On some studies about the dynamic mechanisms of carbon monoxide flow and diffusion during high energy gas fracturing

High energy gas fracturing (HEGF) technique has been one of central stimulating measures to enhance oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs. But, in recently few years, some serious CO poisoning accidents took place in oilfields here in China. It is very important to reveal the dynamic mechanisms of carbon monoxide flow and diffusion to operating safety during high energy gas fracturing. In this paper, some dynamic mechanisms of carbon monoxide CO flowing inside a oil wellbore and diffusion on the top of the well during high energy gas fracturing were studied with fluid/gas hydrodynamics. The CO flow model within a wellbore and the diffusion model in air were established. The key factors affecting CO flow and diffusion such as wellbore pressure, gas-oil ratio, wind speed, leakage speed, air-permanence were inspected with mathematical simulation. It will be of significance to provide an important guidance for monitoring and preventing CO poisoning accidents during high energy gas fracturing.     

喷射火对输油管道热影响实验平台设计与验证*

为研究油气并行管道中,天然气管道喷射火对相邻输油管道内流体与管壁的热影响,设计并搭建天然气喷射火对输油管道热影响实验平台。实验平台由环道及冷却系统、火焰系统、控制及数据采集系统3个部分组成。完成平台搭建并验证环道系统气密性后,以0#柴油为介质,开展验证实验。研究结果表明:火焰系统工作可靠且可控,冷却系统能够将柴油温度控制在初馏点以下,数据采集系统能够正常采集油品压力、温度、流量、管壁温度、火焰温度等预定数据,实验平台具备一定可行性与安全性。实验平台可进行在不同管道规格及材质、火灾形式、油品介质及流速条件下的热影响实验。实验平台结合材料性能进行测试,可研究喷射火对管材性能的影响,为油气并行管道的安全运行提供相关实验依据。     

Numerical study of choked two-phase flow of hydrocarbons fluids through orifices

Valves and orifices are the most widely devices of flow control used in oil and gas industry. In particular, they are installed in relief piping system in order to control the discharge flow during potential plant overpressuring scenarios, thus ensuring plant safety. It is a common practice to flow liquid and gas mixtures through such restriction devices.Rigorous models are available to precisely size pressure relief devices operating in single phase flow; however for two-phase flow, no models are considered sufficiently reliable for predicting the relevant flow conditions.In the present paper, two-phase flow of hydrocarbons fluids through an orifice under critical conditions has been numerically investigated.The existing literature has been analyzed and data on two-phase flow of highly volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons through openings have been collected. A comparison has been carried out with numerical simulations carried out by the multiphase flow simulation tool OLGA by SPT.The Henry–Fauske model has been used as orifice choke model and the orifice discharge flow coefficient, required as input by OLGA, has been calculated by Chisholm's model.Comparison between OLGA's results and experimental data shows that Henry–Fauske model markedly underestimates the mass flow rate through the orifice, if Chisholm's model is used to calculate discharge coefficient. It was found that the error of the model could be minimized using different values of orifice discharge coefficient (C_d).A new discharge flow coefficient model, suitable for choked two-phase flow across orifices, is proposed in this study and it has been determined to match the above mentioned experimental measurements.     

基于时序片段的油气管道运行工况识别方法*

为准确识别管道系统运行工况,提高对油气管道突发事故的响应速度,综合提升管网安全管理水平,提出1种基于时序片段的油气管道运行工况识别方法。首先,构建基于概率分布的状态变化识别模型,提取油气管道中不同运行状态点;其次,建立基于时间序列片段的工况识别模型,快速识别不同时间长度内油气管道运行工况;最后,以国内某成品油管道为例进行方法验证。研究结果表明:该方法可有效识别成品油管道阀门开关状态、泵异常停机和阀门内漏3种运行工况。对比传统的识别方法,该方法可降低状态变化点的漏报率,提升管道运行工况识别的准确率。研究结果可为油气管道系统运行工况识别提供新的借鉴方法。     

Some unusual case histories from personal experience

Is protection of equipment the only consideration when setting the relieving pressures of safety relief valves? I will show you a case where other factors should have been considered and suggest that you might give your safety valve set pressures a second thought.Do you have side-by-side pieces of identical equipment? If so, you must consider that operating or maintenance personnel may become confused, and the results maybe catastrophic. A PVC reactor incident will demonstrate this point.Does your process contain materials that could decompose? After thirty years of safe operation in butadiene units, there was a vinyl acetylene decomposition. Could it happen to you?It is my hope that these three unique and unusual cases will provide valuable information for operations and maintenance personnel, managers, safety professionals, and engineers.     

