煤矿综掘面泡沫降尘技术研究与实施

针对煤矿综掘面粉尘治理技术中存在的不足,采用泡沫降尘新技术结合长压短抽式通风方式进行粉尘防治。以霍尔辛赫矿为例,根据井下实际情况,利用GAMB IT和FLUENT建立掘进巷道的几何模型,并对巷道掘进通风过程中粉尘分布规律进行解算,将模拟结果和现场实测数据对比,确定掘进面回风侧的高浓度粉尘分布区。对掘进面煤样进行湿润性试验,确定最佳的发泡剂添加比例。综合以上情况,泡沫降尘技术实施时采用环形前置式喷头布置,发泡剂添加比例定为10‰,并在回风侧距掘进面5 m、距底板2 m处设置风筒,将高浓度粉尘抽出并沉降。现场实测数据显示,泡沫降尘技术降尘效率明显高于喷雾降尘技术。使用泡沫降尘时,在司机侧测得全尘及呼吸性粉尘降尘效率分别达到75.4%和74.7%。     

露天矿山运输路面泡沫抑尘剂的配方优选及性能试验研究

为有效解决露天矿山运输路面的大量扬尘,针对现有抑尘剂存在的降解性差、成本较高、保水率差、除尘效率过低等问题,在对某露天矿山的扬尘进行表征分析的基础上,采用绿色表面活性剂烷基糖苷0.1%APG作为主剂、0.6%K12作为起泡剂、0.4%PAM作为稳泡剂、0.3%LAS作为润湿剂,通过测定泡沫的表面张力、泡沫体积、粉尘接触角、粉尘浸润深度确定各试剂的最佳质量分数,初步确定6个泡沫抑尘剂配方,选择保水率、抗风蚀性、抑尘效率作为性能指标,结果表明：配方为m(0.6%K12)∶m(0.1%APG)∶m(0.4%PAM)∶m(0.3%LAS)=1.05∶1∶0.6∶0.1的保水性、抗压强度、抗风蚀性均优于其他配方,全尘与呼吸性粉尘的抑尘效率分别高达87.11%,75.26%,经pH测试,符合绿色环保的要求。     

表面活性剂应用于湍球塔除尘的实验研究

选取十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)作为表面活性剂并配置成吸收液,采用水-空气-填料球作为介质对湍球塔进行烟气除尘实验,重点研究了表面活性剂浓度、喷淋量、塔内风速和入口粉尘浓度等因素对除尘效率的影响。实验结果表明,水中添加0.05%的十二烷基苯磺酸钠后,当塔内风速为1.5～1.9 m/s,入口含尘质量浓度为5 g/m3,喷水量为5～7 L/min时,系统的除尘效率超过99.0%。     

Experimental investigations on the performance of a new design of foaming agent adding device used for dust control in underground coal mines

In order to overcome the drawbacks of foam technology for controlling mine dust, an original design of foaming agent adding device was introduced, and its performance was investigated experimentally under different working flows and outlet pressures, and compared to the conventional jet adding device. The results show that the new design of the foaming agent adding device has a reasonable cavity negative pressure, does not produce cavitations, and has a lower inlet pressure demand with less pressure loss. Furthermore, it can add foaming agent at 0.5%–1.0% and regulate the proportions at this low ratio range continuously and stably, which significantly reduces the cost of controlling dust with foam. In addition, it decreases electric energy consumption and simplifies the foam system with no need for extra boosters. Besides, its effect on suppressing mine dust was investigated in the field via dust sample collections, and the results show that this new device is as effective at dust suppression as the conventional one. Therefore, it is believed that this study laid an important foundation for the widespread application of foam technology for dust control in underground coal mines.     

Experimental study on advantages of foam–sol in coal dust control

In China, more than 2.65 million coal mine workers are exposed to coal dust. Every year, new pneumoconiosis cases amount to 25,000, among which 6000 cases die of this disease. The figure is twice the death toll in production safety accidents. Occupational diseases seriously endanger life and health of coal mine workers, and restrict the healthy growth of the coal industry.The paper presented a study of foam–sol-based coal dust control. This was an experimental study of characteristics of foam–sol-based coal dust control, which features dust capture, suppression, and isolation. Comparative wettability experiments were carried out to determine contact angles of water, aqueous foam, and foam–sol solution. A new foam–sol generating system with a conical diffuser outlet was proposed.The experiment results clearly showed that the foam–sol features dust capture, suppression, and isolation. The wettability of the aqueous foam solution was better than the foam–sol solution, but the foam–sol technology had the better ability to capture the airborne dust, suppress the static dust and enclose the dust source, due to the excellent surface viscosity, strong cohesiveness and less volatile property. The paper concluded that the foam–sol could greatly improve the dust control efficiency and did not have main deficiencies that the aqueous foam technology had.     

