并对今后这该领域中的研究方向进行了讨论。     

A fuzzy Bayesian network approach to improve the quantification of organizational influences in HRA frameworks

Organizational factors are the major root causes of human errors, while there have been no formal causal model of human behavior to model the effects of organizational factors on human reliability. The purpose of this paper is to develop a fuzzy Bayesian network (BN) approach to improve the quantification of organizational influences in HRA (human reliability analysis) frameworks. Firstly, a conceptual causal framework is built to analyze the causal relationships between organizational factors and human reliability or human error. Then, the probability inference model for HRA is built by combining the conceptual causal framework with BN to implement causal and diagnostic inference. Finally, a case example is presented to demonstrate the specific application of the proposed methodology. The results show that the proposed methodology of combining the conceptual causal model with BN approach can not only qualitatively model the causal relationships between organizational factors and human reliability but also can quantitatively measure human operational reliability, and identify the most likely root causes or the prioritization of root causes causing human error.     

核电厂运行人员可靠性研究中若干问题的分析

对已有人因可靠性分析模型进行归纳总结,结合核电厂运行人员可靠性研究实际,对人因分类、人因建模、数据采样及人因数据库完善等方面存在的问题进行分析,并提出可能的解决办法或研究方向:在人因分类方式上,要加强因素之间的细化程度,以降低评价的模糊性;在人因量化方面,要重点考虑其所依赖的HRA模型、数学依据、结果精确度等3个方面的影响;对待数据采集的问题,规范性数据采集平台的构建是确保数据一致性的关键措施,并有利于不同HRA模型之间接口相容性问题的解决;人因数据库管理系统的智能决策功能是研发设计的趋势。     

基于人误系统复合状态(MSHES)的人误防范理论研究

评析国内外以第一代人因可靠性分析(静态)、第二代人因可靠性分析(动态)为主体形成的人误防范理论和方法;针对目前不能量化人的生理、认知、心理等相关非结构性和非确定性参数和数据的"瓶颈",建立基于人-机-环系统业务流程的人误系统复合状态(Multiplex State ofHumanErrors System,MSHES)结构模型;探求运用粗糙集数据挖掘,对资深专业人员的经验规则信息、人因事故或事件分析的信息,挖掘人因层次结构中的根因与人误层次结构中的差错之间的关联关系,构建基于规则的人误防范专家系统结构模型;探究人的风险性评估和人误防范理论。     

基于视频图像的交通枢纽综合体人体检测

针对交通枢纽综合体人体检测的问题,提出一种基于梯度方向直方图(HOG)人体模型特征的检测算法。该方法通过提取人体样本库的HOG特征,用支持向量机算法(SVM)对样本的HOG特征进行分类训练。为了提高算法的精确度和适用性,以南京南站的监控视频为依据建立交通枢纽综合体人体样本库。并以南京南站监控视频和校园拍摄的人员视频作为测试集。结果证明,本算法可以有效识别交通枢纽综合体各种特征人体。     

The implementation of a human factors engineering checklist for human–system interfaces upgrade in nuclear power plants

The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a human factors engineering (HFE) checklist for human–system interfaces (HSIs) upgrades in nuclear power plants (NPPs). The HFE checklist is used to review the HSIs design submittals prepared by licensees or applicants for a license or design certification of a HSI upgrade. NUREG-series regulation documents are used to develop the main frame of the initial HFE checklist. The contents of the HFE checklist are constructed by the theories and principles governing human factors. Then, verification and validation (V&V) of the HFE checklist is accomplished by validity and reliability evaluation. The results show that the HFE checklist has sufficient validity and reliability for the review of HSI upgrades in NPPs.     

A dynamic Bayesian networks modeling of human factors on offshore blowouts

An application of dynamic Bayesian networks for quantitative risk assessment of human factors on offshore blowouts is presented. Human error is described using human factor barrier failure (HFBF), which consists of three categories of factors, including individual factor barrier failure (IFBF), organizational factor barrier failure (OFBF) and group factor barrier failure (GFBF). The structure of human factors is illustrated using pseudo-fault tree, which is defined by incorporating the intermediate options into fault tree in order to eliminate the binary restriction. A methodology of translating pseudo-fault tree into Bayesian networks and dynamic Bayesian networks taking repair into consideration is proposed and the propagation is performed. The results show that the human factor barrier failure probability only increases within the first two weeks and rapidly reaches a stable level when the repair is considered, whereas it increases continuously when the repair action is not considered. The results of mutual information show that the important degree sequences for the three categories of human factors on HFBF are: GFBF, OFBF and IFBF. In addition, each individual human factor contributes different to the HFBF, those which contribute much should given more attention in order to improve the human reliability and prevent the potential accident occurring.     

高温环境下不同体力劳动强度对心血管负荷指数影响研究

基于心率变化的心血管负荷指数作为评估人体疲劳程度的指标之一,得到国内外专家学者的广泛研究。为进一步研究高温环境下不同体力劳动强度对心血管负荷指数的影响,探讨高温作业下不同劳动强度人体疲劳程度的变化,分析出不同温度下人体可接受的体力劳动强度。通过采用实验仓模拟不同的高温环境,以心血管负荷指数(%CVL)作为人体疲劳程度的分级指标,最终得到了高温环境下从事不同体力劳动强度的心血管负荷指数回归方程,以及不同高温环境下人体可承受能力下可进行的体力劳动强度,为高温环境劳动者制定合理和健康的作业安排提供科学依据。