页岩气压裂弯管中液固两相流冲蚀磨损的数值模拟

为了研究超高压水力压裂下支撑剂颗粒进入弯管后冲蚀磨损区域的变化特性。基于液-固两相流理论、Fluent冲蚀模型建立弯管冲蚀模型,结合弯管内流场分析颗粒运动轨迹,引入斯托克斯数（St）探究冲蚀磨损区域变化,并进行数值分析。研究结果表明:弯管中冲蚀磨损发生区域有5处,主要严重区域有3处,弯管流场会改变固体颗粒数量及对壁面冲击动能与运动轨迹,St变化会明显引起冲蚀磨损区域的规律性变化;随着St从0~1至St>1变化,弯管段内壁面外侧（液体进入弯管后的正对区域）与直管段靠近弯管段的侧方区域的冲蚀磨损情况呈现“此消彼长”的规律性差异;管径越小,最大冲蚀速率的增长幅度越明显,增大管径,是减小冲蚀磨损的有效途径。研究结果对压裂弯管的改进设计及管道安全防护具有指导作用。     

人工煤气管道萘颗粒沉积规律研究

针对萘在人工煤气管道中沉积会造成管道堵塞,影响管道的安全运行的这一问题,以昆明人工煤气管道为例,运用计算流体动力学软件Fluent,选用离散相模型和雷诺应力模型,对水平直管、水平弯管和三通管进行萘颗粒沉积的数值模拟,对于不同的管径、弯曲比、管径比,分别分析萘颗粒直径、入口速度、温度及压力对萘颗粒沉积的影响。研究结果表明:水平直管、水平弯管、三通管中的萘颗粒沉积率与颗粒粒径成正相关关系,而与气流入口速度、压力成负相关关系;萘颗粒在人工煤气管道中的沉积率主要受颗粒直径、气流入口速度的影响;萘颗粒的沉积率随着水平直管的管径增大而增大,随着水平弯管的弯曲比增大而增大,随着三通管的管径比增大而先增大后减小;可通过适当增大管内煤气输送速度、压力,降低温度来降低萘颗粒在人工煤气管道中的沉积速度,进而减少萘颗粒沉积的发生。     

快速接头内壁冲蚀规律的数值模拟分析

为进一步改善快速接头受连续相作用易失效、内壁冲蚀磨损严重的问题,采用CFD软件中的Realizable k-ε湍流模型,对不同入口速度下的快速接头冲蚀磨损情况运用数值模拟方法分析,得到快速接头内部的流场分布及其冲蚀磨损情况.结果表明:快速接头的冲蚀主要集中在管径缩小段的大小管道交界处,且在管径突变处流体的压力、速度会发...     

弯管与盲通管冲蚀磨损对比分析研究

为了研究石油管道流向急剧改变处的冲蚀磨损问题,采用DPM模型,通过改变入口流速、颗粒质量流速、颗粒直径,对90°弯管与盲通管的流场分布及冲蚀情况进行数值模拟。结果表明:弯管与盲通管最大冲蚀速率随入口流速的增大呈指数增长,随颗粒质量流速的增大呈线性增长;在50~100 μm粒径范围内,最大冲蚀速率随粒径的增加逐渐减小,在100~300 μm粒径范围内,随粒径的增加而增大;在入口流速、颗粒质量流速、颗粒直径相同的条件下,弯管最大冲蚀速率明显高于盲通管最大冲蚀速率,盲通管的耐蚀性更强;由于流体在盲通管产生涡旋现象,增加了颗粒能量的耗散,从而减小了进入下游管线颗粒的速率,使得颗粒更易积存于盲通段形成堆积层,减小了下游管段冲蚀速率。     

连接结构尺寸对三通管冲蚀磨损影响的数值模拟

针对石油管道运输系统中三通管的冲蚀磨损问题,采用DPM冲蚀预测模型,模拟分析了油品中夹带的固体颗粒对连接结构尺寸不同的三通管的冲蚀磨损情况,得出了颗粒对三通管冲蚀的分布规律。结果表明:T型三通管的冲蚀主要集中在与竖直管道正对的水平管道底部及其附近的外侧管壁,有球体弯头的三通管的冲蚀主要集中在球体附近水平管道的外侧管壁,且冲蚀磨损程度相对较小;随着流体流入速度的增大,2种三通管的最大冲蚀率随之增大且呈指数增长;随着颗粒质量流量的增大,2种三通管的最大冲蚀率均随之增大;当流体在2种不同的三通管中流动时,管道系统的最大冲蚀率的曲线变化趋势基本一致,均为先减小再增大;当管道弯头处球体的直径为管道直径的2倍时,管道的冲蚀速率最小,颗粒对于管道的冲蚀磨损程度最轻。     