压缩空气蛋白泡沫抑制液体火的有效性研究

压缩空气泡沫灭火技术是一项新型灭火技术,为验证压缩空气泡沫系统与蛋白泡沫灭火剂结合使用时是否可以成为含PFOS泡沫灭火剂的替代技术,开展了压缩空气蛋白泡沫抑制液体火有效性试验.在对压缩空气蛋白泡沫的泡沫性能进行分析的基础上,进一步采用标准油盘火试验模型对压缩空气蛋白泡沫的灭火性能进行评估,并与吸气式泡沫产生系统进行了对比.试验结果表明压缩空气蛋白泡沫具有优异的泡沫性能,同时具备抑制非水溶性液体火的有效性,可以作为含PFOS泡沫灭火剂的替代技术.     

综掘工作面除尘技术研究与应用

主要分析了通风除尘、除尘器除尘、喷雾除尘、煤层注水除尘、控尘技术、泡沫除尘的技术特点。新型泡沫抑尘技术在邢台煤矿的现场应用证明了泡沫抑尘技术具有除尘效率高、能改善作业环境等特点,尤其对呼吸性粉尘能有效抑制,具有较好的推广应用前景。     

两相射流促进细水雾灭火技术发展

压缩气体射流与水射流混合后所产生的气-水两相射流,可获得连续、高速喷射的细水雾,水滴粒径小,穿入火焰的能力强,可沿水平方向射入火焰中,比喷淋方式水雾灭火可节省90%的用水量,缩短了灭火时间,发挥了细水雾的灭火优势,是细水雾灭火技术的最新发展。所制成的便携式、车载式、固定式的两相射流细水雾灭火装置,可扑灭多种类型的火灾,尤其适合用于扑灭有人存在的空间的火灾。以涡喷发动机为喷射动力的气-水两相射流喷射系统,制成了超大功率的喷射雾状水的消防装备,大幅度提高了控制油、气大火火势的能力和灭火效率。气-水两相射流还有稀释、吹散泄漏出的可燃性气体,防止其点燃的功能,适合于在天然气和有毒有害气体泄漏事故抢险救援中使用。将压缩气体和泡沫液按比例混和后喷射的压缩空气泡沫喷射系统,产生了喷射“干泡沫”的消防车,使灭火用水的利用率提高了8倍,被称为是世界最先进的泡沫灭火技术。气-水两相射流促进了灭火技术革命性的发展,新型的气-水两相射流消防装备不断涌现,展示出了广阔的应用前景。     

攀钢二期工程除尘器评价

通过对攀钢(集团)公司二期工程上马的5种类型除尘器性能进行监测评价，重点对除尘器除尘效率和处理风量的实测值与设计值相比较，调查监测结果表明：电除尘器、水膜除尘器、大型布袋除尘器和旋风多管除尘器性能良好；小型布袋除尘器运行情况良莠不齐，泡沫除尘器运行情况差。针对其使用现状提出相应的建议。     

Experimental investigation of the pressure gradient of a new spiral mesh foam generator

Foam is used as part of an effective dust suppression method in underground coal mines, but conventional foaming devices severely restrict its popularization and application due to the high cost of foam preparation, poor applicability and high pressure loss. Therefore, a new spiral mesh foam generator is designed, and its performance is investigated and evaluated experimentally. The results show that the pressure gradient of the spiral mesh foam generator increases with the increase of foam concentration in water. There is a large pressure gradient gap between the top and bottom at both ends of the foam generator. However, the gap disappears and uniform foam is generated in the middle section of the foam generator. When the pressure gradient is higher than minimum pressure gradient, the foam production quantity will increase sharply. Based on the length of spiral mesh and operating conditions determined, the new foam generator is applied to produce foam for dust suppression in the heading face of coal mines. A good foaming effect, less pressure loss and high dust suppression efficiency suggest that the new foam generator will greatly promote the large-scale application of foam technology used to suppress dust in underground coal mines.     

