Dynamic responses and damage of storage tanks under the coupling effect of blast wave and fragment impact

Blast wave and fragment are two main types of physical damage effects representing a significant threat to storage tank structures in chemical industrial parks. Compared with the effect of only blast wave or fragment, the coupling effect of them may cause more severe consequences and is worthy of study. A numerical study of the dynamic responses and damage of a vertical storage tank subjected to the coupling effect of blast wave and fragment is conducted based on a typical accident. The simulation results reveal that stress-concentration and rapid increase of the stress exist in the impacted region of the storage tank under the coupling effect, which leads to the structural damage of the tank exhibiting different failure modes. The coupling effect is significantly apparent following a dramatic increase of the plastic strain, and the damage of the storage tank is further aggravated. From the displacement response and energy absorption, the overall damage of the storage tank subjected to the coupling effect is more severe than that caused by blast wave and fragment separately, which also indicates that the coupling effect is an enhanced damage effect. Besides, the contribution of blast wave and fragment to the coupling effect depends on scaled distance. The results of the study help reveal the coupling effect of blast wave and fragment and prevent domino accidents caused by the coupling effect.     

泄漏油气燃爆灾害下FPSO结构响应分析

为评估FPSO泄漏油气燃爆事故中结构损伤风险,采用等效TNT法结合AUTODYN软件分析结构在爆炸冲击波下动态响应,分析其塑性、变形及应力分布,评估不同工况下结构损伤程度。结果表明,TNT起爆后冲击波高速传播,10ms时已覆盖工艺I区,经反射叠加耦合后破坏力增强;原油热处理器和电脱盐器发生失效和变形,生产甲板边缘位置受约束较小,发生较大变形,部分区域屈曲破坏;参与反应的油气越多,相同结构等效应力及变形越大,大应力、大变形区域分布越广;d=60mm时部分结构完全失效。     

Coupling effects of the explosion shock wave and heat radiation on the dynamic response of a fixed-roof tank

The occurrence of leakage in large tank farms or oil deposits can lead to fire or explosion accidents. Coupling effects of fire and explosion loadings can cause considerably more damage to adjacent tanks or buildings than either loading individually does. In this study, the combined loadings of the explosion shock wave and heat radiation from a pool fire on a neighboring empty fixed-roof tank were numerically investigated. The effects of the explosion shock wave intensity and relative height of the explosion center [the ratio of the height of the explosion center to the height of the tank (h_r)] were analyzed. The results indicate that tanks damaged by explosion shock waves have decreased fire resistance and critical buckling temperature. Moreover, the thermal buckling deformation of the predamaged tank largely depends on the explosion shock wave. With an increase in the explosion shock wave intensity or a decrease in h_r, the explosion shock wave has greater influence on the fire resistance of the tank, and the critical buckling temperature decreases. This paper can provide an understanding of the dynamics of a tank under explosion shock wave loading, and of the critical failure criterion and failure modes of a target tank under the coupled loading of the explosion shock wave and an adjacent pool fire.     

爆炸冲击波作用下靶板的塑性大变形响应研究

对四边约束方形靶板 ,在爆炸冲击波作用下的塑性大变形响应情况 ,进行了理论分析与试验研究。运用能量守恒的方法 ,同时考虑试验过程中靶板的边界约束条件 ,得到了四边约束方形靶板在爆炸冲击波作用下发生塑性大变形时挠度的半经验公式。理论计算与试验结果吻合性较好 ,这种方法可应用于板结构在爆炸冲击波作用下的毁伤或防护方面的工程预测     

Study on the dynamic response of polyurea coated steel tank subjected to blast loadings

Steel tanks are widely used in the storage of various chemical liquids, and the blast resistance of the tanks is very important because of the explosiveness of these liquids. To explore a feasible method to improve the blast resistance of steel tanks, the effect of polyurea coating on the blast resistance of steel storage tank is investigated in this paper. The responses of monolithic steel tanks and polyurea coated tanks under blast loads are studied by field blast experiments using TNT explosive, and the results shows that the polyurea layers are effective in reducing the maximum and residual displacements of the tank. Numerical simulations are performed and validated, and the deformation process and stress and strain distribution of the tanks are analyzed accordingly. The increase on the bending moment of the plastic hinge lines of the tanks and the increase of the area density of the cylindrical shell induced by the polyurea layers are believed to be the two main factors contributing to the displacement reduction effect of polyurea in this paper. The validated numerical model is used to study the influence of polyurea layer's thickness on the deflection of the tank, and a nearly inversely proportional relationship between the thickness and the maximum displacement is found. Three deformation modes of the tanks are identified when subjected to blast load with varying intensity and it is found that the displacement reduction effect of polyurea varies in different deformation modes.     

