Systematic review on the implementation methodologies of inherent safety in chemical process

The accomplishments of inherent safety in the field of loss prevention thus far are impressive due to its scientific philosophy: reducing risks at source rather than adding engineered and procedural protections. Generally, the implementation of inherent safety can be done through a cohesive set of fourteen principles elucidated by Kletz and Amyotte. This work, guided by the fourteen principles, presents a systematic review on the implementation methodologies of inherent safety. Firstly, PRISMA procedure was adopted to select eligible literatures according to inclusive and exclusive criteria. After obtaining the selected literatures, the preference, level of application, and gaps in using these principles were critically analyzed. Of the fourteen principles, intensification, substitution, attenuation, simplification, limitation of effects, and avoidance of knock-on effects are preferable to implementing inherent safety in chemical process. Although the remaining principles are also potentially useful, they are not commonly used due to their costs and complexities of implementation. Overall, this work presents a complete spectrum to look across the implementation methodologies of inherent safety and concludes with some holistic and inclusive approaches as future research recommendations.     

I2SI: A comprehensive quantitative tool for inherent safety and cost evaluation

This paper presents details of an integrated inherent safety index (I2SI). The conceptual framework of this index was presented at the 37th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium of the AIChE (2003) and published in Process Safety Progress (volume 23(2), 136–148, 2004). In addition to the framework, the current paper discusses additional features of the index such as the cost model and system design model, which were not presented or discussed earlier. I2SI is called an integrated index because the procedure considers the life cycle of the process with economic evaluation and hazard potential identification for each option. I2SI is comprised of sub-indices which account for hazard potential, inherent safety potential, and add-on control requirements. In addition to evaluating these respective characteristics, there are also indices that measure the economic potential of the option. To demonstrate the applicability and efficacy of I2SI, an application of the index to three acrylic acid production options is also discussed in the paper.     

A novel chemical product design framework with the integration of safety and health aspects

Computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) technique is a powerful tool for the design of molecules that meet a set of desirable properties. In most of the CAMD problems, the molecular physical and thermodynamic properties are often selected as the target properties, while safety and health aspects were not taken into consideration. However, certain chemical substances may cause adverse effects to human's health after prolonged and repeated exposure. Therefore, in order to ensure that the generated molecule does not bring harm and health-related risks to the consumers, it is crucial to incorporate both inherent safety and health into the existing CAMD techniques. In this work, a novel chemical product design methodology has been developed to integrate both safety and health aspects into the CAMD framework presented by a single optimisation model. The measurement of safety and health indicators are based on the molecular properties that have impact on both of these aspects. Each property is assigned with an index or penalty value based on the degree of potential hazards. A molecule with a higher index value has a higher hazard level and vice versa. Hence, a molecule that satisfies the target properties and has a low penalty value will be selected as the most reasonable choice. This new approach ensures that a product that possesses the desirable properties, and at the same time meets the safety and health criteria, is produced. A case study on the solvent design for gas sweetening process has been carried out to determine the optimal molecule.     

职业卫生监管工作实践探讨

职业卫生工作是安全生产工作的重要组成部分,是政府履行社会管理和市场监管职能的一项重要任务。做好职业卫生监管工作,对做好安全生产,维护社会稳定,促进经济社会全面发展,构建和谐社会具有十分重要的意义。本文总结了实践中的工作经验,提出了目前我国职业卫生监管工作的难点,如存在认识不足,重视不够、主体责任不落实、可操作性法规滞后、监管体制不顺等难点。根据这些难点,有针对性的提出了开展职业卫生监管工作的方法和途径,并对进一步改善和加强我国的职业卫生监管工作提出了建议。     

Inherent safety concept based proactive risk reduction strategies: A review

The growing scale and complexity of process industries have brought safety, health, and environmental issues to the forefront. As a result, proactive risk reduction strategies (RRSs) are commonly employed to address these issues by reducing the frequency or mitigating the consequences of potential incidents. Among these strategies, inherent safety, which is a proactive measure of loss prevention and risk management, is considered to be the most effective method. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of RRSs for achieving inherency, as well as techniques for evaluating the performance of inherent safety, health, and environmental aspects. Background information is presented, including the development and implementation of the inherently safer process design, as well as the approaches for achieving inherently healthier and environmentally friendlier processes. Subsequently, the execution approaches and practical applications of other RRSs are discussed to highlight the distinctiveness and benefits of inherent safety. Next, this study examined the characteristics of inherency assessment tools (IATs) based on available information at different process stages. Furthermore, the evaluation methods and historical development of IATs are investigated from the perspectives of safety, occupational health, and environmental considerations, followed by a statistical analysis of IATs. It is concluded that the no-chemical hazards-based IATs have not been extensively studied yet, which may improve the safety level of process plants from the perspective of comprehensive inherency risk reduction. As a way forward, future research opportunities are proposed to promote the implementation of greater optimized risk management.     

