考虑救援时效的化工园区应急物资储备站点选址模型研究

针对化工园区的应急物资储备站点选址问题,在同时考虑经济因素以及救援效果的基础上,建立了多目标覆盖选址模型,同时引入了应急救援时效函数,以反映物资运输时间对救援效果的影响.最后将模型应用于江苏省南部的化工园区应急物资储存站点的选址问题进行算例分析,使用NSGA-II算法对模型进行求解,并采用TODIM法对得到的帕累托最优...     

Hierarchical pre-positioning of emergency resources for a chemical industrial parks concentrated area

Accidents in chemical industrial parks always cause fateful damage which can be reduced greatly by providing emergency resources sufficiently and timely. One effective way to enhance the emergency response capacity and agility is by pre-positioning of emergency resources for the potential accidents. The Yangtze River Delta of China is a large region where a large number of chemical industrial parks are concentrated. According to the distributing characteristics of demand points in this region, a mathematical model of hierarchical pre-positioning of emergency resources is proposed to ensure that accidents in all chemical industrial parks in this region can be responded timely and effectively. Considering accident domino effect and minimizing the total cost, the model gives optimal decisions of pre-positioning emergency resources, including the location and inventory of depots. The innovative hierarchical pre-positioning method greatly reduces the total cost in the premise of sufficient preparation for supplying emergency resources. Finally, in a visual graph of the Yangtze River Delta, the model is applied and the result shows its applicability.     

多条件约束三维动态行人疏散路径优化方法

针对约束环境下的行人疏散路径选择问题,提出了三维动态行人疏散路径优化方法。通过元胞自动机模型的拓展建立了三维行人疏散网格模型和三维解空间,在此基础上,综合考虑行人视域、路径距离、行人空间分布等多条件约束。引入路径寻优方法(Ant Colony Algorithm)、改进的社会力模型、更新的启发函数和信息素,构建了新的行人路径选择与优化机制。仿真结果符合实际路径优化需求,模型算法平衡了各出口利用率,提高了行人整体疏散效率,为三维空间下的行人疏散路径优化问题的解决提供了新的思路和方案,生成的疏散路径信息有望反馈到地标系统中并有效指导突发情况下行人的路径选择。     

基于格子气模型的宿舍火灾人群疏散研究

为在宿舍发生火灾时给疏散人员提供最优的人群疏散方案,提高抢险救灾能力,将疏散过程分为两个阶段--学生发现火灾离开宿舍向走廊疏散,再由走廊向两端的出口疏散.综合考虑社会力因素,将优势方向权重算法与偏向随机行走格子气模型结合建模,对宿舍不同人数进行模拟,并通过Anylogic进行仿真计算.结果表明,格子气模型和优势方向权重算法能够真实模拟宿舍火灾疏散场景.     

Location selection of emergency supplies repositories for emergency logistics management: A variable weighted algorithm

With the development of the city, the number of establishments that are proposed or under construction is increasing year by year, and if they are industries that handle flammable, explosive, toxic, harmful, and dangerous substances, the public safety will face great threats, which will bring great challenges to emergency rescue work. Therefore, providing reasonable solutions to the problem of location selection of emergency supplies repositories are necessary for improving the emergency response efficiency in chemical industrial parks. A mathematical model for location selection of emergency supplies repositories in emergency logistics management are presented considering more actual factors. The optimization objectives of the model are to minimize total transport length and cost. And then a Variable Weighted Algorithm is designed to solve the model, where an auxiliary function was constructed with different methods of building weighting factors based on the theory and method of solving multi-objective optimization problems in operational research. Simulation results show the effectiveness and feasibility of the models and algorithms presented in this paper.     

基于DEA对抗交叉评价模型的化工园区脆弱性评价

化工园区的脆弱性是评估园区安全现状的重要指标,采用DEA对抗交叉评价方法对某省5个化工园区的脆弱性进行了评价研究。首先从园区固有危险性、园区承灾体脆弱性以及事故后果损失程度3个方面构建了化工园区脆弱性评估指标体系,通过DEA对抗交叉评价模型得出的效率值对园区事故成灾效率进行了评估,成灾效率越大说明脆弱性越大,反之,脆弱性越小;最后,探讨了5个化工园区脆弱性等级,对其进行了优劣排序,分析了园区脆弱性的影响因素;可为化工园区的管理者提供理论支持。     

Survey-based analysis of evacuation preparation behaviors in a chemical leakage accident: A case study

Public evacuation preparation exerts an important impact on overall evacuation efficiency during regional evacuations. Early warnings often delay the occurrence of chemical accidents. Studying the characteristics of public evacuation preparation in such accidents will help develop better evacuation strategies considering the actual public response. In this work, the characteristics and factors influencing public evacuation preparation behaviors were analyzed by examining an evacuation case in China. The results indicated that the probability distribution of public's evacuation preparation time during a regional evacuation conforms to a Weibull distribution regardless of whether or not evacuation warnings were received. An estimation model of the traffic flow loading rate in a regional evacuation was then proposed on the basis of this finding. The results of this research can provide a reliable reference for evacuation modeling or logistics optimization for future incidents.     