A review on hybrid mixture explosions: Safety parameters,explosion regimes and criteria,flame characteristics

The hybrid mixture of combustible dusts and flammable gases/vapours widely exist in various industries, including mining, petrochemical, metallurgical, textile and pharmaceutical. It may pose a higher explosion risk than gas/vapor or dust/mist explosions since the hybrid explosions can still be initiated even though both the gas and the dust concentration are lower than their lower explosion limit (LEL) values. Understanding the explosion threat of hybrid mixtures not only contributes to the inherent safety and sustainability of industrial process design, but promotes the efficiency of loss prevention and mitigation. To date, however, there is no test standard with reliable explosion criteria available to determine the safety parameters of all types of hybrid mixture explosions, nor the flame propagation and quenching mechanism or theoretical explanation behind these parameters. This review presents a state-of-the-art overview of the comprehensive understanding of hybrid mixture explosions mainly in an experimental study level; thereby, the main limitations and challenges to be faced are explored. The discussed main contents include the experimental measurement for the safety parameters of hybrid mixtures (i.e., explosion sensitivity and severity parameters) via typical test apparatuses, explosion regime and criterion of hybrid mixtures, the detailed flame propagation/quenching characteristics behind the explosion severities/sensitivities of hybrid mixtures. This work aims to summarize the essential basics of experimental studies, and to provide the perspectives based on the current research gaps to understand the explosion hazards of hybrid mixtures in-depth.     

基于蒙特卡洛方法的油气井管柱可靠性评估*

为提高油气井管柱服役的安全性,采用数据统计与可靠性理论评估油气井管柱可靠性。首先,识别影响管柱外载及其参数的变量,构建油气井管柱安全极限状态方程;然后,采集模型变量数据,确定变量分布与参数,形成油气井管柱可靠性数值模型;最后,通过蒙特卡洛方法计算影响管柱可靠性的关键变量和不同置信度水平下管柱剩余强度分布及安全系数取值。结果表明:目标区域油气井管柱剩余强度符合正态分布,得到不同置信度水平下管柱的可靠度,管柱的安全系数取值范围可满足管柱安全设计要求,所构建的方法可为实际生产中油气井井筒管柱安全评价提供技术支撑。     

An integrated methodology to manage risk factors of aging urban oil and gas pipelines

Aging urban oil and gas pipelines have a high failure probability due to their structural degradation and external interference. The operational safety of the aging urban oil and gas pipeline is challenged by different hazards. This paper proposes a novel methodology by integrating an index-based risk evaluation system and fuzzy TOPSIS model for risk management of aging urban oil and gas pipelines, and it is carried out by evaluating the priority of hazards affecting pipeline safety. Firstly, the hazard factors of aging urban oil and gas pipelines are identified to establish an index-based risk evaluation system. Subsequently, the fuzzy TOPSIS model is employed to evaluate the importance of these hazard factors and to decide which factors should be managed with priority. This work measures the importance of a hazard factor from three aspects, i.e. occurrence (O), severity (S) and detectability (D), and the weights of these three parameters are determined by a combination weight method. Eventually, the proposed methodology is tested by an industrial case to illustrate its effectiveness, and some safety strategies to reduce the operational risk of the pipeline are presented. The proposed methodology is a useful tool to implement more efficient risk management of aging urban oil and gas pipelines.     

油页岩含氧干馏工艺流程爆炸极限分析

根据干馏工艺流程配入适量氧气,可以降低载热气体需要预热的温度,以实现低能耗、易于工业生产的特点,设计了一套新型的有氧干馏工艺流程。有氧干馏工艺因其过程中存在可燃性混合物,有发生爆炸事故的可能性,通过实验对所收集的不同温度下的干馏气体的成分与含量进行了分析,结合爆炸极限理论,对该有氧干馏工艺流程的不同温度、不同惰性气体含量条件下可燃气体爆炸极限进行了分析计算。结果表明,可燃气体的浓度在整个反应升温过程中始终没有进入爆炸危险区域,说明该实验装置不具备爆炸危险性;对干馏工艺流程中氧气的输入量的控制,可以防止该工艺流程的火灾爆炸的发生。     

Prediction of flammability limits of fuel-air and fuel-air-inert mixtures from explosivity parameters in closed vessels