页岩气压裂管汇弯头的冲蚀磨损影响分析*

为减小管汇弯头所受的冲蚀磨损率,在考虑固液两相流模型、流体控制方程及冲蚀磨损计算模型基础上,建立高压弯头冲蚀磨损数值模型,以现场工况为依据,对压裂液的流动速度、压裂液黏度、质量流量以及颗粒直径进行控制调整,研究高压弯头的冲蚀因素,得出各因素对弯头冲蚀磨损机理,总结各因素对弯头冲蚀磨损规律。结果表明:为减小冲蚀磨损率,提高高压弯头使用寿命,应减小施工压裂液的质量流量、选用直径较小的颗粒、压裂液黏度应为0.014 Pa·s左右;针对高压弯头提出弯径比为2～3、适当增加弯头的壁厚等改进措施。     

油水两相流弯管处安全分析

针对油水两相流经过弯管时的流向改变会导致流体速度和压力发生突变,造成发生静电事故和腐蚀事故风险上升 的不利影响,提出了RSM模型和Mixture模型相结合的安全分析方法。该方法对不同入口速度和含水率的油水两相流进行 数值模拟,并用Origin软件拟合了进口最大允许流速与管径及含水率的经验关系。结果表明,在含水率和入口速度一定 时,随着管径的增加,弯管处的最大速度呈现逐渐减小的趋势:当管径和入口速度一定时,随着含水率的增加,弯管处 的最大速度也逐渐减小。最大压力出现在弯管外拱壁处,最小压力出现在弯管内侧拱壁处。在实际生产中,增加弯管下 游直管段内侧壁的壁厚,可有效防止空化腐蚀所造成的危害;通过含水率来确定安全流速,可有效降低静电事故的风险 。     

加砂压裂中固体支撑剂对压裂管道的冲蚀磨损研究

为研究压裂高压管汇在大排量携砂液输送过程中的管壁冲蚀磨损问题,应用CFD方法及Fluent软件,建立了高压管汇主要管件三通管的冲蚀模型,基于数值模拟计算研究了冲蚀发生机理及位置,探讨了高压管汇的冲蚀特点。结果表明:压裂液流动方向变化区域存在严重的冲蚀现象,如主管与支管连接处;三通主管下游段,内壁冲蚀主要是来自支管的固体支撑剂在运动方向改变时对内壁低角度切削;管汇里越靠近井口的三通因为压裂液流量增加,主管下游段两侧冲蚀越严重。该研究结果可为管汇设计制造、关键部位检测等提供技术参考。     

气固两相流下球阀磨损特性研究

旋塞球阀是钻柱内防喷系统中的关键设备,在气固两相流下球阀易受磨损而失效,并造成严重的井喷事故。为此,将计算流体动力学理论与冲蚀磨损理论相结合,运用FLUENT软件对球阀壁面在气固两相流下的磨损分布情况进行研究,并进一步分析了球阀结构参数对于球阀壁面磨损的影响规律。结果表明:当气固两相流流经球阀时,固体颗粒会与气流分离,并在壁面上产生三处磨损集中区;随着球阀开度的减小,球阀壁面磨损量会急剧增大,且阀球内通道壁面上的磨损集中区由块状逐步转化为带状,而球阀出口处的磨损集中区则会逐渐向下移动;球阀流道直径的减小也会使得壁面磨损量增加,但磨损集中区的分布基本不变。研究结果可为进一步优化球阀流道结构以减轻其壁面磨损提供理论依据。     

Dynamic behavior of direct spring loaded pressure relief valves in gas service: Model development,measurements and instability mechanisms

A synthesis of previous literature is used to derive a model of an in-service direct-spring pressure relief valve. The model couples low-order rigid body mechanics for the valve to one-dimensional gas dynamics within the pipe. Detailed laboratory experiments are also presented for three different commercially available values, for varying mass flow rates and length of inlet pipe. In each case, violent oscillation is found to occur beyond a critical pipe length, which may be triggered either on valve opening or closing. The test results compare favorably to the simulations using the model. In particular, the model reveals that the mechanism of instability is a Hopf bifurcation (flutter instability) involving the fundamental, quarter-wave pipe mode. Furthermore, the concept of the effective area of the valve as a function of valve lift is shown to be useful in explaining sudden jumps observed in the test data. It is argued that these instabilities are not alleviated by the 3% inlet line loss criterion that has recently been proposed as an industry standard.     