掘进巷道粉尘控制技术的研究

针对掘进巷道的特点,研制了一种高效实用的自激式水浴水膜除尘器,并对其结构、除尘过程和与掘进机相配套的方式进行了研究分析。还对掘进巷道中的产尘源进行了调查和分析,认为掘进巷道的防尘方法：应先采用掘进机头的内外喷雾,然后采用长压短抽的通风除尘系统和利用除尘器将含尘空气进行净化;对转载点除尘采用简易闭密罩加喷雾;对巷道周壁的粉尘采用喷洒粘尘剂固尘,才能有效地降低整个巷道的粉尘浓度。     

不同喷雾方式下低阻文丘里振弦栅除尘配置优化实验研究

为了对比径向外喷和轴向喷雾下的低阻文丘里振弦栅耦合除尘效果,以除尘效率和系统阻力为参照,选定喉管气速、振弦栅数、纤维丝间隙和喉管液气比进行单因素实验。结果表明2种喷雾方式的除尘效率和系统阻力的变化趋势相同。利用SPSS软件进行4因素3水平正交实验设计,在特定参数条件下,2种喷雾方式的因素影响排序相同,除尘效率为纤维栅数＞纤维丝间隙＞喉管气速＞喷雾量;系统阻力为喉管气速＞纤维栅数＞纤维丝间隙＞喷雾量;径向外喷最佳配置为喉管气速24 m/s、喷雾量2.3 L/min、2块间隙为0.8 mm纤维栅板;轴向喷雾为喉管气速28 m/s、喷雾量2.4 L/min、2块间隙为0.8 mm纤维栅板;在最优配置下的除尘性能为径向外喷＞轴向喷雾。     

水泥灰三相泡沫的形成机理与稳定性试验研究

针对高硫矿石容易发生氧化自燃的危险,通常的灌浆、注砂、注惰气和喷洒阻化剂等技术还存在一些不足,提出一种以水泥灰为基料的三相泡沫来预防硫化矿石自燃的新技术。该技术是将水泥灰和水按一定的比例混合,同时加入一定比例的发泡剂和稳泡剂后,经物理机械方式发泡形成,集固、液、气三相材料的防灭火性能与一体。理论分析了水泥灰三相泡沫的形成与衰变机理,并通过正交试验,对三相泡沫的发泡倍数与半衰期进行研究,最后采用单因素实验,定量分析灰水质量比,发泡剂和稳泡剂浓度对三相泡沫稳定性能的影响,得到最佳泡沫配方。结果表明:当灰水质量比为1:5,发泡剂浓度为5g/L,稳泡剂浓度为8g/L时,制得的三相泡沫发泡倍数达到6倍,半衰期达到6h以上。     

防治煤矿火灾的凝胶泡沫材料制备及其性能研究*

为解决纯水玻璃（WG）凝胶泡沫强度低、泡沫稳定性差易破碎,凝胶固水性差等问题。将保水剂和成膜剂引入WG凝胶泡沫中,对水玻璃凝胶泡沫进行优化设计,最终制备出保水性高、泡沫稳定性高、成膜性好的WG凝胶泡沫。研究结果表明:WG凝胶泡沫材料的最佳复配体系是发泡剂为十二烷基醇醚硫酸酯钠（AES）和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)按1∶2比例复配,浓度为0.8%,胶凝剂WG浓度为8%,交联剂NaHCO3浓度为2%,聚丙烯酰胺浓度为0.4%,成膜剂A浓度为1%,保水剂B浓度为0.3%;改性后WG凝胶泡沫具有更加紧密的网状结构,稳定性好,并且具有较好的成膜性,常温下半衰期达40 d;阻化实验表明,100 ℃此凝胶泡沫阻化率高达78.35%,能有效减缓煤的氧化放热速率抑制自燃;煤堆燃烧实验表明,改性后WG凝胶泡沫能有效抑制煤的燃烧,防止煤复燃。     

脉冲滤筒除尘器对超细粉体净化的实验研究

随着工业的快速发展,空气中颗粒污染物的含量和种类越来越多,不仅对人体健康造成危害,颗粒污染还对能见度、气候、动植物均有影响,寻找合适的除尘设备,提高对微细粉尘的除尘效率,对安全和环境保护有着重要而深远的意义。该文利用脉冲滤筒除尘器对粒径分布为0.5-5μm的超细粉体进行净化实验。测试了除尘器净化效率、除尘器阻力及过滤风速等主要性能参数。实验结果说明:脉冲滤筒除尘器对于粒径为0.5-5μm超细粉体,在过滤风速为0.8-1.25m/min时,除尘器阻力小于300Pa,净化效率达99.9999%。得到结论:滤筒除尘器具有高除尘效率,低阻力损失,节约除尘系统的动力消耗的优点,有利于在超细粉体净化工艺中的应用。     

