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1.
    
Many diazonium salts are thermally unstable and sensitive to friction and shock. Most diazonium salts are known for their violent decomposition hazard in the solid state. There are many industrial and laboratory incidents caused by this group of chemicals. For safety purposes, the hazards related to the preparation and the handling of diazonium salts are discussed. Twelve cardinal rules are provided:1. Use only a stoichiometric amount of sodium nitrite when generating diazonium salts, avoiding excess sodium nitrite.2. Check for the excess of nitrous acid by starch–potassium iodide papers and neutralize it.3. Minimize the presence of nitrous acid by combining amine and acid first, then subsequently adding the sodium nitrite.4. Keep the temperature below 5 °C.5. Always vent the gases generated.6. Determine the thermal stability of diazonium compounds in your system.7. Understand the explosive properties of diazonium salts. If unknown, always assume they are explosive.8. Never allow the undesired precipitation of diazonium salts out of solution.9. Analyze the residual diazo compounds in the final product, especially for new process conditions.10. Quench the remaining diazonium salts before any further treatments.11. Isolate no more than 0.75 mmol of explosive diazonium salts at one time; also consider the addition of an inert material to stabilize the diazonium salts.12. Use a plastic spatula when handling the solid. The dried powder should not be “scratched” with a metal spatula or ground finely.An example of a testing strategy and data interpretation is provided for a process which has multiple steps and two diazonium compounds. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Heat of Mixing calorimetry (HOM) successfully serve as efficient tests to screen thermal stability and gas generation, identifying the candidates for advanced tests.  相似文献   

2.
    
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) oxidation via H2O2 with tungsten-based polyoxometalate catalysts has gained much attention with an ever-growing body of knowledge focusing on the development of environmentally benign processes in chemical industry. In this study, two calorimetry techniques, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Phi-TEC II adiabatic calorimetry, were employed to analyze the thermal hazards associated with the 2-butanol oxidation reaction system. Hydrogen peroxide was the oxidant and a tungsten-based polyoxometalate as the catalyst. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for identification of the organic products. Important thermal kinetic data were obtained including “onset” temperature, heat of reaction, adiabatic temperature rise and self-heat rate. From DSC results, three exothermic peaks were detected with a total heat generation of approximately 1.26 kJ/g sufficiently to induce a thermal runaway. Possible reaction pathway for three stages were proposed based on both DSC and GC-MS results. One exotherm was detected by Phi-TEC II calorimeter and the pressure versus temperature profile together with the DSC and GC-MS data demonstrate the complexity of 2-butanol reaction system under both thermal screening and adiabatic conditions.  相似文献   

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4.
为降低氧化石墨烯制备过程中的工艺危险性,利用反应量热仪(RC)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等仪器,探究工艺过程放热原因,测试影响热量释放的搅拌速度、加料时间、投料温度和中温阶段反应温度等参数;然后设计正交试验,得到不同条件下相关动力学参数;最后根据动力学参数正交分析,获得制备过程的最优条件。研究结果表明:放热原因是高锰酸钾的生成集聚及其快速分解。中温阶段反应温度是控制氧化石墨烯制备工艺过程危险性的重要因素。搅拌速度为250 r/min、加料时间为60 min、投料温度为0 ℃和中温阶段反应温度为20 ℃时的工况,为最优工况。  相似文献   

5.
为准确判断煤燃点,提高煤自燃灾害防治能力,依据热爆炸理论,结合煤自燃过程放热曲线,将煤自燃升温过程中微分热流曲线上第1处极小值点作为煤的燃点,计算煤着火前后放热过程动力学参数变化。结果表明:随升温速率增加,煤自燃反应放热过程逐渐向高温区域移动,煤燃点逐渐增大,反应的活化能逐渐减小;同一升温速率下燃点之后煤的活化能增大;燃点之前的煤氧反应级数为1.5,燃点后降低为1;燃点后的煤氧燃烧更加充分,煤自燃更加难以控制。  相似文献   

6.
从近几年制药行业频繁爆炸事故出发,分析制药行业爆炸事故的种类,从粉尘爆炸入手,以某制药企业为研究对象,对其爆炸粉体克拉维酸钾进行了爆炸参数测试,运用20L球形粉尘爆炸测试装置测定其爆炸下限为40 g/m~3.同时运用差热扫描热分析法对其进行放热反应进行研究,再利用毛细管气相色谱法对该混合物中是否存在可燃气体进行了评定,发现其存在丙酮可燃气体,但含量较低为9.3×10~(-5).针对上述特点,从技术和管理角度出发,分析应对措施以及常见的问题,设计了混粉机械人机界面,编制了安全检查表,对该类共性问题进行了归纳,以供防范药物混粉事故发生参考.  相似文献   