Dynamic behaviour of direct spring loaded pressure relief valves in gas service: II reduced order modelling

A previous study of gas-service direct-spring pressure relief valves connected to a tank via a straight pipe is continued by deriving a reduced-order model for predicting oscillatory instabilities such as valve flutter and chatter. The reduction process uses collocation to take into account a finite number N of acoustic pressure waves within the pipe, resulting in a set of 2N+3 ordinary differential equations. Following a novel non-dimensionalization, it is shown analytically that the model can exhibit, at experimentally realistic parameter values, instabilities associated with coupling between the valve and acoustic waves in the pipe. The thresholds for each instability are such that for a given flow rate, the first mode to go unstable as the inlet pipe length increases is the quarter-wave mode, then a three-quarter wave, a 5/4-wave etc. Thus the primary mode of instability should always be due to the quarter wave. In the limit of low flow rates, a simple approximate expression is found for the quarter-wave instability threshold in the form of inlet pipe length against mass flow rate. This threshold curve is found to agree well with simulation of the full model. For higher flow rates there is a need to include fluid convection, inlet pressure loss and pipe friction in order to get good agreement. The reduced model enables the dependence of the stability curve on key dimensionless physical parameters to be readily computed.     

水平管分层流下微孔泄漏特性数值模拟和实验分析

在油气田开发过程中,通常采用气液相混输模式,管道受腐蚀等因素影响容易出现穿孔而发生两相流泄漏。为分析两相流泄漏特性,对管内常见流型分层流下的微孔泄漏特性进行数值和实验分析;采用VOF耦合Level set算法分析了不同影响因素下的气液两相泄漏特性,设计了1种管道泄漏收集装置,进行室内两相流泄漏实验,并验证了数值预测模型的准确性。研究结果表明:气液两相流经过管壁泄漏口时会发生相分离,泄漏特性受小孔方位、管路内外压差、气液相流速影响较大;泄漏口位于管路侧壁时的泄漏特性与其他角度下的泄漏特性有所不同,可用泄漏影响区内的气液分布进行解释;当泄漏口位于管路底部时,存在临界液相分流系数,当液相分流比小于此临界值时,泄漏流体为单相液体。VOF耦合Level set算法的数值方法可为管路泄漏量预测和相分离特性分析提供参考。     

Steady-state critical two-phase flashing flow with possible multiple choking phenomenon: Part 1: Physical modelling and numerical procedure

In this paper, the modelling of pure fluid steady-state adiabatic flashing flow through a pipe involving an abrupt enlargement is presented. The thermal non-equilibrium two-phase flow model DEM has been adjusted for subcooled inlet conditions close to saturation and/or for inlet two-phase mixture state. The multichoking flow phenomenon occurs when two basic criteria are simultaneously fulfilled. A general procedure taking into account this possible occurrence is developed on the basis of two iterative algorithms. The first algorithm is applied to the mass flow rate upstream from the enlargement and the second algorithm is based on the length of the pipe downstream from the enlargement. The proposed methodology involves the improved physical one-dimensional two-phase flow model DEM and the global non-equilibrium model through the abrupt enlargement.     

Benchmarking of two-phase flow through safety relief valves and pipes

This paper compares calculated results for two-phase flows through safety relief valves and pipes using the TPHEM, CCFLOW and RRERSP computer programs. These studies were conducted to locate errors in the programs as well as to further our understanding of how each program worked. For most low-to-moderate viscosity flow examples, and for the frozen flow examples, the program results agreed despite differences in the calculation methods. Current thinking is that the TPHEM computer program gets better results for high viscosity flows through safety relief valves (nozzles) and for pipe down flows. This is because this program successively iterates nozzle flows to achieve results consistent with the choke pressure, temperature and quality and successively iterates pipe flows to achieve results consistent with the pipe length. Safety relief valve flows from the RRERSP computer program are reduced by the inlet pipe non-recoverable pressure loss. This effect is significant for several cases.     

Numerical study of choked two-phase flow of hydrocarbons fluids through orifices

Valves and orifices are the most widely devices of flow control used in oil and gas industry. In particular, they are installed in relief piping system in order to control the discharge flow during potential plant overpressuring scenarios, thus ensuring plant safety. It is a common practice to flow liquid and gas mixtures through such restriction devices.Rigorous models are available to precisely size pressure relief devices operating in single phase flow; however for two-phase flow, no models are considered sufficiently reliable for predicting the relevant flow conditions.In the present paper, two-phase flow of hydrocarbons fluids through an orifice under critical conditions has been numerically investigated.The existing literature has been analyzed and data on two-phase flow of highly volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons through openings have been collected. A comparison has been carried out with numerical simulations carried out by the multiphase flow simulation tool OLGA by SPT.The Henry–Fauske model has been used as orifice choke model and the orifice discharge flow coefficient, required as input by OLGA, has been calculated by Chisholm's model.Comparison between OLGA's results and experimental data shows that Henry–Fauske model markedly underestimates the mass flow rate through the orifice, if Chisholm's model is used to calculate discharge coefficient. It was found that the error of the model could be minimized using different values of orifice discharge coefficient (C_d).A new discharge flow coefficient model, suitable for choked two-phase flow across orifices, is proposed in this study and it has been determined to match the above mentioned experimental measurements.     

