Cd和Cr(VI)单一及复合污染对鲫鱼组织过氧化物酶同工酶的影响

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法研究了Cd和Cr(VI)的单一及复合污染对鲫鱼组织过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶的影响.结果表明,随着Cd、Cr(VI)中毒浓度的升高,Cd对肝POD同工酶起激活作用,对肾、脑则起抑制作用;Cr(VI)对肝POD同工酶和肾POD同工酶起激活作用,对脑POD同工酶影响不明显;Cd、Cr(VI)复合污染则均显示出协同效应的趋势.另外,Cd、Cr(VI)对鲫鱼主要器官POD同工酶的影响具有组织差异性.     

有机碳源对低碳氮比生活污水好氧脱氮的影响

利用间歇式生物膜反应器研究了有机碳源对低碳氮比(COD/TN在3左右)实际生活污水好氧脱氮的影响.处理实际生活污水的实验结果表明,在好氧条件下总氮平均去除率为80%.投加葡萄糖进行5个碳氮比的对比实验,随着COD/TN的升高,好氧总氮去除率由67%(COD/TN=1.63)逐渐上升至93.6%(COD/TN=8.43);但是当COD/TN超过8.43后,总氮去除率提高的并不明显(当COD/TN为8.89时,总氮去除率为96.8%).最后进行了不含有机碳源的实验,其好氧总氮平均去除率为24%.综合分析表明,同时硝化反硝化和好氧脱氨共同导致了SBBR处理低碳氮比生活污水的好氧脱氮.此外,在所有实验过程中,好氧脱氮终点在DO和pH的变化曲线上有相应的跃升点.利用该特征点可以实时控制好氧脱氮的反应时间,并有利于实现短程好氧脱氮.     

Reaction hazard and mechanism study of H2O2 oxidation of 2-butanol to methyl ethyl ketone using DSC,Phi-TEC II and GC-MS

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) oxidation via H₂O₂ with tungsten-based polyoxometalate catalysts has gained much attention with an ever-growing body of knowledge focusing on the development of environmentally benign processes in chemical industry. In this study, two calorimetry techniques, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Phi-TEC II adiabatic calorimetry, were employed to analyze the thermal hazards associated with the 2-butanol oxidation reaction system. Hydrogen peroxide was the oxidant and a tungsten-based polyoxometalate as the catalyst. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for identification of the organic products. Important thermal kinetic data were obtained including “onset” temperature, heat of reaction, adiabatic temperature rise and self-heat rate. From DSC results, three exothermic peaks were detected with a total heat generation of approximately 1.26 kJ/g sufficiently to induce a thermal runaway. Possible reaction pathway for three stages were proposed based on both DSC and GC-MS results. One exotherm was detected by Phi-TEC II calorimeter and the pressure versus temperature profile together with the DSC and GC-MS data demonstrate the complexity of 2-butanol reaction system under both thermal screening and adiabatic conditions.     

有机过氧化物生产火灾爆炸危险性分析

针对有机过氧化物自分解温度较低、反应过程易引发火灾爆炸等危险特性,采用危险与可操作分析(HAZOP)方法和事故树(FTA)分析对过氧化物生产过程中存在的火灾爆炸危险性进行分析.结果表明,有机过氧化物生产过程中低温的保证是关键,应对制冷系统进行故障类型及影响分析(FMEA),从而确保制冷系统安全可靠.     

Fate of trace tetracycline with resistant bacteria and resistance genes in an improved AAO wastewater treatment plant

The fate of trace tetracycline, tetracycline resistant bacteria (TRB) and tetracycline resistant genes (TRGs) in an improved anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAO) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was investigated in this study. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional heterotrophic plate count method were used to measure eight tet genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetE, tetM, tetO, tetS and tetX) and TRB, respectively. The TRB percent of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) is about 1.31–24.1% in WWTP influent. Tet gene abundance in the WWTP varied greatly among the gene types. The concentrations of TRGs in effluent samples ranged from 7.11 × 10⁻⁹ to 1.53 × 10⁻⁴ copies/copy 16S rRNA gene. TRB and THB, tetM and tetO, tetE and tetX, but not the others, showed a significant correlation with each other (p < 0.01). The relationships between ribosomal protection protein genes, enzymatic modification gene and corresponding concentrations of antibiotics were found to be considerably significant (R² = 0.898, p < 0.01 for ribosomal protection protein genes and R² = 0.872, p < 0.05 for enzymatic modification gene).     

