两种抗生素菌渣热解及燃烧特性对比研究

以华北某药厂链霉素、庆大霉素菌渣为原料,研究其资源化途径。通过工业和元素分析可知,两种菌渣C,O质量分数较高,H,N,S质量分数较低;链霉素菌渣中灰分和挥发分含量高于庆大霉素菌渣,而固定碳含量低于庆大霉素菌渣。通过热解实验可知,随热解温度升高,热解气产量增加,可凝结相和焦炭产量降低。热解气中H_2含量最高,庆大霉素菌渣热解时体积分数最高可达到57.6%,其次依次为CO_2,CO,CH_4等。两种热解气属于中热值气体,其低热值在10~15 MJ/m~3之间。链霉素和庆大霉素菌渣及其热解焦炭的热值分别为16.144,24.589,11.460,14.382 MJ/kg。     

典型钢渣的易磨性和胶凝活性分析

分析了25家钢铁企业转炉和电炉钢渣的易磨性和胶凝活性,分析结果表明,钢渣中的一些含铁物相,如橄榄石、铁酸钙类物质属于难磨物相,而RO相相对易磨,电炉氧化渣比转炉渣易磨,热闷渣比热泼渣易磨;碱度≥1.8的转炉钢渣的胶凝活性较好,能符合GB/T 20491—2006《用于水泥和混凝土中的钢渣粉》中规定的二级钢渣粉的活性指数要求,而电炉渣由于碱度偏低,胶凝活性较差。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧灰渣熔融特性的分析

分析了城市生活垃圾焚烧灰渣熔融过程中CaO、SiO2、Al2O3等主要成分以及实验气氛对熔融特性的影响,并分析了熔渣的物理化学性能.实验结果表明,灰渣中CaO含量的高低决定了灰渣的酸碱度和灰渣的熔点.当CaO的质量分数占灰渣总量的33%左右,灰渣的熔融温度最低;而灰渣中总碱性氧化物的质量分数低于48%时,生活垃圾焚烧灰渣熔点随碱性氧化物质量分数的增加而降低;而当碱性氧化物质量分数大于48%时,碱性氧化物对生活垃圾焚烧灰渣熔点的影响则相反.以SiO2、Al2O3等氧化物为代表的酸性氧化物,其含量在生活垃圾焚烧灰渣中已经饱和,硅铝氧化物的添加,则会升高灰渣的熔点.为了降低灰渣的熔点,应将灰渣的酸碱度控制在1左右,并在弱还原性的气氛下进行熔融处理.熔融处理后的熔渣因具有性能稳定,重金属浸出量低,几乎不含有二噁英类毒性有机物,完全可以直接成为可利用再生资源.     

不同工艺钢渣物相组成及其显微形貌研究

利用XRF,XRD和SEM+EDS对转炉、电炉和LF精炼炉三种工艺钢渣的物相组成及其显微形貌进行研究。结果表明,转炉渣和电炉渣主要物相组成较为相似,为β-C2S、钙铁相以及RO相,但RO相的成分不同;LF精炼渣主要物相为γ-C2S、钙铝相以及RO相。转炉渣和LF精炼渣的钙硅相多呈圆形或不规则椭圆形,电炉渣的钙硅相多呈长板形状;转炉渣和电炉渣的钙铁相均以延伸的状态分布在其它物相之间,RO相主要分布在钙铁相内,无规则形状,尺寸大小不一;LF精炼渣的钙铝相以及含硫钙铝相也以连续延伸的无定形状态分布。     

硫酸溶液中二氧化硫的臭氧化过程影响因素的研究

为了优化SO2液相氧化产硫酸过程中的试验操作条件,研究了在O3氧化SO2的过程中反应器进口气体中SO2浓度、O3浓度及臭氧化氧气流量对SO2氧化效果的影响规律。结果表明,在反应器进口气体中低浓度的SO2和高浓度的O3均利于溶液中SO2的氧化,液相氧化时反应器进口气体中SO2的体积比控制在20 000 mL/m3以内为宜。溶液ORP是考察O3氧化SO2的重要指标,溶液ORP降低较快时硫酸根产率较高,表明O3对SO2的氧化效果较好。臭氧化氧气流量增大并不能使硫酸根产率增加。在吸收液硫酸质量分数为3%,气相SO2体积比为6667mL/m3,臭氧化氧气体积流量为1.5 L/min,氮气体积流量为1.5 L/min时,硫酸根产率达到100%。同时,通过研究吸收液硫酸浓度与温度对溶液中的O3饱和浓度影响,得到在稀硫酸(质量分数小于10%)溶液中,O3达到饱和时质量分数较浓硫酸(质量分数大于等于10%)溶液中O3质量分数高,而且吸收液温度越低越利于O3溶解。     

