A system design framework for the integration of public preferences into the design of large infrastructure projects

Large infrastructure projects such as new roads, railways and nuclear plants have often suffered from public opposition, causing significant delays and costs. In many cases poor engagement between the supporters of construction and the public have contributed to this. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel design framework with the aim of improving public engagement at an early design stage. Following a modified quality function deployment (QFD) process, it enables incorporation of public preferences into the design process, thus helping to improve the social acceptability of large infrastructure projects and reduce costs related to opposition and delays. The application of the framework is illustrated by a case study related to design of nuclear power plants.     

核电厂主控室人机界面评价实验研究

基于以人为中心的人机交互设计和评估的思想,结合国内核电厂的实际情况,确定一些重要的核电厂主控室人机界面评估因素,并划分核电厂主控室人机界面各组成部分的评价指标与评价层次,建立了客观的评价指标体系,为核电厂主控室人机界面综合评价奠定了基础。运用模糊数学的方法,建立核电厂主控室人机界面定量评价模型,对核电厂主控室人机界面进行较为客观的综合评价。通过对核电厂操纵员问卷调查的形式进行实验验证,从而实现了定性评价与定量评价的一致性。研究表明,该方法应用于核电厂主控室人机界面评价是一种有效的方法。     

Power system planning with emission constraints: Effects of CCS retrofitting

Today, the world's energy needs are still supplied mainly from fossil fuel based resources. This is true for electricity generation as well, thus making the power sector responsible for 45% of greenhouse gas emissions. The present climate crisis has made it necessary to minimise emissions in power generation, with low-carbon energy sources taking on greater significance in recent years. However, most low-carbon sources have inherent problems, like intermittency and high capital expenditure. A suitable alternative is carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology which allows continued fossil fuel-based electricity generation at much lower rates of emission. Two approaches are possible in the deployment of CCS technology. The first is to introduce new power plants equipped for carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture, while systematically shutting down existing coal power plants. Another is to retrofit existing power plants for CO₂ capture. These approaches are compared in this work. The study shows that allowing CCS retrofitting of existing power plants can reduce the overall cost requirement significantly. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is also done to study the effect of nuclear energy on the overall energy mix.     

关于我国能源安全稳定供应的思考

简要介绍了中国的能源供求现状,指出中国能源的两大特征:①煤炭消费为主;②人均消费低、能源利用率低。笔者强调,中国能源对外依存增大,已成为能源输入国;提出逐步调整以煤为主的能源结构,实现能源替代,构建优质化、多元化的能源结构的策略;着重从5个方面进行调整———重点解决石油供不应求的能源结构性矛盾、加强煤炭资源的清洁和优质开发利用、发展以利用洁净煤技术为基础的电力工业、提高核电的比例、加强新能源和可再生能源的开发利用,确保我国能源的安全稳定供应和可持续发展。     

中国核电保险新模式研究

核保险为中国核电工业的稳定发展起着重要的保障和促进作用.通过对比国内外核电保险模式,提出一种设想的新型核电保险载体,成立核电保险经纪公司是一种可能的选项.成立核电保险经纪公司,弥补了现在国内核电保险市场中所缺乏的重要中介方,明确了核电保险经纪公司的业务范围,遵循法律和市场地位.并进一步提出国内核电保险业能够建立核电自保组织和多样化的核电保险中介组织的设想,并对其产业结构建立了的假设运行新模式.核电新载体可以同时实现对核电公司和核共体提供服务,能够更好地促进保险的运行过程,促进保险市场良好健康地发展,从根本上保障核电安全生产顺利进行.     

战时火力发电厂防护措施优选方法研究

针对火力发电厂的核心部位薄弱环节现状,从现代战争攻击的目标看,发电厂必须采取有针对性的防护措施。结合火力发电厂的防护措施,根据其防护性能,建立指标体系,并利用灰色关联分析建立模型。通过模型对指标体系进行分析,达到对防护措施进行优选的目的。该评估指标体系的建立及基于灰色理论评估模型的建立,对于火力发电厂防护措施的优选具有一定的现实意义,对于大坝、核电站、机场等重要目标防护措施的优选具有借鉴和参考价值。     

Comments on explosion problems for hydrogen safety

The future widespread use of hydrogen as an energy carrier brings in safety issues that have to be addressed before public acceptance can be achieved. The prediction of the consequences of a major accident release of hydrogen into the atmosphere or the contamination of high-pressure hydrogen storage facilities by air entrainment requires a good knowledge of the explosion parameters of hydrogen–air mixtures. The present paper reviews and comments on the current knowledge of dynamic parameters of hydrogen detonation for hazard assessment. The major problem that remains to be resolved involves the understanding of the effect of turbulence on the cellular detonation structure, the propagation of high-speed deflagrations and the transition from deflagration to detonations. It is recommended that future research should be aimed towards experiments that permit the quantitative understanding of the mechanisms of high-speed turbulent combustion rather towards large-scale tests in complex geometries where minimal quantitative information of fundamental significance could be extracted. In spite of its wide flammability and sensitivity to ignition and detonation initiation, it is felt that hydrogen can be produced, stored and handled safely with the appropriate considerations in the design of the hydrogen facilities.     