重点行业VOCs自动监控存在的问题及建议

对全国范围内石化、化工、包装印刷、工业涂装4个重点行业的VOCs自动监控设施的安装、运行和管理等情况进行调研、分析。研究发现,重点行业VOCs自动监控设施存在覆盖率不足、规范化不够、监测结果比对难、管理应用少等问题,并提出了细化自动监控设施安装要求、规范仪器市场秩序、提高自动监控质量、完善自动监控技术规范和标准、强化以用促管等建议,旨在为规范指导VOCs自动监控设施的建设、运行和提高VOCs自动监控数据的质量提供技术支撑。     

北京市汽车涂装VOCs治理现状与减排潜力分析

汽车制造是北京市的重要支柱型产业,也是挥发性有机物(VOCs)的重要排放源之一。在充分调研VOCs治理现状的基础上,对高端乘用车和普通乘用车涂装工艺各环节的产排污特征进行分析,并对其减排潜力进行重点研究。结果表明,由于高端乘用车生产线对各环节废气的全面处理等因素,VOCs排放水平显著低于普通乘用车;普通乘用车水性漆喷涂环节是最具减排潜力的关键点,若采用“干式除漆雾(循环风)+转轮吸附+焚烧”的改进处理措施,预计可实现VOCs减排比率达39.62%,但相应增加的环保投资对生产企业会形成一定的成本压力。     

序批式厌氧反应器厌氧氨氧化渗滤液脱氮试验研究

通过接种具有厌氧氨氧化性能的污泥,采用序批式厌氧反应器(ASBR)处理垃圾渗滤液,研究水力停留时间(HRT)、pH、温度等对厌氧氨氧化反应过程的影响并确定各因素的最佳控制范围。结果表明,在本试验条件下,HRT、pH和温度的适宜范围分别为24 h、7.5~8.5和35℃。在此条件下,进水NH~+_4-N浓度为150 mg/L,NO~-_2-N浓度为160 mg/L,COD浓度为300 mg/L时,出水NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N、TN、COD平均浓度分别为15.5 mg/L、0.01mg/L、43.2 mg/L和152.1 mg/L,相对应的平均去除率分别为89.7%、99.9%、86.1%和47.6%。     

城市雨水和土壤中持久性有机污染物分析

为分析城市环境中持久性有机污染物状况,以西安市城区为研究对象,按照城市布局设置10个代表性采样点,分别采集初期雨水和地表土壤样品,采用气相色谱法(GC)测定样品中有机氯农药和多氯联苯两大类持久性有机污染物的含量.结果表明:西安城区雨水、土壤中均含有持久性有机污染物,雨水中以pp'-DDT、α-六六六、pp'-DDD、PCB169、PCB189、PCB126居多,土壤中以op'-DDT、α-六六六、pp'-DDT、PCB169、PCB189、PCB77居多;无论雨水还是土壤中,都是有机氯农药含量高于多氯联苯含量;雨水中pp'-DDT、多氯联苯PCB169平均质量浓度分别超过GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》限值的12倍、100倍,土壤中的六六六和DDT质量比尚未超过GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》一级标准.有机氯农药和多氯联苯的逸度商(fa/fa)均远小于1,西安城区POPs的迁移总趋势是由雨水向土壤表层聚集,降雨会将大气中的POPs通过淋洗等作用带到土壤表层,大气为污染物的源,土壤为其最终的汇集地.     

Study of chemical supply system of high-tech process using inherently safer design strategies in Taiwan

The photoelectric, semiconductor and other high-tech industries are Taiwan's most important economic activities. High-tech plant incidents are caused by hazardous energy, even when that energy is confined to the inside of the process machine. During daily maintenance procedures, overhauling or troubleshooting, engineers entering the interior of the machines are in direct contact with the source of the energy or hazardous substances, which can cause serious injury. The best method for preventing such incidents is to use inherently safer design strategies (ISDs); this approach can fully eliminate the dangers from the sources of hazardous energy at a facility.This study first conducts a lithography process hazard analysis and compiles a statistical analysis of the causes of the fires and losses at high-tech plants in Taiwan since 1996, the aim being to establish the necessary improvement measures by using the Fire Dynamics Simulation (FDS) to solve relevant problems. The researchers also investigate the lithography process machine in order to explore carriage improvement measures, and analyse the fires' causes and reactive materials hazardous properties, from 1996 to 2012. The effective improvement measures are established based on the accident statistics. The study site is a 300 mm wafer fabrication plant located in Hsinchu Science Park, Taiwan.After the completion of the annual maintenance jobs improvement from September 2011 to December 2012, the number of lithography process accidents was reduced from 6 to 1. The accident rate was significantly reduced and there were no staff time losses for a continuous 6882 h. It is confirmed that the plant safety level has been effectively enhanced. The researchers offer safety design recommendations regarding transport process appliances, chemical storage tanks, fume cupboard devices, chemical rooms, pumping equipment, transportation pipelines, valve manual box (VMB) process machines and liquid waste discharge lines. These recommendations can be applied in these industries to enhance the safety level of high-tech plants, facilities or process systems.     