基于过程方法的职业健康安全管理体系探讨

职业健康安全管理体系在煤炭行业获得了广泛认可和应用,对提高煤炭行业的职业健康安全管理水平起到了较大的促进作用.OSAS18001、ISO9001与ISO14001等管理体系标准均推荐采用过程方法,但煤炭行业鲜有应用.为了更好地在煤炭行业职业健康安全管理体系中贯彻过程管理模式,本文从TS煤矿职业健康安全管理体系的建立与运行、过程分析以及审核方法等方面入手,结合TS煤矿的实际,介绍了过程方法在煤矿职业健康安全管理体系中的应用.     

运用危险源控制方法改进职业健康安全管理的有效性

危险源辨识和风险评价是GB/T28001职业健康安全管理的基本方法,通过危险源辨识找出与职业健康安全有关的管理点（危险源）,评价出职业健康安全管理需要管理的重点（中度和高度风险）,制定适宜的方法,即制定目标指标方案、运行控制或应急预案加以控制和改善,体现职业健康安全管理的基本原则和思路。只有正确运用危险源辨识和风险评价的方法,才能做到合理策划危险源的控制方法,集中力量抓主要矛盾解决主要问题,兼顾次要矛盾和一般问题的管理;根据不同危险源的具体情况选择适宜合理的方法,既保证危险源的有效控制,又保证采用的任何危险源控制方法和措施与危险源产生后果的严重性和伴随的风险相适应,尽量避免危险源控制的盲目性和不经济,达到追求最佳职业健康安全绩效的目的,提高整体和系统管理的有效性。     

职业健康监护分析在某金矿职业病危害预评价中的应用

在职业病危害预评价中职业健康监护分析的目的是发现易感人群,预测项目建成后可能发生的职业病情况.以某金矿职业病危害预评价为例,对类比工程、调研数据以及文献数据中的职业健康监护资料进行了分析,发现凿岩工是白指病、噪声聋、尘肺病三种职业病的易感人群,远远高出其他工种,是本项目职业病危害防护的重点;而采矿场破碎、运输工罹患尘肺病的可能性较大,矿运车司机可能会产生腰椎骨质增生和椎间盘突出,结合职业健康监护分析结果提出了有针对性的职业病危害补充控制措施,避免项目建成后职业病的发生.     

职业卫生信息化网络平台研究

当前我国职业卫生监管工作存在薄弱环节、监管手段相对落后,难以满足我国职业病防治工作形势的需求。将信息化技术应用于职业卫生监管,可有效提高职业卫生监管工作的科学性和有效性。阐述了职业卫生信息化网络平台建设的必要性,提出了职业卫生信息化建设的整体框架,分析并论述了具体建设内容以及建设过程中应注意的几点问题。     

An index to account for safety and controllability during the design of a chemical process

Inherent safety is well known as the best technique of risk management, but its implementation is a challenge when there is a conflict with other factors, in particular with the process dynamic performance when the application of the minimization principle is considered. In this work, a combined safety-controllability index applicable during the design stage of a process is presented. The index accounts for the process controllability and the risk of the chemical inventory inside the process. The condition number is used to assess controllability, and the quantitative risk analysis technique is carried out to obtain a distance of affectation as a metric for individual risk. The index, based on a combination of normalized values of metrics for controllability and risk, was applied to three case studies dealing with distillation processes that separate flammable and toxic chemicals. The effect of relevant design variables such as column diameter and residence time was analyzed. It is shown how conflicts between safety and controllability exist for different values of those design variables and how a proper controllability-risk compromise can be identified with the use of the proposed index.     

Delphi法职业危害风险评估模型及案例研究

为科学合理地进行建设项目职业病危害风险分类,基于系统工程及风险评估的基本原理,采用Delphi法分析和确定了影响职业病危害风险程度的因素,通过构建风险评估指标体系,建立了职业病危害影响因子赋值法(OHFA)定量化风险评估模型。根据对作业场所的危害源、本质及附加防护设施水平、人员接触机会、职业病防治管理等因子的综合分析,预测分析了研究对象的职业病危害的风险程度,为职业病危害风险辨识、风险评估、防治管理及防护设施设计等提供参考。并以某石化行业硫磺回收项目为实例进行应用与验证,得出了该项目的总体职业病危害风险度值为12,风险等级为Ⅰ级,各职业病危害因素的风险度由高到底排序为硫化氢、一氧化碳、二氧化硫、硫磺、高温,其风险分类的关键决定因素为硫化氢。实践表明该方法与专家评估结果及工程实际吻合较好,应用于职业病危害风险评估中可给出定量化的风险分类结果。     