溜井泡沫抑尘剂的研制及其抑尘性能实验研究

矿山溜井卸矿过程中产生的大量冲击性粉尘已成为矿井可呼吸性粉尘的主要来源,为了有效解决溜矿井卸矿时产生的大量冲击性粉尘,基于泡沫抑尘的机理,研究了发泡倍数和半衰期两个指标进行优选实验,通过正交法和单因素法优选出最佳的泡沫抑尘配方为十二烷基硫酸钠、月桂酸钠和聚丙乙酰胺,各成分的质量浓度分别为0.6%、0.8%与0.4%。结果表明,通过模拟溜井卸矿测得不同泡沫高度的抑尘效率在85%~95%之间,呼吸性粉尘的抑尘效率为87%左右,其时效性可达2h以上。     

Foaming agent self-suction properties of a jet-type foam preparation device used in mine dust suppression

In this study, we introduce a jet-type foam preparation device for use in mine dust control, which can enhance the reliability and applicability of the foam production process compared with conventional foam generators. In order to elucidate the foaming agent self-suction properties of this novel foam generator, we used a self-built experimental setup to investigate the effects of the working pressure and outlet pressure on negative pressure (vacuum degree) during foaming agent suction, as well as the functional relationship between negative pressure and the foaming agent by adding parameters. We also studied the effects of the valve opening degree on the foaming agent flow rate and addition ratio. The results showed that the working pressure and outlet pressure affected the formation of negative pressure in a positive linear manner and a negative linear manner, respectively. Thus, the negative pressure increased linearly as the working pressure increased, whereas it decreased in a linear manner as the outlet pressure increased. There was also a quadratic relationship between the vacuum degree and foaming agent quantity with the piecewise characteristics of the growth process, where they increased slowly with a lower vacuum degree but increased rapidly with a higher vacuum degree. After creating a moderate negative pressure with the water jet, the foaming agent could be added automatically at a low flow rate with a low ratio via the regulating valve on the liquid suction hose. This study provides basic information that should facilitate the application of this novel foam preparation technique.     

掘进工作面可调控双锥形一体化泡沫降尘装置的实验研究

为解决掘进时粉尘浓度高、能见度低的问题,达到改善作业环境并减少对工作人员危害的目的。运用流体力学的涡流和射流原理,研发出可调控双锥形一体化泡沫降尘装置,通过多次模拟实验确定其最佳的技术原理、设计结构及操作方法。凭借系统调节部件设计气-液二相控制面板,实现对气液比的调节与监控。实验表明:通过对阀门的调节,泡沫降尘过程中可以实现气液比的调控,能够产生连续、均匀的泡沫,发泡剂最佳浓度为2.5%,泡沫回收装置能有效的回收积液。全尘、呼尘降尘效率分别达到93.4%和90.2%,起到全面立体控尘的效果。该装置能够对矿井综掘面高效降尘,成泡量与粒径准确控制,实现不同矿井不同粒度尘源的控制。     

对喷流除尘技术在收集硫酸铵和硝酸铵粉尘中的应用研究

对喷流除尘技术利用粉尘颗粒在撞击区内来回振荡、相互碰撞并团聚的机理进行除尘.实验采用水平式对喷流除尘系统收集硫酸铵和硝酸铵的混合物粉尘,主要考察喷嘴气流速度、含尘浓度和喷雾化水润湿含尘气流对除尘效率的影响,并进行机理分析.实验表明,除尘效率随喷嘴风速的增大而升高,但喷嘴风速超过25～27 m/s后,反而下降;除尘效率随含尘浓度的增加而升高,但含尘浓度超过0 45～0.55 kg/m3后反而有所降低;喷雾化润湿含尘气流能显著提高除尘效率,最优耗水量为0.18～0.22 kg/kg粉尘,超过该值后无显著变化.实验确定的最优除尘条件为:喷嘴速度25～27 m/s、含尘浓度0.45～0.55 kg/m3、耗水量0.18～0 22 kg/kg粉尘,除尘效率最高可达96.8%.     

金属粉尘湿法处理系统的设计和除尘效果分析

为改善金属抛光操作人员的工作环境、降低抛光金属粉尘的爆炸风险,设计一种金属粉尘湿法处理系统,并通过建立多相流动数值模型,探究其内部流场特征与金属粉尘运动规律,分析金属粉尘湿法处理系统的除尘效率。研究结果表明:大粒径的金属粉尘直接重力沉降至水槽中;小粒径(PM10)的金属粉尘易随气流进入风道,进而通过水雾脱除;采用洁净进气源,可以有效降低工人操作环境的粉尘浓度;增加细水雾,可以有效提高金属粉尘湿法处理系统的除尘效率,对PM10的除尘效率从30%提升至82%。