我国大气VOCs监测现状及挑战

对我国开展大气VOCs监测的必要性、监测现状以及主要使用的监测方法进行了分析。目前,我国已初步建立了大气VOCs手工与自动监测网络,主要采用预浓缩-热脱附-气相色谱-质谱/氢火焰离子化检测器法进行PAMS组分和TO-15组分分析,利用高效液相色谱法进行13种醛、酮类组分分析。目前大气VOCs监测还存在数据质量、灵敏度有待提高,不同设备或方法监测结果一致性较差等问题。为此在VOCs监测过程中应进一步加强质量保证与质量控制,并尝试通过提高预浓缩装置除水和干扰物效率、提升进样量等多种手段提高监测灵敏度。     

Long-term prediction model of rockburst in underground openings using heuristic algorithms and support vector machines

Rockburst possibility prediction is an important activity in many underground openings design and construction as well as mining production. Due to the complex features of rockburst hazard assessment systems, such as multivariables, strong coupling and strong interference, this study employs support vector machines (SVMs) for the determination of classification of long-term rockburst for underground openings. SVMs is firmly based on the theory of statistical learning algorithms, uses classification technique by introducing radial basis function (RBF) kernel function. The inputs of models are buried depth H, rocks’ maximum tangential stress σ_θ, rocks’ uniaxial compressive strength σ_c, rocks’ uniaxial tensile strength σ_t, stress coefficient σ_θ/σ_c, rock brittleness coefficient σ_c/σ_t and elastic energy index W_et. In order to improve predictive accuracy and generalization ability, the heuristic algorithms of genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) are adopted to automatically determine the optimal hyper-parameters for SVMs. The performance of hybrid models (GA + SVMs = GA-SVMs) and (PSO + SVMs = PSO-SVMs) have been compared with the grid search method of support vector machines (GSM-SVMs) model and the experimental values. It also gives variance of predicted data. A rockburst dataset, which consists of 132 samples, was employed to evaluate the current method for predicting rockburst grade, and the good results of overall success rate were obtained. The results indicated that the heuristic algorithms of GA and PSO can speed up SVMs parameter optimization search, the proposed method is robust model and might hold a high potential to become a useful tool in rockburst prediction research.     

Cu(NO3)2在亚甲蓝湿式氧化处理中的应用

用CWAO技术处理COD为2 000 mg/L的亚甲蓝水溶液.以Cu(NO3)2为催化剂,考察了催化剂投加量、反应温度、压力及进水pH值对亚甲蓝水样COD去除率、脱色率、出水pH值的影响.实验表明,亚甲蓝的氧化效率随催化剂投加量的增加,反应温度及压力的升高而升高.然而,综合考虑亚甲蓝的氧化效率、试剂费用、设备成本及能量消耗,实验确定Cu(NO3)2的投加量以Cu2 计为150 mg/L,反应温度及压力分别为200℃和2.0 MPa.在酸性进水条件下,COD去除率随进水pH值的降低而升高;而在碱性进水条件下,COD去除率随进水pH值的升高而升高.pH值按COD去除率由高到低的排列顺序是:3.87、11.23、5.50、7.25、9.47,实验确定最佳进水pH值是3.87.在以上最佳的操作条件下,反应150 min,水样COD去除率达97.4%,脱色率达99.97%,出水pH值3.63.     

Risk management of terrorist attacks in the transport of hazardous materials using dynamic geoevents

This paper focuses attention on emergency management associated with a terrorist attack in the transport of hazardous materials in urban areas. The case study is in an urban area, a potential target for terrorist attacks due to its high vulnerability. Since it is not possible to predict where and when an attack will occur, the risk associated with terrorism is complex. It is only possible to identify the critical points for potential actions where counter measure must be applied. In the case of incidents which evolve relatively slowly, mitigation actions can be applied. The use of dynamic geoevents permits the immediate location of the event on a georeferenced map and the possibility of having a dynamic evolution of the scenario and of the number of people involved. The dynamic scenario has been created using the output of a consequence simulation code and a GIS software. Some assumptions were necessary but, since the aim of the paper is to define the procedure for the construction of the dynamic geoevent, these can be considered acceptable. The method will be further implemented in future.     