LPG球罐BLEVE过程中超压与热耦合效应模拟研究

为评估LPG球罐发生BLEVE过程中超压与热耦合效应对化工企业抗爆控制室和避难所选址的影响,采用TNO多能法数学模型计算冲击波超压,采用多源数学模型计算火球热辐射。编写MATLAB计算程序,并应用ANSYS模拟二者破坏效应的耦合作用。LPG球罐发生BLEVE过程中,爆炸冲击波的传播速度、持续时间和火球的传播速度、持续时间不同,爆炸冲击波主要在燃料高速抛散的初期形成,之后基本与火球脱离。分别模拟计算冲击波超压和火球热辐射对抗爆控制室和避难所的影响,结果表明：抗爆控制室选址只需考虑爆炸冲击波的影响;避难所选址需要考虑冲击波超压和火球热辐射作用双重影响。在研究基础上提出,LPG球罐附近人员逃生的避难所应设置在球罐防火堤外紧邻防火堤处的地下,应具有抗震、防渗、防火、防中毒窒息等功能。人员应在BLEVE发生前进入避难所才能逃生。     

液化石油气瓶站气体泄漏爆炸危险性研究

针对某个城市居民区的液化气瓶站,采用数值模拟方法计算在液化气钢瓶发生泄漏后,液化石油气发生爆炸对瓶站和周围建筑的冲击波和温度的影响;分析冲击波对建筑可能造成的损坏情况;根据模拟分析结果,提出了改进液化气瓶站安全性的技术措施。笔者计算和分析的结果及提出的安全技术措施,为保障周围建筑和人员安全提供了技术依据。     

石方爆破作业爆破冲击波事故分析

在进行工程爆破时,爆破所产生的飞石、振动、空气冲击波、噪音和毒气是公认的爆破公害,尤其是振动和飞石在爆破过程中是不可避免的危害.针对在实际工程中,由于爆破冲击波造成的人员伤害和设备的损害以及引起该事故发生的危险因素,采用事故树分析方法得到影响顶事件的最小割集,通过计算基本事件的结构重要度,确定了影响爆破冲击波事故的主要因素,并提出相应的安全措施,对降低爆破冲击波效应的影响以及降低露天爆破安全事故有重要意义.     

Blast overpressures from medium scale BLEVE tests

The measured blast overpressures from recent tests involving boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions (BLEVE) has been studied. The blast data came from tests where 0.4 and 2 m³ ASME code propane tanks were exposed to torch and pool fires. In total almost 60 tanks were tested, and of these nearly 20 resulted in catastrophic failures and BLEVEs. Both single and two-step BLEVEs were observed in these tests. This paper presents an analysis of the blast overpressures created by these BLEVEs. In addition, the blast overpressures from a recent full scale fire test of a rail tank car is included in the analysis.The results suggest that the liquid energy content did not contribute to the shock overpressures in the near or far field. The liquid flashing and expansion does produce a local overpressure by dynamic pressure effects but it does not appear to produce a shock wave. The shock overpressures could be estimated from the vapour energy alone for all the tests considered. This was true for liquid temperatures at failure that were below, at and above the atmospheric superheat limit for propane. Data suggests that the two step type BLEVE produces the strongest overpressure. The authors give their ideas for this observation.The results shown here add some limited evidence to support previous researchers claims that the liquid flashing process is too slow to generate a shock. It suggests that liquid temperatures at or above the Tsl do not change this. The expansion of the flashing liquid contributes to other hazards such as projectiles, and close in dynamic pressure effects. Of course BLEVE releases in enclosed spaces such as tunnels or buildings have different hazards.     

Assessment of the seismic effect of insulation on extra-large cryogenic liquid natural gas storage tanks

Insulation is typically used in extra-large double-walled cryogenic storage tanks that are used to store liquid natural gas (LNG). These vessels have been designed with the assumption that the insulation offers negligible structural resistance that might cause structural damage. Observation of the deformation of the insulation in such tanks leads to concern that the insulation may become sufficiently compacted to cause significant load transfer between the inner and outer tank. The inner tank, though protected from most external events by the outer tank, is only designed to contain the liquid gas. It is therefore much more sensitive to seismic effects. In this investigation, simplified and 3D finite element models are used to simulate the interaction effects of the fluid, inner tank, insulation and outer tank. This paper presents an initial analysis of the potential effects of LNG tank insulation under earthquake conditions and assesses the potential for structural damage by comparison of models that do or do not consider the insulation layer. The data reported and statistically sorted include the overturning moment, the base shear, the tank wall stress, and the wave height in the tank. The results show that the insulation layer has certain influence on seismic design of LNG tanks.     