Flammability limits of fuel-air and fuel-air-inert gaseous mixtures, especially at non-atmospheric conditions, are essential properties required for establishing safety operating conditions for handling and processing flammable gases. For pure fuels, an important data pool exists, formed by the flammability limits of fuel-air and fuel-air-inert gaseous mixtures at ambient initial conditions measured by standard methods. Such methods can be used for experimental determination of flammability limits for multi-fuels mixed with air, with or without additives, under non-atmospheric conditions. Their use is however a time- and material-consuming process; in addition, the flammability limits obtained by various standard methods may be scattered as a result of different choices in the operating parameters, for each standard method. It appears that a preliminary estimation of the flammability limits for fuel-air and fuel-air-inert gaseous mixtures can minimize the effort of measuring them in specific initial conditions.The present paper describes a new method for estimating the flammability range of fuel-oxidizer gaseous mixtures based on measurements of explosivity properties e.g. the peak explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise recorded during closed vessel laminar explosions of fuel-oxidizer mixtures far from limits. Data obtained for several hydrocarbon-air gaseous mixtures with or without inert gas addition are used to examine the accuracy of estimated flammability limits (LFL – the lower and UFL – the upper flammability limit) as well as of the Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC) and the Minimum Inert Concentration (MIC). The predictive ability of the proposed method is examined against the predictive ability of other recently described methods.     

Sizing of safety valves for multi-purpose plants according to ISO 4126-10

Multi-purpose plants are frequently protected with mechanical safety devices like safety valves or bursting disks. Due to many changes of recipes it must be checked regularly whether the safety devices are sufficiently sized. But the sizing procedure of individual safety devices can be very tedious. Therefore energy specific relief areas (effective relief area per kW of energy input) have been determined for approx. 60 typical solvents. They are indicated for reactors with safety devices which have a set pressure of 7 bar (abs) or 11 bar (abs). These values are independent of the size of the reactors for vaporizing systems and arbitrary safety valves. The energy specific relief areas allow the minimum required relief area quickly to recalculate if the energy input of the reactor is known. In addition, the application of solvents in multi-purpose plants can be evaluated from a safety point of few.The energy specific relief areas are calculated based on a relief of two-phase gas/liquid mixtures. The data have been determined with the non-equilibrium HNE-DS method, which takes into account the boiling delay of the liquid in the safety device and the slip between gases and liquids. The method is recommended in the international standard ISO 4126 part 10. In addition, practical advice and possible improvements are outlined. The method leads to significantly smaller relief areas than according to the API 520. For multi-purpose plants with available safety devices this method allows for a considerable expansion of the application range of reactors.     

煤巷水力压挤防治瓦斯煤尘技术试验研究

为解决掘进煤巷瓦斯突出、积聚和粉尘污染等问题,结合祁东煤矿的煤层开采条件,研究水力压挤技术,探讨水力压挤防治瓦斯煤尘机理,试验确定钻孔布置、封孔深度、注水压力、注水量与注水时间等工艺参数。研究结果表明:水力压挤可使试验工作面卸压带增宽0.7m左右,挤出近20%的煤层原始瓦斯,最高降尘率达78.7%;该技术对防治瓦斯突出、超限和煤尘污染有显著效果。试验研究取得的相关水力压挤工艺技术参数,为类似煤层条件技术实施提供了工作基础。     

基于地理信息系统的油气管道安全管理研究

在石油油气输出的过程中,可能遇到管道穿孔爆裂、管道水灾冲断等突发事故。为了能保证油气管道的安全运营,减少事故发生后的损失,提出基于GIS建立准确、实时、有效的油气管道安全管理系统。系统以B／S和C／S模式相结合方式运行,充分利用GIS的快速定位和空间分析功能,实现了基础管道数据管理,二维模拟预警监控,气体扩散范围分析,启动决策系统实施救援计划等功能。开发实例表明,基于GIS的油气管道安全管理系统为石油行业管理人员提供更深层次的信息安全,使安全管理更及时到位,同时为加强监督检查提供了重要的依据。     

加氢站用45 MPa高压储氢瓶式容器火烧试验模拟*

为研究加氢站用高压储氢容器在火灾下的安全性能,采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法对45 MPa高压储氢瓶式容器火烧试验过程进行模拟研究,结合气瓶火烧试验,分析高压储氢容器火灾下的热响应过程,研究不同因素对储氢容器压力泄放装置动作时间的影响。结果表明:613 s以内试验压力与模拟数据的最大相对误差为3.9%,模型误差在可接受范围;不同充装介质对安全泄放装置动作时间影响不大;不同充装压力对容器内介质压升速率影响较大,充装水平较高时压力泄放装置更快动作,较低的充装压力下容器内介质温升较快;不同环境温度对介质温升影响较小。     