压缩空气泡沫水平管路压力损失数值模拟研究

为厘清压缩空气泡沫水平管道输运压力衰减规律,考虑压缩空气泡沫实际工程运用,利用STAR-CCM软件研究泡沫液种类、混合比和管径对湿泡沫水平管网输运过程中压力衰减的影响规律,并结合理论分析建立压缩空气泡沫水平输运过程中的压力衰减预测模型。研究结果表明：管路压降与泡沫液黏度呈正相关性,在混合液流量270 L/min,气体流量1 750 L/min条件下,相同管径高黏度抗溶性水成膜泡沫(AFFF/AR)压降约为低黏度A类和水成膜泡沫(AFFF)1.3倍;对于相同类型泡沫,混合比对管路压降影响较小,100 m长90 mm管径不同混合比之间最大压降差值约为7.21 kPa;管径对压降影响较大,相同泡沫条件下,50 mm管径压降是80 mm管径压降的约9.4倍,80 mm管径压降是100 mm管径压降的约2.8倍,当管径大于80 mm时,不同泡沫对压降的影响逐步减小。压力衰减预测模型计算的压降值与模拟值较前人开展研究所得实验值误差在18%以内,研究结果可以为压缩空气泡沫水平管网设计提供一定理论参考。     

袋式除尘器喷吹管的气流均匀性研究

针对袋式除尘器喷吹气流不均匀性的问题,利用CFD数值模拟建立含有不同结构参数的喷吹管气流分布模型,通过正交试验方法,选取了喷吹管管径D,喷嘴孔径d,喷嘴个数N,喷嘴间距L及喷嘴长度H为主要因素,选取L25（56）正交表得到25组方案,用方差分析法找到了影响喷吹气流不均匀性的主要因素,并采用流量修正和重复迭代的方法对喷嘴孔径进行优化设计,获得较好的气流量分布,为喷吹管设计提供了参考;对修正后的喷吹管,得到不同入口流量下的喷吹管气流不均匀的变化情况。     

浓密尾矿管道输送的研究现状及展望

为掌握浓密尾矿管道输送中的流动规律及阻力特性,对国内外现有研究成果进行了综述,以尾矿颗粒的粒径尺寸和分布特征为切入点,分析了颗粒-颗粒、颗粒-流体间的相互作用,提出将浓密尾矿管道输送划分为均质结构流和复合流动两种模式,分别对不同模式下浆体流变性质、颗粒运移行为、流动型态及阻力特性方面的研究成果和最新进展进行了评述。结果表明:均匀细颗粒(d dc)浓密尾矿可视为由细颗粒介质与离散粗颗粒组成的复合流体,粗颗粒具有"剪切沉降"效应,介质屈服应力较小(τy<5τyc)时,浆体在管道内分层流动,管流阻力可通过两层流模型进行分析。     

Numerical analysis of the effects of fluctuations of discharge capacity on transient flow field in gas well relief line

Transient gas flow in relief line is computed to determine the effects of fluctuations of discharge capacity on flow field. Based on the theories of computational fluid dynamics and aerodynamics, the solution and the analysis were carried out using finite volume CFD solver FLUENT 13.0. Flow fields in seven working conditions were simulated in the numerical investigation and their results were compared. The results showed that the fluctuations of discharge capacity, including extent and period, exert obvious effects on transient gas flow field in relief line. The larger the fluctuation extent and the shorter the fluctuation period, the more significant is the effect. The application method of simulation results is provided to guide the laying and fixing of pipelines, which is verified by filed measurement.     

电厂烟道烟气流动计算仿真及流量均衡研究

神华准格尔能源有限责任公司煤矸石发电厂二期2×330 MW机组锅炉尾部烟道在布置上存在很多烟道弯段、分支结构部件及内部支撑件,从而导致尾部烟道系统阻力较大,布袋除尘器入口烟气存在不均衡现象,生产能耗指标较高。利用数值模拟方法对上述烟道建立了计算模型,从烟道形状参数、流体参数的角度出发,研究了该烟道内压力场的分布及烟气进出口流量的均衡性。以上研究为减小尾部烟道阻力、改善流场品质、增加尾部烟道流场均匀性、减少积灰、减少异常振动和噪声等问题奠定理论基础。