基于动态网络流的区域疏散分析模型与仿真

区域疏散分析是应急管理工作的重要内容。基于CBRN事故区域疏散的特点,引入疏散亚区域的概念,并运用运筹学中图论与离散时间动态网络流的理论和方法,建立CBRN事故区域疏散优化模型。采用RELAX算法求解该模型,并结合CBRN事故时期人员疏散过程详细介绍区域疏散分析的流程。最后将所建模型应用于具体实例,程序运算结果表明群众对紧急疏散通知的反应速度越快,被疏散人数越少以及尽早通知群众疏散时,人员疏散效率明显提高。CBRN事故区域疏散优化模型可为优化和改进CBRN事故区域疏散的方法提供依据。     

基于对抗交叉评价模型的中国自然灾害区域脆弱性评价

首次提出使用对抗交叉评价（Aggressive-Cross-Evaluation）模型对自然灾害的区域脆弱性程度进行研究。从区域自然灾害的危险性,区域承灾体暴露性和区域自然灾害造成的损失程度构建了区域自然灾害系统的脆弱性评价模型,并通过算例对中国自然灾害的区域脆弱性进行了评价。传统的DEA方法为了保证算法的有效性,一般选取的输入和输出指标的个数较少。对抗交叉评价模型回避了传统的DEA方法的缺陷,继承了DEA方法不需要预先估计权重参数和函数模型的优点,可以全面、客观地评价自然灾害的区域脆弱性。     

Emergency evacuation model assuming leakage of toxic substances in a chemical plant

Preparedness of emergency evacuation for the leakage of toxic substances in chemical plants is very important in order to reduce damage. In order to implement an emergency evacuation properly, it is necessary to comprehensively and concretely determine the conditions of the leakage and atmospheric conditions and predict the consequences of the dispersed gases. Repeated training for emergencies is also essential. In order to realize effective evacuation, a prediction model of the evacuation area that anyone can use to obtain the same results both accurately and promptly is developed in the present study. The prediction model is designed such that the wind speed and atmospheric conditions are automatically set, and the leakage rate is the only input parameter, so that anyone can use the model easily. In addition, the model can also predict the atmospheric parameters for up to 3 h and can calculate the evacuation distance so that smooth evacuation can be achieved for changing atmospheric conditions. Finally, the evacuation area is defined by statistically analysed wind fluctuations, and a series of emergency evacuation measures is implemented.     

基于社会力模型的三维阶梯教室行人疏散仿真研究

为研究三维阶梯教室内座位布局及单双门对行人疏散效果的影响,改进社会力模型,模拟单双门情况下4种常见座位布局的行人疏散过程,从宏观和微观2个层面分析行人的疏散效果及内在的物理机制。结果表明:在限定门口宽度下,单开后门的平均总疏散时间均小于单开前门,而双门情形下的平均总疏散时间最小;从微观密度图来看,无论是单开前门、单开后门,还是双门均打开,4种座位布局中发生人员拥挤的位置相似。但单开后门情况下高密度区域的峰值高于单开前门,而双门情况下行人承受拥挤的压力最小,发生事故的风险小。     

化工园区安全容量计算模型研究

本文探讨了化工园区安全容量的含义。选择了适当的基础安全容量计算模型及事故统计指标,建立了安全容量影响因素体系,在此基础上,运用改进G1法和模糊综合评价法确定各因素的权重和隶属度,进而提出化工园区安全容量的计算模型。     

通道中障碍物布局对行人运动影响的多格子模型研究

传统行人疏散运动模型对障碍物环境下的个体运动行为关注不足,而且未较好地讨论不同障碍物布局下的行人运动特性。通过改进多格子模型建立了考虑障碍物布局影响的行人运动模型,并与实验结果对比验证了该模型的有效性。利用该模型对不同障碍物布局下的单、双行人流进行模拟,探究不同障碍物布局对行人运动的影响。模拟结果表明,合理的障碍物布局有助于提高行人流的运动速度。丰富了传统多格子模型在障碍物环境下的运动规则,能够为行人交通设施设计及科学管理提供理论与技术支持。     

