铁路物流中心海产品高污染有机污水处理工艺研究

通过海产品加工生产污水处理站“设计施工系统联调联试”的全过程,对其污水性质及特点进行分析,采取以“气浮+ICER生化”为核心的污水处理工艺,结合污水处理系统联调联试,从提温降盐、确定混凝剂投放量及活性污泥培养驯化等方面进行工艺改进,以确保污水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 89781996)二级标准。     

The effect of congruency between sound-source location and verbal message semantics of in-vehicle navigation systems

In-vehicle navigation systems use an auditory interface to avoid redirecting drivers’ visual attention when interaction with the devices is required. Since most of these systems emit sounds from the installation location of the devices, there are situations when the sound-source location conflicts with the message’s semantics. This research studied the effect of congruency on recall accuracy and response time after a distraction period during which participants had to perform a modified Brown–Peterson task. Three conditions of verbal message presentation methods were tested: to left-ear only (PL), to right-ear only (PR), and to one of the ears according to the message semantics (PS), in which message content was either “left” or “right”. Three distraction intervals were also tested. The results indicated that the length of the distraction interval significantly reduced response time, suggesting an expectancy effect in the presence of distractions. The presentation condition did not have significant effect on error rate. The data were further divided into two conditions: the congruent condition, which was equivalent to PS, and the conflicting condition, for PL and PR. The analysis showed that the congruent/conflicting condition significantly affected the error rate; the data revealed that congruent condition had a lower error rate. The findings have implications for the design of verbal messages with semantics that are spatial in nature.     

“三软”煤层注水封孔技术的试验研究

在分析“三软”煤层封孔特性的基础上 ,选择了合适的封孔方法 ,试验研究了Bimbar1型封孔器封孔技术 ,并对封孔器应用中的问题进行了讨论 ,设计了一种与之配套使用的单向自动截止阀 ,成功地实现了“三软”煤层注水封孔 ,可供类似条件的煤层实施该技术参考。     

A study on rescuer drowning and multiple drowning incidents

IntroductionDrowning is a leading cause of injury related death in many countries, including Turkey, where this study originates. The aim of the study is to define and examine “rescuer” drowning and Multiple Drowning Incidents (MDIs), and suggest preventative measures against MDIs.MethodThe event of a person drowning can be complicated if an untrained person attempts to rescue the Primary Drowning Victim (PDV). This can result in the death of the “rescuer” as well as the PDV, which then becomes an MDI. This study categorizes these MDI incidents by examining online news media accounts in Turkey from 2005 through 2008.ResultsIn this 4-year period, 88 “rescuer” drowning incidents occurred in which 114 “rescuers” and 60 PDVs died from drowning in MDIs; 114 drowned “rescuers” rescued 47 PDVs before they died from drowning. Most of the “rescuers” were male and 42.1% of them were under the age of 18. Most of the drowning incidents (68.5%) occurred in fresh water (lakes/dams/water holes and rivers/creeks/streams).ConclusionIn this study, risk factors for drowning deaths include gender and entering in unguarded open water. An increased awareness of such risks as well as promotion of both swimming and rescue skills in water could help reduce MDIs. Parents who live close to fresh water sources with boys under the age of 18 years should be more aware of drowning risk because of their higher rates of deaths from drowning.Impact on IndustryThe results of this study give the chance to policy makers and all other related people or organizations to see the whole picture of deaths by drowning and the results can be used to build up preventative strategies as swimming teaching and life guard education.     

粉煤灰处理阴离子表面活性剂废水及机理研究

采用粉煤灰作为吸附混凝剂,研究了粉煤灰对阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)模拟废水的去除效果及机理.结果表明,粉煤灰投加量和pH值对去除效果有较大影响;在200 mL 50 mg/L的SDS溶液中,调节pH值为13,加入70 g粉煤灰,搅拌20min时,SDS的去除率为83.3％.粉煤灰对SDS的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温式.     

Hospitalizations for immersion-related injuries in Alaska 1991–2000

ObjectiveThis study analyzed factors associated with injuries to hospitalized victims of nonfatal immersion-related events in Alaska from 1991 through 2000.DataAlaska Trauma Registry (ATR) records of victims of nonfatal immersion events requiring hospitalization were examined to identify factors associated with injury outcomes. Subjects were divided into two groups: the “immersion only” (IO) group had no additional injuries associated with their immersion-related events, while subjects in the “associated injury” (AI) group incurred additional trauma during injury events.ResultsThere were 176 ATR records of nonfatal immersion events. In 87 (49.5%) cases, hospitalizations were due to the effects of immersion only (IO group). In 89 (50.5%) cases, hospitalizations were due not only to the effects of immersion, but also due to additional injuries occurring immediately before or while immersion took place (AI group). The final logistic regression model revealed statistically significant relationships between age greater than 12 years, female gender, white ethnicity, and operation of water transport vehicles, and increased risk for associated injury outcomes (p < 0.05).DiscussionThis study is the first of its kind to analyze factors associated with the most severe nonfatal immersion-related injuries in Alaska, and identifies target populations for future safety campaigns.     