内凹型蜂窝结构在冲击载荷作用下的力学行为及响应特性研究

为减少危险化学品爆炸事故造成的大量应急救援人员伤亡,提升应急救援人员防爆服的防爆能力,有效抵御由爆炸产生的冲击波、破片及高温对人体造成的伤害。研究了具有负泊松比效应的内凹蜂窝结构,通过准静态及激波管冲击实验,对比分析了传统蜂窝结构与内凹蜂窝结构在力学特性、吸能效果与冲击波衰减效率等方面的差异;通过改变内凹蜂窝中结构单元的凹角、尺寸以及构成蜂窝结构的原材料实现对蜂窝结构的优化设计,并对优化后的蜂窝结构吸能特性以及冲击波在结构中的衰减规律进行研究和综合分析。结果表明:内凹蜂窝结构单元的最佳尺寸为3.4 mm,最佳凹角为30°,最佳材料为钛合金。研究成果为寻求同时满足轻质高强、抗冲击和吸能效果要求的结构设计方案提供了理论基础。     

爆破冲击荷载下隧道振动特性与安全性评价研究

隧道工程爆破施工引起衬砌结构以及地表建筑物破坏时有发生,研究隧道工程爆破振动效应以及安全性评价方法,对确保隧道工程施工安全十分重要。基于三维动力有限元分析方法,以某城市双连拱隧道工程爆破施工为例,探讨爆炸冲击荷载作用下隧道围岩介质动力响应特征。研究表明,爆破冲击对周围介质的影响具有时间滞后和累积损伤效应,只考虑爆破瞬时最大振动波速对围岩介质以及地表建筑物的影响不能真实反映爆破影响的实质。同时结合具体工程对地表建筑物爆破安全评价方法进行分析研究,建议将现代数值分析方法应用于复杂条件下隧道爆破安全性评价工作。     

A study of the blast wave shape from elongated VCEs

Elongated congestion patterns are common at chemical processing and petroleum refining facilities due to the arrangement of processing units. The accidental vapor cloud explosion (VCE) which occurred at the Buncefield, UK facility involved an elongated congested volume formed by the trees and undergrowth along the site boundary. Although elongated congested volumes are common, there have been few evaluations reported for the blast loads produced by elongated VCEs. Standard VCE blast load prediction techniques do not directly consider the impact of this congested volume geometry versus a more compact geometry.This paper discusses an evaluation performed to characterize the blast loads from elongated VCEs and to identify some significant differences in the resulting blast wave shape versus those predicted by well-known VCE blast load methodologies (e.g., BST and TNO MEM). The standard blast curves are based on an assumption that the portion of the flammable gas cloud participating in the VCE is hemispherical and located at grade level. The results of this evaluation showed that the blast wave shape for an elongated VCE in the near-field along the long-axis direction is similar to that for an acoustic wave generated in hemispherical VCEs with a low flame speed. Like an acoustic wave, an elongated VCE blast wave has a very quick transition from the positive phase peak pressure to the negative phase peak pressure, relative to the positive phase duration. The magnitude of the applied negative pressure on a building face depends strongly on the transition time between the positive and negative phase peak pressures, and this applied negative phase can be important to structural response under certain conditions. The main purpose of this evaluation was to extend previous work in order to investigate how an elongated VCE geometry impacts the resultant blast wave shape in the near-field. The influence of the normalized flame travel distance and the flame speed on the blast wave shape was examined. Deflagration and deflagration-to-detonation transition regimes were also identified for unconfined elongated VCEs as a function of the normalized flame travel distance and flame speed attained at a specified flame travel distance.     

基于ANSYS的球型储罐抗震模拟分析

在地震作用下,球型储罐结构由于地震激发引起振动,从而使结构产生随时间变化的位移、速度、加速度、内力和变形。通过ANSYS结构动力学有限元程序对球型储罐结构进行抗震模拟分析,得出球壳与盖板连接区、支柱区域及拉杆区域三种典型的不连续结构及其应力云图,分析对比各区域的应力响应。数值模拟结果对建立健全重大危险源抗震安全体系及化工设施安全投入有着重要的理论意义     

爆炸冲击波作用下圆形通风设施的动态破坏特性

为了研究瓦斯爆炸对通风设施造成的严重破坏及其导致的通风系统紊乱与灾情迅速扩展问题,基于LS-DYNA有限元软件,模拟研究巷道中瓦斯爆炸冲击波作用下圆形通风设施的动态破坏特性,分析应力、应变、速度、位移的动态特征及其破坏过程,并对圆形通风设施动态破坏机理进行初步探索。研究结果表明:爆炸冲击波作用下,圆形通风设施正、反面出现压应力与拉应力分布圆环,且压应力与拉应力峰值处于在外部受约束边界径向圆环附近区域与圆心位置,应变、速度和位移最大值均分布在次区域;爆炸冲击波作用下,通风设施表面形成多圈的正向和反向的应变相互交替,呈现W型的褶皱变形;爆炸冲击波作用下,环向裂纹集中在受约束的边界区域附近,发生脆性破坏,其他区域会出现较多的径向裂纹,可发生韧性破坏,整个断裂过程是脆性与韧性断裂的混合型断裂。     