On risk governance deficits

The International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) has recently presented a report comprising an analysis and illustration of the most common deficits in risk governance. The work covers issues related to both assessments and management of risk. In this paper we take a closer look into this report. We acknowledge the work as an important contribution to the risk governance field, how risk decision-makers and practitioners in government and industry can improve the risk governance, but we also point to some weaknesses in the analysis, which are critical for the understanding and use of the IRGC document. Most of these relate to the understanding of fundamental ideas and phenomena, in particular risk and uncertainty. The rationale for several defined deficits is questioned, including “missing, ignoring or exaggerating early signals of risk” and “failure of managers to respond and take action when risk assessors have determined from early signals that a risk is emerging”. Simple examples are used to illustrate the problems and show how they can be rectified.     

Process analysis of an industrial waste-to-energy plant: Theory and experiments

Thermal conversion is fundamental in an integrated waste management system due to the capability of reducing mass and volume of waste and recovering energy content from unrecyclable materials. Indeed, power generation from industrial solid wastes (ISW) is a topic of great interest for its appeal in the field of renewable energy production as well as for an increasing public concern related to its emissions. This paper is based on the process engineering and optimization analysis, commissioned to the University Campus-Biomedico of Rome by the MIDA Tecnologie Ambientali S.r.l. enterprise, ended up in the construction of an ISW thermo-conversion plant in Crotone (Southern Italy), where it is nowadays operating. The scientific approach to the process analysis is founded on a novel cascade numerical simulation of each plant section and it has been used initially in the process design step and after to simulate the performances of the industrial plant. In this paper, the plant process scheme is described together with the values of main operating parameters monitored during the experimental test runs. The thermodynamic and kinetic basics of the mathematical model for the simulation of the energy recovery and flue gas treatment sections are presented. Moreover, the simulation results, together with the implemented parameters, are given and compared to the experimental data for 10 specific plant test runs. It was found that the model is capable to predict the process performances in the energy production as well as in the gas treatment sections with high accuracy by knowing a set of measurable input variables. In the paper fundamental plant variables have been considered such as steam temperature, steam flow rate, power generated as well as temperature, flow rate and composition of the resulting flue gas; therefore, the mathematical model can be simply implemented as a reliable and efficient tool for management optimization of this kind of plants.     

内蒙古电力输出生态补偿模式下排污权交易模型探讨

内蒙古作为我国北方重要的生态屏障,多年来大力保护草原生态,已经基本建立了良好的生态系统。然而,内蒙古同时承担着清洁能源输出基地的职能,锡盟煤电外送基地将在2020年建成。届时,集中的开发必然导致锡盟草原的生态问题,因此亟需针对特定地区开展生态补偿问题,本文通过制度及政策分析,在排污权交易角度,提出一条解决生态补偿资金问题的新途径。并进行了制度模型的优势分析。     

基于层次分析方法的核电火灾风险评估研究

核电火灾是现代消防安全的重要部分。依据核电厂的实际组成构造对其进行了层次划分,建立了由堆本体、一次冷却系统、化容控式系统堆安全系统、汽轮发电机组和燃料操作系统为中间层的核电火灾危险性评价指标体系。结合收集到的相关核电事故数据资料,运用层次分析法对核电厂各系统部位引发火灾造成的核电安全风险进行了评估,确定了各组分的统计权重,得到了针对核电厂各构造部位的火灾危险性层次评价模型。并利用评价打分的方法对核电厂进行调查模拟评价,计算出核电厂各组成部分消防安全状况的危险指数,所得结果比较符合核电火灾实际统计。     

An integrated framework to the predictive error analysis in emergency situation

This paper introduces an analysis framework and procedure to predictively analyze human errors in performing emergency tasks, which are mostly composed of cognitive activities, in nuclear power plants. The framework focuses on the cognitive errors and provides a new perspective in the utilization of context factors into cognitive error prediction. The basic viewpoint on the occurrence of cognitive error taken in this paper is that the cognitive function failures occur from the mismatch between operator's cognitive capability and the requirements of a given task and situational condition. In accordance with this viewpoint, performance influencing factors that influence the occurrence of human errors are classified into three groups, i.e. Performance Assisting Factors (PAF), Task Characteristic Factors (TCF), and Situational Factors (SF). This classification helps analysts view the overall task context in an integrative way by considering the level of PAF with the requirements of TCF and SF to predict the possibility of cognitive function failures. Further, it enables analysts to draw specific error reduction strategies. The framework suggested was applied to the analysis of cognitive error potential for the bleed and feed operation of emergency tasks in nuclear power plants.     