Stayers versus movers: Social capital and early career imprinting among young professionals

We investigate what interfirm career mobility patterns would emerge if individuals are motivated by the job rewards they obtain as a function of their experience in organizations. We articulate two career strategies that individuals employ to navigate their early careers—commitment to a single employer and “job hopping” between different employers. Each strategy generates social capital (an individual's structure of social relations) but of a different kind. Embeddedness in the same organization over time develops a strong local identity and reputation within the firm. Boundary spanning through experience in different organizations creates opportunities for connecting people and ideas and for knowledge transfer between firms. We posit and present evidence that the choice between these two strategies is conditioned by social experience at the onset of one's career—the length of tenure with the first employer—which sorts individuals into “stayers” and “movers.”     

Biosorption of zinc(II) on rapeseed waste: Equilibrium studies and thermogravimetric investigations

The removal of heavy metals from aqueous effluents so as to avoid their toxic, bioaccumulation and biomagnification effects to humans and environment is usually realized by means of physical, chemical treatment, and biological processes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of rapeseed waste from biodiesel production as a biosorbent for Zn(II) ions.The ability of the rapeseed waste for Zn(II) biosorption exhibited a maximum at pH 4.5–5. The removal efficiency of Zn(II) from solution with an initial concentration of 72 mg L⁻¹ varied from 39% to 89% for an increase of the rapeseed waste dose from 2 to 30 g L⁻¹. The amount of Zn(II) retained on the tested rapeseed increased with increasing metal ion concentration, but the Zn(II) sorption percentage decreased. The equilibrium data are fitted to the Langmuir isotherm better than to the Freundlich isotherm. The kinetics of Zn(II) biosorption process follows a pseudo-second order model. The thermal stability of the rapeseed before and after Zn(II) biosorption was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the zinc loaded rapeseed exhibits a better initial thermal stability than the original rapeseed, presumably due to the cross linking generated by the intermolecular complexation of Zn(II) ions. In both cases, the thermal decomposition takes place according to some reassembling kinetic models, in two phases with order n reactions. The results of this study strongly suggest the possibility to use rapeseed as an effective biosorbent for Zn(II) ions removal from aqueous effluents (municipal/industrial wastewaters).     

Ammonium nitrate thermal decomposition with additives

Runaway reactions present a potentially serious threat to the chemical process industry and the community; such reactions occur time and time again often with devastating consequences. The main objective of this research is to study the root causes associated with ammonium nitrate (AN) explosions during storage. The research focuses on AN fertilizers and studies the effects of different types of fertilizer compatible additives on AN thermal decomposition. Reactive Systems Screening Tool (RSST) has been used for reactivity evaluation and to better understand the mechanisms that result in explosion hazards. The results obtained from this tool have been reported in terms of parameters such as “onset” temperature, rate of temperature and pressure rise and maximum temperature. The runaway behavior of AN has been studied as a solid and solution in water. The effect of additives such as sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and potassium chloride (KCl) has also been studied. Multiple tests have been conducted to determine the characteristics of AN decomposition accurately. The results show that the presence of sodium sulfate can increase the “onset” temperature of AN decomposition thus acting as AN thermal decomposition inhibitor, while potassium chloride tends to decrease the “onset” temperature thus acting as AN thermal decomposition promoter.     

大理石去除水溶液中Cd2+的性能实验研究

对大理石去除水溶液中的Cd2 进行了实验研究,结果表明,大理石对水溶液中的Cd2 具有良好的去除效果.主要研究的影响因素有:pH值,作用时间,Cd2 的初始浓度和大理石投加量.对于50 mg/L Cd2 溶液,pH=8的条件下,大理石的投加量为12.5 g/L,作用时间30 min,去除效率可达92%,吸附量为3.68 mg/g.大理石对水溶液中的Cd2 的吸附作用符合Langmiur等温吸附方程.     