7.
在黑索今(RDX)中加入具有高热值的金属氢化物(Mg(BH4)2和MgH2)有望提高RDX的爆炸性能,但同时给RDX的安全使用带来挑战.为了探索RDX与这2种金属氢化物的相容性与安定性,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究Mg(BH4)2和MgH2对RDX热分解性能的影响,并由DSC得到的数据计算动力学参数,参照GJB770B——2005的方法分析这2种金属氢化物与RDX的相容性和安定性.结果表明,加入Mg(BH4)2使RDX的表观活化能从159.22 kJ/mol增加至180.27 kJ/mol,加入MgH2使RDX的表观活化能降低至133.69 kJ/mol; Mg(BH4)2与RDX的相容性为1级,MgH2与RDX的相容性为3级,加入Mg(BH4)2使RDX的安定性有所提高,加入MgH2降低了RDX的安定性.因此,在将MgH2作为RDX的高能添加剂以前,必须首先提高其与RDX的相容性以保证试验和存储过程的安全.  相似文献   

8.
为研究无、含水过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)的热分解特性、撞击感度及两者间的关系,首先分别对无水和含水24.9%的BPO进行差式量热扫描(DSC)测试和不同环境温度下的撞击感度测试;然后根据无水和含水BPO的一系列动态和等温DSC测试结果,分别对2种材料在固相分解和固相熔融为液相的分解过程建立“自催化+n级”模型和“自催化+自催化+n级”模型,并预测得到两者的热点温度为244.7、277.9 ℃;最后根据撞击感度测试结果,拟合得到特性落高H50与环境温度θ0的关系。结果表明:在40、50 ℃条件下,含水BPO撞击感度明显低于无水BPO,但前者在40~70 ℃的环境中对温度更加敏感。因此,在含水BPO的运输、贮存等工业过程中需注意控制温度以降低因撞击而产生爆炸事故的风险。  相似文献   

9.
为尽量减小过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯(TBPB)2步合成反应的热危险性,采用反应量热仪(RC1e)研究反应物用量对反应过程的摩尔反应热(ΔHm)、绝热温升(ΔTad)以及最高合成反应温度(MTSR)的影响;气相色谱表征TBPB的产率以及叔丁基过氧化氢(TBHP)的转化率,并分析其与ΔHm、ΔTad以及MTSR之间的关系;差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试反应产物的热分解特性,判断其发生热分解的可能性与严重度。结果表明:TBPB第2步合成反应的ΔHm、ΔTad、MTSR都比第1步反应大。苯甲酰氯的增加会同时提高反应的ΔHm、ΔTad以及MTSR。由苯甲酰氯过量引起的产率下降,伴随着反应热危险性的升高。苯甲酰氯的增加,会降低第2步反应产物发生热分解的可能性与严重度。  相似文献   

10.
This study investigated the thermal degradation energy (activation energy, Ea) for nitrocellulose (NC) with low nitrogen content of 11.71 mass%, so-called NC3, by using two different kinds of thermal analysis instruments: thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A comparison of Ea for various nitrogen content NC samples at two scanning rates (5 and 10 °C min?1) tested by TGA and DSC is also discussed in this paper. Meanwhile, our aim was to analyze the anti-degradation of Ea for NC with high nitrogen content, as so-called NC1. Thermal stability for NC1 with diphenylamine (DPA) was tested via DSC with 10 DPA concentrations in weights of 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.0, and 3.0 mass%. Experimental results indicated that Ea of NC3s was 319.91 kJ mol?1. Moreover, that while dosing DPA into NC1 the best recipe could be employed to avoid any violent NC1 runaway and also can be used to distinguish the differences of thermal decomposition Ea between NC with different nitrogen contents. This study established a fast and efficient procedure for thermal decomposition properties of NC, and could be applied as an intrinsically safer design during relevant operations.  相似文献   

11.
为获得偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)在各种热应力条件下的危险参数,通过简化的压力容器试验测试AIBN的热分解激烈性等级,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和绝热量热仪(ARC)对AIBN的热分解过程进行研究,用动力学与热稳定性分析软件AKTS计算动力学参数在整个反应进程中的变化情况,并根据ARC测试结果推算自加速分解温度(TSADT).结果表明:AIBN的热分解激烈性为Ⅱ类,易呈现爆炸特性;其初始分解温度和TSADT很低,分别约为78℃和61℃,且分解放热过程和熔融吸热过程同时发生.因此,在AIBN的生产、使用、贮存和运输等过程中应加强温度监控,并根据实际情况采取降温措施.  相似文献   

12.
为规避偶氮二异丁酸二甲酯(AIBME)的潜在热危险,使用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究其热分解过程,并利用Kissinger法初步计算活化能;通过热安全软件(TSS)进行数据拟合,得到AIBME的活化能及相关动力学参数,与Kissinger法所得活化能进行比较;利用所得动力学参数建立热动力学模型,推算AIBME的自加速分解温度(SADT)和最大反应速率到达时间(TMRad)。研究结果表明:TSS进行分步式热分解分析所得AIBME的活化能比Kissinger法所得活化能更准确,所得第一阶段分解所需活化能为88.44 kJ/mol,第二阶段为113.87 kJ/mol;AIBME的SADT为30 ℃,在常温下可分解,故在生产、运输和储存过程中应加强温度的监控。  相似文献   