核电厂核事故应急疏散研究

根据我国法规、标准与美国核管委对核电厂核事故应急疏散的要求,考虑我国核电厂特殊的厂址条件与社会环境,分析核事故应急疏散的可行性。通过应急疏散行为研究、厂区的交通需求估计和路网分析,对不同情境,考虑核事故应急疏散的特殊问题,分别采用人工容量分析与宏观仿真模拟得到应急疏散时间。针对某核电厂,给出核事故应急疏散分析的一般步骤、方法与计算结果。对宏观仿真模型的主要参数进行灵敏度分析,找出影响应急疏散时间的主要因素,提出缩短应急疏散时间的针对性措施。     

耦合式SCR还原剂供给调节装置及控制技术的研究与应用

阐述了SCR喷氨调节控制常用的方法及存在的问题,提出了一种新型耦合式SCR还原剂供给调节装置及控制技术,并通过电厂实际案例对该调节装置与控制技术进行了说明。研究结果表明:该调节装置及控制技术可使脱硝效率相对稳定、出口NO_x的浓度不超标、喷氨不过量。     

电除尘器的新技术及其展望

简要介绍并分析了电矩收尘、透镜式电除尘器、雾滴荷电等除尘理论以及电除尘器本体和供电控制方面的新技术,分析和展望了电除尘器的未来发展,可为我国电除尘器的研究开发和运行改造提供参考。     

关于湖南电力安全稳定供应的对策研究

2003年以来,湖南省电力供需矛盾十分突出,为此,笔者分析了近年来湖南省缺电的原因:电力工业与国民经济发展速度比例失调;电源结构不合理——水电占大头却受降雨影响很大,部分地区干旱导致水力发电减少,火力发电煤炭供应不足;行业管理体系和项目审批体制造成了电力需求与电力建设难以匹配;电网结构不合理,电被堵在路上,难以从外省借电等。指出解决湖南省缺电现状应该合理规划、适度地扩大本省电能生产,合理调配煤炭,保障电能生产的能源供应,扩大省外电能的输入或与周边地区协力开发能源,加强电网规划和电网建设,开发利用新能源,同时应推行节约用电措施,确保电力的安全稳定供应和可持续发展。     

Automation design in advanced control rooms of the modernized nuclear power plants

This study evaluated the effects of levels of automation (LOAs) decisions in advanced control rooms of the modernized nuclear power plants. Following advancements in design of digitalized human–system interfaces (HSIs), the roles of human operators have changed significantly. Negative performance and safety consequences may occur as a result of these changes. These problems are viewed as the out-of-the-loop (OOTL) performance problems. This study conducted an experiment to compare the effects of different LOAs under different operating procedures on operating performance. Experimental results indicated that blended decision-making (level 6 LOA) generates the lowest mental workload. Furthermore, the pattern of SA observed in this study is found better SA at intermediate LOA and poorer SA at low level of automation and full automation. Subjective rating results suggest that LOAs distribute the roles of option generation, and selection between human and/or computer servers which significantly impacts automated system performance. This study provides a direction for the HSI designers in nuclear power plants (NPPs). Additionally, based on results obtained by this study, the user interfaces of PCTRAN system and the alarm reset system should be improved to ensure safe operation of NPPs.     

Mechanical characteristics evaluation of biogas micro turbine power systems

As the increase of energy demand, the emission of CO2 is also likely to increase by at least the same amount because energy supply will be based on fossil fuels, which is more apparent in a number of developing countries. With the total global energy environment and rapid increase of domestic and foreign demand, renewable energy is the inevitable energy source for the future. In this context, the micro gas turbines (MGTs) by using bio-energy is being considered as a promising solution. In order to develop the real plant system of those technologies such as 60 kW-class micro gas turbine by using swine biogas, we finished the optimal design and construction for a biomass fueled MGT system. This paper consists of 1) MGT system design for swine bio gas 2) material evaluation for bio gas piping 3) computational fluid dynamics analysis for bio gas sulfur removal tower and sulfur absorption filter 4) the fundamental modeling using manufacturer's technical specifications and performance simulation by PEPSE-GT 5) field test and application of bio gas micro gas turbine. Finally, I established to set up the top-notched distributed power system design and optimal application.     

基于风险指引的核电厂设计改进评价研究

核电厂概率安全评价(PSA)可以论证核电厂的风险满足安全目标,也是对运行核电厂进行风险管理的有效工具,例如核电厂的在役检查、安全分级、技术规格书优化等。核电厂的风险指引管理是在确定论的基础上,充分利用概率安全评价的结果进行风险影响评价,以此来论证决策的合理性。核电厂的重要设计改进通常基于传统的工程分析结果,没有分析其对核电厂整体风险的影响。重点探讨风险指引决策的基本原则以及方法,以核电厂设计改进实例探讨如何在分析时引入风险指引方法,并提出相关建议。