A framework for human error risk analysis of coal mine emergency evacuation in China

Evacuation from underground coal mine in emergency as soon as possible makes the difference between life and death. Human factors have an important impact on a successful evacuation, but literature review shows that there is a lack of consideration of human error risk during coal mine emergency evacuation in China. To address the above problems, in this paper, we established a framework for human error risk analysis of coal mine emergency evacuation, consisting of scenario and task analysis, risk assessment and risk reduction. A general evacuation procedure which is applicable for different causes is detailed through the scenario and task analysis. A new method based on expert judgment, named OGI-Model, is proposed to evaluate the reliability of human safety barrier. In this new approach, human safety barrier is divided into three sub-barriers, i.e., organization safety sub-barrier (OSSB), group safety sub-barrier (GSSB), and individual safety sub-barrier (ISSB). Each sub-barrier consists of a series of concrete measures against specific evacuation actions. An example is provided in this paper to demonstrate the use of this framework and its effectiveness.     

A taxonomy of performance influencing factors for human reliability analysis of emergency tasks

This paper introduces the process for, and the result of, the selection of performance influencing factors (PIFs) for the use in human reliability analysis (HRA) of emergency tasks in nuclear power plants. The approach taken in this study largely consists of three steps. First, a full-set PIF system is constructed from the collection and review of existing PIF taxonomies. Secondly, PIF candidates are selected from the full-set PIF system, considering the major characteristics of emergency situations and the basic criteria of PIF for use in HRA. Finally, a set of PIFs is established by structuring representative PIFs and their detailed subitems from the candidates. As a result, a set of PIFs comprised of the 11 representative PIFs and 39 subitems was developed.     

Emergency response plan for boiler explosion with toxic chemical releases at Nan-Kung industrial park in central Taiwan

A large amount of hazardous materials and equipment has been extensively employed to produce useful chemicals for our daily lives, but many serious accidents, such as fires, explosions, toxic releases, and so on, that harm human beings and impact the environment have occurred during preparation, operation, and transportation of these chemicals. On 17 May 2007, a toxic release from a boiler explosion in a chemical firm triggered a large amount of xylene (7 ton), isopropanol (8 ton), phosphorus trichloride (44.7 ton), and dimethyl formamide (DMF) (1.37 ton) to be released to the atmosphere with total damages of 2000 m² level ground. Through concerted efforts from the Yunlin Emergency Response Information Center (YERIC), sponsored by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) of Taiwan and other government sectors, this accident was eventually well controlled after 37 h with 107 people being involved in the rescue action. This study could be applied to lessen the degree of hazard for relevant accidents with an emergency response plan (ERP), and, via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and photo ionization detector (PID) the toxic concentrations of airborne chemicals that occurred in the industrial area could be analyzed.     

化工园区应急避难点选址评估模型应用研究

为建立科学、合理的化工园区应急避难点,通过对园区企业、园区空间布局等方面调研分析,从安全性、可达性、适宜性3个方面构建化工园区应急避难点选址评估指标体系;结合AHP和熵值法的组合赋权法,对指标权重进行赋权,并基于博弈论思想对权重实现差异最小化处理,计算出各指标贡献率;将模型应用于广东省某化工园区避难所的选址问题,并对该化工园区应急避难点选址进行综合评估,提出针对性的园区避难点选址措施。     

公共建筑人群疏散流线负荷的拓扑解析模型研究*

为寻找公共建筑人群疏散极端负荷流线,构建疏散流线负荷的拓扑解析模型。首先,通过分析建筑空间布局的构成要素,引入移动空间、障碍空间、移动节点等概念,构建公共建筑疏散空间的拓扑网络;其次,定义节点最迟疏散结束时刻、节点最早疏散开始时刻等时间参数,以某时刻作为初始状态,计算疏散网络节点时差,构建极端负荷流线的拓扑解析模型,探析公共建筑人群疏散流线拥堵特征;最后,采用Agent技术对某会展中心人群疏散流线负荷模型进行仿真分析。研究结果表明:流线的拓扑网络节点总时差反映了流线负荷分布特征,人群疏散的极端负荷流线符合拓扑解析模型结果,能为公共建筑人群疏散方案的制定提供理论依据。     

基于DEA的中小型工矿企业安全管理能力评价研究

对中小型工矿企业安全管理能力的内涵进行界定,从现实能力和潜在能力两个层面建立中小型工矿企业安全管理能力的评估指标体系,并运用DEA模型进行评价。研究结果表明:该评价方法有效地反映中小型工矿企业安全管理能力,并且说明具体的改进方向,为企业提升安全管理水平提供一种思路和方法。