碳酸盐对电解锰渣中可溶性锰固定和硫酸钙转化的研究

电解锰渣是电解锰生产过程中碳酸锰矿经酸浸、中和、压滤工序后产生的废渣。重金属锰是电解锰渣中的主要污染物,在渣中主要以可溶化合物MnSO_4·H_2O,(NH_4)_2Mn(SO_4)_2·6H_2O等形式存在。采用碳酸盐碳化处理电解锰渣,研究渣中可溶性锰固定、硫酸钙转化的矿物学特征和机制。结果表明,Na_2CO_3能够有效固定渣中的锰离子形成MnCO_3矿物。反应时间90 min,Na_2CO_3与渣质量比为0.05时,Na_2CO_3对锰的固定率达到99.9%,渣浆中锰离子质量浓度下降至5.7 mg/L。反应机制主要是渣中MnSO_4·H_2O,(NH_4)_2Mn(SO_4)_2·6H_2O与碳酸盐反应形成球状MnCO_3矿物;当Na_2CO_3与渣质量比大于0.4时,渣中柱状、条状CaSO_4·2H_2O转化为CaCO_3。     

氧烛中Co_2O_3对NaClO_3热解的催化特性研究

为探究氧烛成分中的催化剂对其产氧速率与稳定性是否具有影响,以Co_2O_3为研究对象,在其质量分数分别为0%,2%,3%,4%,5%下,将其与NaClO_3进行二元TG-DTG联合热重分析,通过对比各混合物的热解始末温度及其他特征温度,探究了Co_2O_3对NaClO_3热解的催化效果、速率及稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:Co_2O_3对NaClO_3热解的催化效果随其质量分数增加而增强,并在4%时达到最佳;少量Co_2O_3(0%~2%)可使得NaClO_3热解过程出现多阶梯,热解变得不稳定,但适量Co_2O_3(3%~5%)却可在不影响NaClO_3热解稳定性的情况下,使其热解温度区间变宽,热解速率变慢。     

含CaCO_3油田污泥复配红磷阻燃EVA的研究

以乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)、油田污泥(OS)、红磷(RP)为原料,采用熔融共混的方法制备了EVA/OS/RP复合材料(EOS),并通过锥形量热仪测试(CCT)、极限氧指数(LOI)和烟密度测试(SDT)等手段研究其阻燃、抑烟性能。CCT结果表明,EOS3(OS质量分数为47%、RP质量分数为3%)的热释放速率、生烟速率与其他样品相比均显著下降,其热释放速率峰值仅为286.2 k W/m~2。LOI结果表明,适量的RP可以提高材料的LOI值,最高可达26.8%。SDT结果表明,在未点火条件下,EOS6(OS质量分数、RP质量分数分别为41%,9%)的光通量高达53.2%;在点火条件下,EOS5(OS质量分数、RP质量分数分别为43%,7%)的光通量为24.1%。     

超细粒级浸出渣充填配比试验研究

为了探究超细粒级浸出渣与分级尾砂混合作为充填骨料的充填体强度能否达到凡口铅锌矿井下充填的要求,开展了浸出渣与分级尾砂的充填配比试验。通过充填配比试验,分析不同配比和质量分数的充填料浆的流动性和充填体强度特性。结果表明:质量分数对充填体强度的影响较大;灰砂比、质量分数越大,充填体的强度越高;在一定范围内,增加浸出渣的用量可提高充填体的强度;扩散度可以很好地反映充填料浆的流动性,充填料浆的流动性随质量分数增加而减小,当质量分数较高时增加水泥用量可提高充填料浆的流动性,增加浸出渣含量会导致充填料浆的流动性降低。根据凡口铅锌矿充填技术要求及室内充填配比试验结果,得出不同部位的最佳充填配比:矿房采场的最佳灰砂比、浸出渣与分级尾砂之比、质量分数分别为1∶6、1∶5、71%,间柱采场为1∶6、1∶6、69%,首层和浇面为1∶3、1∶6、71%。     

钢渣资源化利用技术现况和探讨

介绍了目前我国钢渣预处理工艺和尾渣资源化利用的主要方法,并对钢渣的资源化利用发展进行了探讨。我国钢渣的资源化利用主要受到地域、钢渣性质以及市场3方面因素的限制。建议大力推广钢渣有压热闷等先进钢渣预处理技术,使钢渣处理更加高效、环保。钢渣尾渣用于制备胶凝材料和道路建设是大批量消纳钢渣的可行方法,应争取政府和财政的支持,推动跨行业的合作,促进钢渣的资源化利用。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。