青海油田采油一厂采出水处理技术改进

尕斯库勒联合站采出水治理是青海油田采油一厂环境保护的一项重要工作。为了对油田采出水进行综合治理,尕斯库勒联合站先后对原有的采出水处理系统进行了四次技术改造,通过多年的实践与探索,找到了满足青海油田采出水处理需求较为成熟的采出水处理技术。     

气田采出水处理系统优化运行效果评价

长北天然气处理厂气田采出水处理系统自投运以来,在生产运行过程中存在采出水悬浮物含量高、油份处理效果差的状况,回注水中含油、悬浮物较高,回注泵故障频发,回注压力高。分析水质变差原因,同时对现有采出水处理系统进行分析,优化缓蚀剂加注方案,制定加药程序,引入新设备、新工艺提升采出水处理效果,使回注水含油量、悬浮物含量达到回注标准。     

回用锅炉的热采稠油采出水软化工艺

针对我国热采稠油油田所面临的采出水处理难的问题，对国内外热采稠油采出水的处理方法进行了广泛、深入、全面的调查研究。着重介绍了热采采出水作注汽锅炉给水的各种软化工艺及处理方法。     

气田采出水处理系统优化运行效果评价

长北天然气处理厂气田采出水处理系统自投运以来,在生产运行过程中存在采出水悬浮物含量高、油分处理效果差的状况,回注水中含油、悬浮物较高,回注泵故障频发,回注压力高。分析水质变差原因,同时对现有采出水处理系统进行分析,优化缓蚀剂加注方案,制定加药程序,引入新设备、新工艺提升采出水处理效果,使回注水含油量、悬浮物含量达到SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》要求。     

国外油气田采出水处理新进展

对油气田采出水，国外普遍采用的处理方法是回注。但是在没有回注条件的地区必须将采出水处理后排放在地表水系，而对排放在地表水系的水有严格的规定，现在有些国家执行排放水含油量40mg／L的新标准，废止72mg／L的标准，原有污水处理设施需要改进。针对这个问题，文章介绍了国外在执行新标准后采用的新的油气田采出水处理工艺、设备以及新型澄清剂。     

重庆气矿气田采出水处理现状分析

重庆气矿气田采出水水质复杂,为提高处理效果,详细分析了出水水质状况,从处理设备和技术、处理药剂等现有处理工艺方面对气田采出水处理现状进行了综述,并结合国内外处理技术的发展现状,对改进重庆气矿过滤器中常用滤料的选取、缓蚀、阻垢及杀菌措施的确定、混凝剂的加注以及监测手段等提出了建议。     

接触氧化法在油田含聚采出水中的应用实例

介绍了聚结除油─生物接触氧化─气浮工艺在新疆油田高含聚采出水处理中的应用。采出水处理规模为6 000m3/d,设计进水聚合物、悬浮物和含油浓度分别为600,300,3 000mg/L,经过一系列物理沉降和生化处理,出水悬浮物和含油浓度均可达到≤20mg/L,出水水质可满足Q/SY XJ0030─2015《油田注入水分级水质指标》中所规定的高渗注水要求。生物接触氧化法处理含聚采出水具有处理成本低,处理效果稳定的特点,采出水处理成本为1.66元/m~3,具有良好的经济效益和环境效益。     

页岩气采出水处理及回用现状分析

介绍了页岩气采出水的产排特征,国内页岩气采出水的处理及回用现状,并总结出3项采出水处理技术,即:回注、简单处理后回用及处理至SY/T 6596—2004《气田水回注方法》达标,进行回注,以采出水复配压裂液为主要污水。这3种处理方式可以处理页岩气采出水,为污水达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》做技术储备,并降低采出水对土壤、地表水等可能造成的环境污染风险。     

石西油田采出水资源合理化利用研究与应用

针对石西油田各区块采出液水质成分复杂、自结垢趋势严重、水质不配伍等情况,开展采出水稳定性控制等问题的攻关研究,采用预催化—强化絮凝水处理技术思路,评价药剂体系,复配除硫型净水剂,消耗水中还原性物质,使采出水稳定性提高。并通过对采出水走向进行合理调配,实现了石南采出水100%有效回注,达到了采出水资源合理化利用的目的。     

油田采出水处理系统用药剂进展

介绍了油田采出水回注处理包括水质净化和水质稳定两方面。通过应用分析得出最佳药剂投加顺序依次为阻垢剂、杀菌剂、缓蚀剂。指出新型药剂和绿色药剂研究的侧重点,提出开发无毒、无害的绿色工业水处理药剂是重要发展方向。     

COST-EFFECTIVE REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR WATER QUALITY LIMITED STREAMS1

With the pressure from industries and municipalities to reduce the waste water treatment costs associated with the permit limits needed to attain the goals of the Clean Water Act, attention has turned ways of introducing flexibility into the regulations without sacrificing the water quality goals. Wisconsin is the first state to have adopted a variety of options from which dischargers may choose when meeting their water quality requirements. These options were developed for the express purpose of minimizing the costs and maximizing the flexibility of the point source water quality regulations while ensuring that permitted discharge would not violate the water quality standards. This paper presents five options that the state has made available to dischargers, as well as one the state did not adopt. The conclusion is that a mix of options can substantially increase the flexibility and reduce the costs of meeting water quality standards on effluent limited streams.     