水不耦合装药对深孔预裂爆破应力波能量的影响

从理论上探讨了在深孔预裂爆破过程中,水不耦合装药对爆轰冲击波的形成和应力波传播规律的影响,利用Matlab编程求解了冲击波初始参数和沿爆破孔径向方向上传播到爆破孔孔壁处的参数;并根据弹性理论提出并求解了正入射情况下爆破孔孔壁表面上的初始冲击压力。在淮南矿业集团丁集矿进行了水不耦合装药深孔预裂爆破实验,并对实验获得的应力波信号进行归一化频谱分析研究。数值计算和现场实验均表明:通过在煤层中进行深孔预裂爆破实验研究发现,当ξ的值为1.5左右时,爆生应力波在10~50Hz内的分能量最强,同时具有最高的信噪比,这与理论计算结果相吻合。因而,在利用煤层爆破强化增透技术时应将不耦合装药系数设计为1.5左右,同时适当加大爆破药柱的用量,以获得最佳的增透效果。     

Consequences assessment of explosions in pipes using coupled FEM-SPH method

Explosions often lead to destruction of equipment, which is a difficult problem including complicated fluid-solid interactions. Most traditional CFD methods cannot synchronously solve the movements of fluids and large deformation and fracture of solids because such problem is usually accompanied with constantly moving-and-changing boundary conditions. In this paper, a coupled Finite Element Method-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (FEM-SPH) method was proposed to simulate the dynamic processes of explosions in pipes. The propagation of blast wave and the fracture of pipe were captured in every timestep, where the energy dissipation caused by plastic deformation and crack propagation were fully considered. A rate-dependent failure criterion for high-strain-rate load conditions was employed in the numerical simulation, which was presented in our previous work and has been verified in the dynamic fracture behavior of steels for pressure vessels and pipes. In addition, a simpler formula was proposed to describe the attenuation of blast wave outside the pipe and the consequences caused by the explosions were assessed. Results revealed the interaction between blast wave and pipe, the leakage of detonation products, the attenuations of peak overpressures outside the pipe and the corresponding consequences at different distances. It is found that when considering the energy consumption during plastic deformation and crack propagation in coupled FEM-SPH method, the assessment results are more rational than that without considering such energy consumption.     

7.0 m采高综采面回采巷道变形破坏规律研究

针对神东矿区大柳塔煤矿采用7.0 m采高综采面回采5-2煤三盘区时回采巷道出现不同程度的变形破坏现象,采用现场实测的方法对52304及52303工作面回风顺槽之间的区段煤柱进行了巷道变形及应力变化规律的监测,并运用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对不同埋深条件下两工作面之间区段煤柱的应力分布规律进行了模拟,最后总结分析了回采巷道变形破坏的机理,并得出采空区段煤柱的失稳是造成回采巷道变形破坏的根本原因。从而为巷道的合理布置及相应控制对策的提出提供基础数据,以保证矿井安全高效的生产。     

基于近场动力学的煤体单轴压缩全过程损伤演化规律研究*

为了研究煤体受压变形破坏情况,采用近场动力学理论、室内单轴压缩实验及数值模拟相结合的方式,演绎推导PD损伤本构力函数,分别在宏、微观2个方面对煤体损伤规律进行研究。研究结果表明:以近场动力学所推导的本构力函数对于复杂裂隙演化过程的研究具有独特优势,煤体受到外荷载作用后内部微结构会产生不同程度的损伤,损伤过程可分为:压密阶段、微裂纹的萌生扩展阶段、断裂破坏阶段;压密阶段后均伴随键的断裂,至破坏阶段时,键几乎完全断裂,导致煤样宏观失稳破坏;模拟模型在受到外载荷作用下,内部能量开始聚集,随着压力的增大,内部能量散开,最终呈“X”型分布,这与实验加载后煤样的损伤效果基本一致,以此来反演煤体内部微结构变化从而得到煤体损伤规律切实可行。     

爆炸冲击波在多级穿廊结构坑道内传播规律的数值分析

数值模型尺寸参照总参工程兵科研三所所建的穿廊结构坑道实体模型,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立三维穿廊端部不同开闭的数值模型,得出冲击波在多级穿廊结构坑道内的传播规律,并与长直坑道内爆炸冲击波传播规律进行对比分析。结果表明多级穿廊结构端部开放坑道对爆炸冲击波的削弱作用非常显著,一级穿廊结构削弱冲击波强度62％,级数越高,削弱效果越明显;端部封堵时冲击波反射效果明显。