城市再生水回用于浮选的健康风险评价及应急处置

为研究城市再生水回用于浮选的健康风险,以我国某铜钼矿为例,结合矿区职业人群暴露情况,采用定量微生物风险评价的方法(QMRA),评价了城市再生水中粪大肠菌回用于浮选的健康风险,以及臭氧氧化应急处置措施的消毒效果。结果表明:雨季再生水中粪大肠菌浓度明显高于旱季,矿物颗粒中粪大肠菌浓度高于浮选用水;暴露剂量为1 m L,矿物颗粒中粪大肠菌的年感染概率为0.08~0.33,远高于人体最大接受风险(1.7×10~(-2)),所有工位均处于不可接受水平,暴露于浮选用水中粪大肠菌的年感染概率为0~0.35,处于可接受水平的概率为83%,随暴露剂量增加,矿物颗粒和浮选用水中粪大肠菌的年感染概率增加;臭氧氧化应急处理工艺对粪大肠菌的去除率高达99%,有效降低了浮选用水和矿物颗粒中粪大肠菌的健康风险,其年健康风险均处于可接受水平,臭氧氧化应急处置措施能同时兼顾安全卫生指标和浮选指标,可作为城市再生水回用于浮选时应对粪大肠菌健康风险的应急处理技术。     

Isotherm and kinetic studies for the biosorption of cadmium from aqueous solution by Alhaji maurorum seed

Cadmium is an extremely toxic metal commonly found in industrial regions. Anthropogenic activity is the most important factor causing its interference to water, soil and air resources. The aim of many researches is to present remediation strategy or to remove cadmium from contaminated resources through an economical and efficient method. Cadmium adsorption from aqueous solution using Alhaji maurorum seed adsorbent has been investigated and optimized in this study. Moreover, isotherm and kinetics of adsorption process was studied. The seeds are washed by distilled water after separation from the plant, and then dried in room temperature for 48 h. They are powdered by grinder and passed through sieve no.18 as well. Adsorption process was optimized in 4 steps regarding pH, contact time, adsorption dose and initial concentration of cadmium effects. The cadmium concentration in solution was measured using ICP-OES method. The results of optimization tests showed that the optimum condition of cadmium adsorption (85.5% removal) occurs at pH of 6.5 with 20 g/L of adsorption dose for 45 min. In addition, the efficiency of adsorption process increases as the cadmium concentration reduces in the initial solution. Adsorption process follows the pseudo second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm with correlation coefficients of 0.999 and 0.99, respectively. According to the findings of this analysis, it was concluded that A. maurorum seed is a good biological adsorbent for adsorbing cadmium from aqueous solution.     

间歇曝气对膜生物反应器影响的试验研究

膜生物反应器是生物处理和膜分离相结合的一种高效的废水处理方法.通过研究,膜生物反应器具有较好的硝化能力.主要通过间歇曝气的运行方式来考察MBR对有机物和氨氮的去除效果.试验结果表明:合理的间歇时间能提高反应器对有机物和氨氮的去除效果.     

高喷灌浆加固抛石填海软基

高压旋喷灌浆法是本世纪７０ 年代发展起来的地基处理新技术,在砂性土和粘性土等软弱地层加固工程中已得到广泛应用,但在含有碎石的淤泥质土及穿过它对其下淤泥的加固尚少见,笔者简要介绍了采用钻灌分开两大工序的新双管法及其成功完成加固任务的事例。     

磁化作用对水性质的影响规律及喷雾除尘性能优化研究

为研究磁化水除尘的最佳磁化条件,提高水的利用率,通过实验得出不同磁化条件下水的表面张力、黏度;然后采用AN-SYS Fluent进行数值模拟得出磁化水降尘性能最佳时的喷雾压力和磁化条件.研究结果表明:当喷射压力为5 MPa时未磁化水的喷雾浓度较大、粒径较小;在此压力下,磁场强度为150 mT、磁化时间为80 s时,磁化...     

固定化漆酶对水中邻苯二胺的去除研究

以壳聚糖为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,采用交联法与吸附法相结合的方法对漆酶进行固定化,研究固定化漆酶在水处理中的应用,并进行了酶促反应的动力学和热力学分析,探讨了戊二醛质量浓度、交联时间、固定化时间以及漆酶质量浓度对固定化漆酶活性的影响。结果表明,漆酶固定化的最佳条件如下:戊二醛质量分数为5%,交联时间为8 h,固定化时间为6.5 h,酶质量浓度为20g/L。此条件下得到的固定化漆酶的比活力达到15 015.4U/g。利用制得的固定化漆酶对水中邻苯二胺进行处理。在最适温度50℃,最适pH=6条件下,利用12000U的固定化漆酶催化处理100mL质量浓度为200mg/L的邻苯二胺溶液,反应6 h后邻苯二胺的去除率达到94.8%。连续5次重复使用固定化漆酶处理邻苯二胺,6 h降解率均在60%以上。用自来水代替蒸馏水配制邻苯二胺溶液时,底物的去除率为55.1%,去除效果明显降低。固定化漆酶处理邻苯二胺反应属于一级反应,反应活化能约为44.1 kJ。     