硅藻土水处理剂对采出水絮凝试验

不同加药量的采出水絮凝试验表明:硅藻土是一种能够用于采出水处理工艺的新型药剂,絮凝沉降后水的浊度可降低到1NTU左右,悬浮物的体积浓度降低到0.0005%以下,颗粒物的分布特征值向有利于通过过滤工艺去除的大尺度方向变化。适当的加药量为50mg/L。     

Deriving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Standards

Achieving and maintaining the water quality conditions necessary to protect the aquatic living resources of the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries has required a foundation of quantifiable water quality criteria. Quantitative criteria serve as a critical basis for assessing the attainment of designated uses and measuring progress toward meeting water quality goals of the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership. In 1987, the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership committed to defining the water quality conditions necessary to protect aquatic living resources. Under section 303(c) of the Clean Water Act, States and authorized tribes have the primary responsibility for adopting water quality standards into law or regulation. The Chesapeake Bay Program partnership worked with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop and publish a guidance framework of ambient water quality criteria with designated uses and assessment procedures for dissolved oxygen, water clarity, and chlorophyll a for Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries in 2003. This article reviews the derivation of the water quality criteria, criteria assessment protocols, designated use boundaries, and their refinements published in six addendum documents since 2003 and successfully adopted into each jurisdiction's water quality standards used in developing the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load.     

地震对城乡地表水水质长期影响分析——以四川省宝兴县为例

为研究地震前后地表水水质变化规律,以2013年4月20日雅安地震重灾区—宝兴县地表水水质变化为例,对2012 ～2019年宝兴县赵家坝断面地表水水质监测数据收集整理,单因子评价法、污染指数法(单项污染指数、综合污染指数和有机污染综合指数)和水质指数模式优化法对地震前后地表水质进行分析.结果 表明,此次地震引起水体中污染...     

对饮用水中有机污染物的控制

以保护饮用水的水质为出发点，控制饮用水中有机污染物为目的，本文介绍了有机污染物对饮用水水质的影响，着重从治理污染源和加强饮用水的深度处理等方面讨论了对饮用水中有机污染物的控制。     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMBINED WATER QUALITY INDEX1

ABSTRACT: Use-oriented benefits and treatment costs analysis has been incorporated into a water quality index to show an economically optimized concentration for the treatment of the pollutants and the resulting water quality. This combined water quality index can be used in decisionmaking at the federal and local government levels. Five major pollutants, i.e., coliforms, nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended solids, and detergent, have been considered for the municipal waste water. With each higher level of improvement the treatment costs increase accordingly and the benefits associated with the reuse of this treated waste water will increase too but not for the nutrient removal in agricultural use. The optimal concentration is determined when the marginal costs equal the marginal benefits. The combined water quality index is the combination of the maximum net benefits and the water quality index of the optimized residual concentrations. This water quality index is zero dollars for the Tucson region in this study. The possible reclaimed use of municipal waste water is for agricultural irrigation and recreational lakes for the Tucson region.     

EXCEL在原水水质评价中的应用

采用综合水质指数法对原水水质评价的过程中,水质指数的计算十分繁琐,出错率高,且不易校核。本文运用Excel电子表格处理软件自动计算水质指数,可以大大减小水质指数计算的工作量,明显提高工作效率。     

DESIGN OF AN INDEX OF WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the formulation of an Index of Water Quality to evaluate the level of pollution in fresh water. A Four-Round Delphi equation, using a panel of seven nationally recognized water scientists, was performed to ascertain the pollutants to be included in the index, the relationship between the quantity of these pollutants in the water and the resulting quality of the water, and the importance of each pollution variable to each water use as well as to overall pollution. A multiplicative index was used to bring the pollutants together into one system.     

Assessment of Quality for Middle Level and High School Student‐Generated Water Quality Data

Student scientists have analyzed groundwater used for drinking water in rural areas to understand groundwater quality. This was part of a greater effort to understand risks to drinking water. The data produced by middle level and high school students have not been accepted by experts because of concerns about method and student accuracy. We assessed the inherent errors associated with method accuracy, student precision, and sample variability to establish bounds for attainable trueness in water analyses. Analytical test kits and probes were evaluated for the determination of pH, conductivity, chloride, hardness, iron, total soluble metals, and nitrate. In terms of precision, all methods met or exceeded design specifications. Method trueness was variable and in general ranged from good to poor depending on method. A gage reproducibility and repeatability analysis of instrumental methods (pH and conductivity) partitioned the variances into student error (12‐46%), instrumental error (8‐21%), and random error (45‐68%). Overall, student‐generated data met some of the quality objectives consistent with the method limitations. Some methods exhibited a systematic bias and data adjustment may be necessary. Given good management of the student analyst process, it is possible to make precise and accurate measurements consistent with the methods specifications.     

IMPACT OF DROUGHT ON QUALITY IN A NEW JERSEY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT. New Jersey, together with other states in the northeast, was stricken with drought during 1961-66. The effect of this drought was most severe in the northern part of the State. The water quality of the Passaic River, which drains the urban, industrialized northeast, perhaps deteriorated the most among the major drainage systems. This river system is used as a raw-water source by 10 water suppliers. The impact of the drought upon the water supply of the Passaic Valley Water Commission, the most downstream of the basin's suppliers, which supplies an average of about 90 million gallons a day to more than 650,000 persons, is evaluated herein. The drought's impact on the raw-water quality is appraised by the comparison of before-and-after qualities of dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical-oxygen demand, turbidity, and hardness. For example, at the worst point during the drought, monthly average dissolved-solids content in the raw water were about 210 percent, hardness, about 167 percent, and biochemical-oxygen demand about 270 percent higher than antecedent values. In general, the study concludes that the drought produced a deterioration in both raw and finished water quality, and is estimated to have increased chemical-treatment costs during the drought by about $650,000.