职业健康与安全风险认知研究进展及分析

为了解和掌握国内外职业健康与安全（OHS）风险认知的研究进展,检索截至2017年12月31日美国工程索引（EI）、Web of Science数据库、中国知网、万方数据资源系统、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库收录的职业健康与安全风险认知研究论文。研究结果表明:国外OHS风险认知研究较成熟,相关研究成果涉及各行各业;我国OHS风险认知研究起步较晚、成果较少,仅涉及建筑、采矿、化工等行业领域。进一步对956篇文献开展深入分析,总结OHS风险认知的测量、OHS风险认知的影响因素、OHS风险认知的影响结果、OHS风险认知的差异4个主题研究进展。在分析结果基础上,结合行业实际情况,对今后OHS风险认知发展提出4点建议,并进一步讨论OHS风险认知研究的未来发展方向。     

纺织企业噪声职业危害风险评价及降噪措施

噪声是纺织业的主要职业危害之一。纺织企业生产车间的噪声不仅会影响到纺织生产的效率、工人的工作能力及安全,还会对纺织工人的健康造成危害,甚至导致职业病。以南方某纺织企业为研究对象,对其生产车间的噪声进行了调查测量,并采用职业病作业危害、职业接触风险评估二种评价方法,对该企业各生产工序的噪声职业危害进行风险评价,得出评价结论,从声源、声传播途径、个体防护及管理制度四个方面提出了降噪措施,以便更好地加强防治,预防减少噪声职业危害。     

多层次模糊综合评估汽车制造企业职业危害风险

研究将层次分析法和模糊综合评判法相结合,提出了职业危害风险的多层次模糊综合评估方法,并将该方法应用于汽车制造企业的职业危害风险评估。计算和评估结果表明,多层次模糊综合评估方法能在很大程度上克服人为因素的影响,可以解决权值分配的问题。运用多层次模糊综合评估方法来确定汽车制造企业的职业危害风险级别具有合理性和可靠性。     

流动人员职业健康监护存在的问题与对策

流动人口的职业健康监护问题是职业卫生工作的重点与难点,是预防控制职业病,是保障流动人口职业健康和公平劳动权益的重要环节。根据对北京、浙江、山东、湖北、内蒙等地的调研,对流动人口职业健康监护存在的问题及原因进行了总结分析,结合目前我国职业卫生资源提出了政策建议。     

流动人员职业健康监护模式分析与探索

流动人口的职业健康监护是职业卫生工作的重点与难点,是预防控制职业病,是保障流动人口职业健康和公平劳动权益的重要环节。根据对北京、浙江、山东、湖北、内蒙等地的调研,我们对流动人口职业健康监护现有模式进行了分析比较,并提出了新的模式框架与实施条件,以提高流动人口的职业健康监护率,保障流动人口职业健康．     

燃煤发电职业危害暴露健康负担评价方法*

为评估煤电行业从业人员因遭受职业危害暴露引起的健康负担大小,根据工作暴露矩阵法对燃煤发电职业暴露程度进行估算,利用健康效应分析和伤残调整寿命年指标构建燃煤发电职业暴露健康负担评价体系,实现职业暴露健康负担的量化评价。将所构建的评价体系应用于3个燃煤电厂进行对比分析,结果表明:各类危害因素中,粉尘所致健康危害最大,人均健康负担约为8.861 a;各生产环节中,运输煤系统所致健康影响最大,约占整个生产过程的45.53%。     

美国职业安全健康标准体系现状研

为提高我国安全生产标准化水平,进一步发挥标准的技术支撑作用,收集了美国职业安全健康标准有关资料,对美国职业安全健康标准的分类、管理机构和管理模式、标准体系构成等进行了系统的梳理,归纳了美国金属非金属矿山（包括露天和井下）职业安全健康技术法规体系和职业安全健康技术法规体系（矿山除外）的要素构成,以及各要素规范的主要技术内容,分析了美国职业安全健康标准及标准体系的特点。为完善我国安全生产标准体系,加强标准制修订工作以及相关标准科研工作提供依据和参考     

煤矿井下不同作业场所的职业健康风险定量评价

为评估煤矿井下工人面临的职业健康风险,采用特征化分析和货币化法,提出煤矿井下不同作业场所职业健康风险的定量评价方法。对井下主要作业场所进行划分,收集各作业场所粉尘、噪声和热环境的清单数据,进行特征化分析,将粉尘、噪声和热环境对工人的健康风险影响量化,最后进行货币化,使评价结果赋予经济意义。结果表明:平煤某矿的职业健康风险为715.47万元,主要作业场所职业健康风险由大到小依次为回采、掘进、煤仓口、锚喷作业点和胶带运输转载,评价结果可为煤矿职业健康管理提供更全面的决策依据。