液体石蜡乳化液的制备及对甲苯废气的吸收性能研究

以液体石蜡和水制备乳化液,以制备的乳化液吸收甲苯废气。考察了制备乳化液时油水质量比、乳化剂的质量分数、HLB值(亲水亲油平衡值)、乳化时间、乳化温度的选择及Tween 80、正辛醇、NaCl、Na2SO4对甲苯吸收效果的影响。结果表明,室温下油水质量比为7∶3,乳化剂质量分数为7%,HLB值为10,乳化时间为0.5 h时制备的乳化液稳定性最好。试验条件下乳化液对甲苯的初始吸收率可达96.53%,增加Tween 80的量和添加正辛醇能提高乳化液的吸收效果,添加NaCl和Na2SO4则降低乳化液对甲苯的吸收能力。     

Correlation between crash avoidance maneuvers and injury severity sustained by motorcyclists in single-vehicle crashes

Objectives: In order to improve motorcycle safety, this article examines the correlation between crash avoidance maneuvers and injury severity sustained by motorcyclists, under multiple precrash conditions. Method: Ten-year crash data for single-vehicle motorcycle crashes from the General Estimates Systems (GES) were analyzed, using partial proportional odds models (i.e., generalized ordered logit models). Results: The modeling results show that “braking (no lock-up)” is associated with a higher probability of increased severity, whereas “braking (lock-up)” is associated with a higher probability of decreased severity, under all precrash conditions. “Steering” is associated with a higher probability of reduced injury severity when other vehicles are encroaching, whereas it is correlated with high injury severity under other conditions. “Braking and steering” is significantly associated with a higher probability of low severity under “animal encounter and object presence,” whereas it is surprisingly correlated with high injury severity when motorcycles are traveling off the edge of the road. The results also show that a large number of motorcyclists did not perform any crash avoidance maneuvers or conducted crash avoidance maneuvers that are significantly associated with high injury severity. Conclusions: In general, this study suggests that precrash maneuvers are an important factor associated with motorcyclists' injury severity. To improve motorcycle safety, training/educational programs should be considered to improve safety awareness and adjust driving habits of motorcyclists. Antilock brakes and such systems are also promising, because they could effectively prevent brake lock-up and assist motorcyclists in maneuvering during critical conditions. This study also provides valuable information for the design of motorcycle training curriculum.     

β-环糊精强化微生物修复石油烃污染土壤的试验研究

石油烃污染物的生物可利用性是土壤微生物修复的限制因素,为了提高污染物的生物可利用性和降解效率,引入环境友好的β-环糊精作为污染物增溶剂,并与表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作对比。结果表明,当β-环糊精的投加浓度为其在水中饱和溶解度的90%、SDS的投加浓度为其临界胶束浓度时,β-环糊精和SDS对土壤中石油烃污染物的增溶效果达到最大,分别为84.42%和89.63%。虽然两者都具有相近的增溶效果,但SDS具有一定的生物毒性,抑制了微生物的生长及其对石油烃污染物的降解,而β-环糊精可以促进微生物生长并有效提高微生物对污染物的去除效率。投加β-环糊精的微生物修复组在15 d内的降解率达到19.5%,比单独微生物修复组的降解率提高了70%以上。     

Does seeing it make a difference? The self-reported deterrent impact of random breath testing

Introduction: Random Breath Testing (RBT) remains a primary method to both deter and apprehend drink drivers, yet a large proportion of road fatalities continue to be caused by the offense. Outstanding questions remain regarding how much exposure to RBT operations is needed to influence deterrence-based perceptions and subsequent offending. Method: Given this, licensed motorists (N = 961) in Queensland were recruited to complete a questionnaire either in the community (N = 741) or on the side of the road after just being breath tested (N = 243). Survey items measured different types of exposure to RBT operations (e.g., “seen” vs. “being tested”) and subsequent perceptions of apprehension as well as self-reported drink driving behaviors. Results: The key findings that emerged were: motorists were regularly exposed to RBT operations (both viewing and being tested), such exposure was not significantly correlated with perceptions of apprehension certainty, and a sizable proportion reported engaging in drink driving behaviors (e.g., approx. 25%), although roadside participants naturally reported a lower percentage of offending behaviors. Importantly, it was revealed that current “observations” of RBT was sufficient, but not actual levels of active testing (which needed to be doubled). Nevertheless, higher levels of exposure to RBT operations was found to be predictive of a lack of intention to drink and drive again in the future. Conclusions: This paper suggests that mere exposure to enforcement may not create the intended rule compliance, and that the frequency of exposure is also essential for the roadside.