13.
混酸中甲苯半间歇硝化过程的危险性研究   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
为了解甲苯在混酸中硝化的危险性,用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测试甲苯、混酸及一硝基甲苯的热分解情况,用反应量热仪(RC1e)研究搅拌速度、温度及硝酸过用率3因素对目的反应的影响.结果表明,混酸分解温度最低,而当目的反应的3因素出现异常,以及反应过程中发生冷却失效时,均可导致硝化反应体系不稳定,此时若不停止加料,并采取措施,易引起混酸的分解,进一步可引起一硝基甲苯的分解,导致严重后果.  相似文献   

14.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), historically, due to its broad applications in the chemical industries, has caused many serious fires and explosions around the world. Its thermal hazards may also be incurred by an incompatible reaction with other chemicals, and a runaway reaction may be induced in the last stage. This study applied thermal analytical methods to explore the H2O2 leading to these accidents by incompatibility and to discuss what might be formed by the upset situations. Thermal hazard analysis contained a solvent, propanone (CH3COCH3, so-called acetone), which was deliberately selected to mix with H2O2 for investigating the degree of thermal hazard. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) were employed to evaluate the thermal hazard of H2O2. The results indicated that H2O2 is highly hazardous while mixed with propanone, as a potential contaminant. The time to maximum rate (TMR) was used as emergency response time in the chemical industries. Therefore, TMR of H2O2 was calculated to be 70 min for runaway reaction (after T0) and TMR of H2O2/propanone was discovered to be 27 min only. Fire and explosion hazards could be successfully lessened if the safety-related data are properly imbedded into manufacturing processes.  相似文献   

15.
为尽量减小过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯(TBPB)2步合成反应的热危险性,采用反应量热仪(RC1e)研究反应物用量对反应过程的摩尔反应热(ΔHm)、绝热温升(ΔTad)以及最高合成反应温度(MTSR)的影响;气相色谱表征TBPB的产率以及叔丁基过氧化氢(TBHP)的转化率,并分析其与ΔHm、ΔTad以及MTSR之间的关系;差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试反应产物的热分解特性,判断其发生热分解的可能性与严重度。结果表明:TBPB第2步合成反应的ΔHm、ΔTad、MTSR都比第1步反应大。苯甲酰氯的增加会同时提高反应的ΔHm、ΔTad以及MTSR。由苯甲酰氯过量引起的产率下降,伴随着反应热危险性的升高。苯甲酰氯的增加,会降低第2步反应产物发生热分解的可能性与严重度。  相似文献   

16.
硝酸及氯离子对高温硝酸铵水溶液热危险性的影响研究   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
国内外学者对硝酸铵的危险性进行了大量的研究,而对其水溶液的危险性至今开展不多.笔者采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)及全自动反应量热仪(RC1e)对高温状态下的硝酸铵水溶液的热分解危险性、杂质离子对其稳定性的影响进行了研究.纯硝酸铵和90%硝酸铵水溶液的DSC实验表明,90%硝酸铵溶液和分析纯硝酸铵具有相似的热爆炸危险;90%硝酸铵水溶液在140~180 ℃之间的RC1e试验表明:硝酸或氯离子单独存在时,对硝酸铵分解都有不同程度的抑制作用,而同时存在时则大大降低体系的热稳定性.该结果对保障硝酸铵在生产、使用过程中的安全具有重要的参考价值.  相似文献   

17.
    
In this study, an integrated “Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE)” and maintenance systems are presented. Multivariate analysis is used for continuous performance assessment and improvement of these systems. The two subjects of “Maintenance System” and “HSE” have been individually investigated several times in different studies. However, few studies have been done to integrate these two systems and provide an integrated system for their implementation. This study evaluates current maintenance and HSE systems of a Gas Transmission Unit by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Moreover, decision making units (DMUs) are examined and ranked. Employees are considered as DMUs. This is done through investigating and measuring their efficiencies and identifying the inefficient and less-efficient units. Since an increase in the number of inputs does not lead to an increase in the number of outputs with the same scale, an output-oriented DEA with a Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) is used. The Fuzzy DEA (FDEA) is also used in this research to decrease uncertainty existing in qualitative indicators and human error. Finally, suggestions are given to improve those DMUs. The managers and employees of the gas transmission unit constitute the statistical population of the study. To achieve the objectives of this study, standard questionnaires with respect to HSE and Maintenance system are completed by operators. The proposed approach would help policy makers and top managers of Gas Transmission Company to have a more comprehensive and thorough understanding the working conditions with respect to the maintenance and HSE features.  相似文献   

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