L245A级钢管在湿H_2S环境下的氢致开裂(HIC)与硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)试验研究

管线钢在湿H2S环境下运行必须考虑其抗氢致开裂(HIC)和硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)性能,因此,在确保L245A级钢管力学性能合格的前提下,根据NACETM0284—2003和NACETM0177—2005标准,按照L245A级钢管及焊缝所处的不同介质浓度和运行压力设计了8组试验。通过降低介质浓度和运行压力对L245A级钢管在湿硫化氢环境下的抗氢致开裂性能和硫化物应力腐蚀开裂性能(SSCC)进行了试验评定;通过4组试验得出:L245A级钢管在标准湿H2S环境下不会产生氢致开裂,发生硫化物应力腐蚀开裂,在设计条件和工作条件下不发生应力腐蚀开裂的结论。同时笔者对管道在湿H2S环境下的安全运行提出了建议。     

Optimization of dilution ventilation layout design in confined environments using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Dilution ventilation systems have been widely used to control the airborne toxic and explosive material in confined spaces. Layout design of dilution ventilation is critical to industrial hygiene control and ventilation efficiency. A properly designed dilution ventilation system can significantly improve the safety of confined workshops and maintain a comfortable work condition. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to analyze the performance of dilution ventilation system in the confined workshop environment. Seven different ventilation layouts are proposed to evaluate ventilation performance of different installation layouts. Carbon monoxide (CO), which has the similar density as air, is selected as the sample contaminant to conduct steady-state CFD simulations. The simulation results of different layouts are examined and compared to get the optimal layout design for the best contaminant control. Results have shown that the layout with two opposite inlets has the highest ventilation efficiency among seven proposed layouts. This work can serve as a reference to increase dilution ventilation efficiency and minimize the energy cost in general confined areas.     

IAFSA-GRNN在油田集输管道CO2腐蚀速率预测中的应用

为提高油田集输管道CO₂腐蚀速率预测的准确性,针对原始广义回归神经网络(GRNN)预测精度低的问题,提出改进的群智能算法优化原始GRNN的预测模型;分别使用GRNN模型、人工鱼群算法(AFSA)优化的GRNN(AFSA-GRNN)模型和自适应改进的AFSA-GRNN(IAFSA-GRNN)模型预测X65管线钢的CO₂腐蚀速率。结果表明:采用AFSA和IAFSA优化光滑因子S后,能大大提高GRNN模型的预测精度,预测结果的平均相对误差由36.09%分别减小至7.20%和6.90%;与AFSA相比,IAFSA优化的GRNN不仅具有更高的预测精度,还具有更快的收敛速度。AFSA-GRNN在第164次迭代计算时收敛,而IAFSA-GRNN在第109次迭代计算时收敛,说明AFSA经自适应优化能提高优化过程的收敛速度和GRNN的预测精度。     

湿法脱硫后烟气中SO3/硫酸雾测试方法的试验

在自行设计和搭建的模拟湿法脱硫烟气系统中,研究了基于控制冷凝法原理的SO_3/硫酸雾采集装置对湿法脱硫后SO_3/硫酸雾的捕集性能,重点考察了螺旋管与石英棉冷凝温度、采样枪温度、采样流量、采样时间和SO_3/硫酸雾质量浓度对SO_3/硫酸雾捕集性能的影响。结果表明,在研究范围内,湿法脱硫后SO_3/硫酸雾采集装置优化的操作参数为:螺旋管及石英棉冷凝温度95℃,采样枪温度280℃,采样流量17 L/min,采样时间30 min。SO_3/硫酸雾质量浓度较高时,螺旋冷凝管对SO_3/硫酸雾的捕集起主要作用,其捕集的SO_3/硫酸雾比例在75.8%~80.8%,远高于螺旋冷凝管与石英棉捕集SO_3/硫酸雾的比例;SO_3/硫酸雾质量浓度较低(约1mg/m3)时,采样枪对SO_3/硫酸雾的捕集起主要作用,其捕集SO_3/硫酸雾的比例大于50%。