油气井井筒系统可靠性评价方法与应用

为了保障油气井尤其是高温高压含腐蚀性流体油气井的安全长效生产,针对油气井井筒结构设计的可靠性开展研究。利用可靠性原理,通过分类分析典型油气井井筒部件构成,开展井筒可靠性定量分析方法设计,建立了油气井井筒系统可靠性框图和井筒部件、系统可靠性定量分析数学模型;采用该分析方法对Y油田进行井筒系统可靠性定量估评,估评结果表明:如果采用针对性的措施工艺设计,该油田井筒系统可靠度在投产十年后为0.794 8,与常规设计相比可靠度提高165.64%;评估结果可为Y油田井筒系统设计提供参考;从应用情况来看,与预计情况相符。     

500 kV单回线路与油气管道安全相对位置研究*

为解决交流输电线路对油气管道电磁日益突出的干扰问题,减少电磁干扰带来的危害,针对500 kV单回线路,在电磁暂态仿真软件中建立线路与油气管道模型,综合我国现行关于管道受电磁干扰的安全标准,计算得到线路稳态和暂态时,不同土壤电阻率下线路与管道的安全相对位置。研究结果表明:线路稳态时,随着管道长度增加需增大两者交叉跨越角度或并行安全间距,当管道交叉跨越段长度超过20 km或并行段长度超过25 km时,所需交叉跨越角度或并行安全间距趋于稳定;线路单相短路故障时,不可忽略感性耦合影响。当土壤电阻率不超过50 Ω·m,该工况并行安全间距要求小于线路稳态工况,当土壤电阻率大于等于100 Ω·m,该工况并行安全间距要求更高;线路雷击工况时,当土壤电阻率不超过50 Ω·m,线路与管道无安全间距要求,当土壤电阻率为100,200,500 Ω·m时,安全间距分别为8.9,19.8,50.9 m,且管道并行段长度对安全间距几乎无影响。研究结果可为拟建管道工程设计提供参考。     

油罐区泄漏及火灾危险危害评价

对某大型油罐区进行泄漏及火灾的危险危害评价.采用毒性物质泄漏扩散模型模拟油罐的泄漏事故,得出了泄漏介质在罐区附近的等质量浓度分布曲线;采用池火火焰与辐射强度模型,计算油罐、输油管道、汽车装油栈台等发生池火灾时的热辐射强度,并结合不同辐射强度值对人和设备的影响程度,给出了池火灾的影响范围.     

丁烷与空气混合物的爆炸性能测定

在不同条件下,对丁烷与空气混合物进行爆炸实验,由微机数采测试系统测定其爆炸参数（爆轰波压力、爆轰波传播速度等）、爆轰极限以及当其形成爆轰时所需的临界起爆能。通过实验测定,为评价丁烷与空气混合物的安全性能提供重要依据     

X80天然气管道在役焊接应力分析与调控

为了探究X80天然气管道在役焊接的应力分布和变化规律,在考虑天然气介质的作用下,采用有限元方法模拟了X80天然气管道在役焊接应力场分布规律,分析了天然气工况参数和环境温度对X80天然气管道在役焊接应力的影响,并根据应力变化规律提出了降低X80天然气管道在役焊接应力的措施。研究结果表明:X80天然气管道轴向焊接应力和环向应力主要呈对称分布形式,且管道外壁的应力大于管道内壁上的应力;随着天然气压力和流速逐渐增大,轴向应力先增加后降低,而环向应力逐渐增大;当环境温度增大后,管道轴向和环向应力均呈下降趋势;降低天然气压力和流速、采用焊前预热能够有效降低焊接应力。研究结果可为我国X80天然气管道在役焊接安全提供参考。     

挪威石油业安全员制度及其对我国同行业建立安全员制度的启示

研究挪威员工参与民主管理制度的理论框架,分析挪威石油行业安委会、安全员发展的背景及现状,探讨挪威法律中安全员及员工的职能与义务,同时了解挪威安全员工作存在的问题及改进的措施。结合我国石油天然气行业的安全生产现状,在不断完善HSE管理体系的基础上,借鉴挪威石油行业安全生产管理的成功经验,建议在我国石油天然气行业建立安全员制度并在立法中确立其职能和义务,进一步提高行业及企业的安全管理水平。