复杂系统视角下建筑垃圾治理系统协同度评价

为了提高建筑垃圾的协同治理水平,减少建筑垃圾对社会和生态环境的影响。基于复杂系统理论,将建筑垃圾治理系统分为3个子系统,运用文献梳理和实地调研相结合的方法筛选各子系统的序参量,以复杂系统协同度模型为基础构建建筑垃圾治理系统协同度评价模型,对西安市、青岛市、成都市和深圳市建筑垃圾治理系统协同度进行了实证分析,结果表明4市建筑垃圾治理系统协同度不高且差异较大,政府在建筑垃圾治理系统中处于主导地位,提高企业和社会参与建筑垃圾治理的积极性,有助于建筑垃圾治理系统协同度的提升,测度结果与现实情况相类似。准确的测度建筑垃圾治理系统的协同状态可以为政府制定相关政策提供理论依据,提高建筑垃圾协同治理效率。     

建筑垃圾资源化利用模式评价研究

针对当前建筑垃圾资源化利用模式的不完善、不完整及数据信息不完备等问题,建立建筑垃圾资源化利用评价模型至关重要。在构建的建筑垃圾资源化利用评价指标体系的基础上,采用粗糙集理论确定相应的指标权值,通过可拓综合评价法对西安市内现存的具有代表性的10种建筑垃圾资源化利用模式进行等级评价,得出结论:建筑垃圾资源化是城市可持续发展的必然趋势,其中,现场破碎与集中处理相结合、再生砌块与路基回填综合利用的模式效益最佳。     

施工现场建筑废弃物减量化管理及效果的实证分析

从现场管理角度出发,以调动项目管理者的积极性为落脚点,探讨了影响建筑废弃物减量化效果的管理方法.基于行业调查,识别现有施工现场建筑废弃物减量化的管理方法.运用因子分析法,按照评价指标体系提取人员管理、物流管理、现场分类与回收利用以及合同管理4个建筑废弃物减量化管理主因子,并在此基础上进行Logistic回归分析.结果表明:4个主因子对施工现场建筑废弃物减量化管理皆有显著影响.此外,建立废弃物管理绩效考核机制、制定建筑废弃物控制计划、重复使用现场可回收材料、组织减量化知识技能培训以及制定采购计划5个措施能够有效调动工作人员的减排积极性.为提升国内施工现场建筑废弃物减量化管理效果提出具体措施与建议,为项目利益相关方进行现场管理方法的优选提供理论依据与支持.     

旧工业建筑再生利用项目施工安全的评价及改进

针对旧工业建筑再生利用项目施工过程中存在诸多安全隐患的问题,首先,结合此类项目遗留工业垃圾冗杂、施工场地狭窄、部分构件拆换、大型机械使用受限的施工特点从4MTE角度构建施工安全评价指标体系。然后,在考虑指标赋权的主客观综合性与评价工作的未确知性后,建立了基于结构熵权法与未确知测度理论的旧工业建筑再生利用项目施工安全评价模型,并通过工程实例验证该模型,得出的评价结果与实际情况相符。最后,结合未确知测度单因素指标测度函数的特点,提出了施工安全管理改进策略的制定方法。     

既有线桥涵施工安全防护评估系统设计

采用安全检查表法识别桥涵施工风险,对施工风险集成管理,并对施工过程中发生的事故及事故应急预案进行统计;运用灰色评价法和LEC法对潜在施工风险进行模糊评价,给出相应应对措施;采用C#编程语言进行软件的开发。该系统解决了以往施工风险识别不及时,安全检查流于形式,安全评价准确度低的问题,能够为既有线桥涵施工安全提供指导。     

基于五元联系数集对分析模型的绿色建筑施工安全风险评价

为了实现绿色建筑施工安全风险的动态分析与管理,以人员、管理、材料与技术、设备及环境5个方面为视角筛选出20个二级评价指标,并建立了绿色建筑施工安全风险评价指标体系;采用经粗糙集理论优化的层次分析法耦合熵值法的组合赋权法确定各评价指标权重;依据五元联系数的各阶偏联系数对评价指标进行集对势分析,基于集对分析理论的五元联系数建立绿色建筑施工安全风险评价模型,并结合长沙市某绿色建筑项目进行了实证分析.结果表明,该项目施工安全风险等级为较低,评价结果与调研结果一致.评价方法可真实反映绿色建筑施工安全风险评价过程中的随机性及不确定性,提高了绿色建筑施工安全风险评价的精度;评价模型可实现绿色建筑施工安全风险静态与动态评价的有效结合,为类似工程的施工安全风险评价提供参考.     

基于灰色-马尔科夫链理论的建筑施工事故预测研究

我国建筑事故预测中具有统计数据少、数据波动性大等特点,缺乏具有高精度、可操作性强的预测模型。将灰色系统理论和马尔可夫原理相结合,充分发挥了灰色系统理论适用于小样本数据拟合和马尔可夫适合处理数据波动大的系统过程的优势,通过GM(1,1)模型的建立,提出一种适合建筑事故统计数据特点的灰色马尔可夫预测方法。将该方法应用于1994—2007年建筑施工事故次数分析,以此为基础对2008—2009年的建筑施工事故次数进行预测。研究结果表明:基于灰色马尔可夫理论建筑事故预测结果精度可达90%以上。     

基于BP神经网络的绿色建筑评价

绿色建筑是指在建筑的全寿命周期内,最大限度地节约资源,保护环境和减少污染,为人们提供健康、适用和高效的使用空间,与自然和谐共生。根据绿色建筑的特点,确立绿色建筑评价指标体系,并运用管理理论中的层次分析法(AHP)和模糊综合评价方法(Fuzzy),提出了人工神经网络(ANN)评价模型。评估结果表明,该评价体系用于绿色建筑等级综合评价是快速、有效的。     

绿色施工评价指标体系与方法研究

作为传统的高能耗产业,建筑业的节能减排对我国节能减排工作大局意义重大。绿色施工以节能减排为核心理念,是建筑业实施可持续发展战略重要措施。通过对我国建筑施工活动中的污染源和能耗源进行追溯和辨识,综合管理、技术、经济等要素,并参照我国绿色施工相关规定,探讨构建了基于我国国情的绿色施工综合评价标准体系,进而利用突变级数法,设计了绿色施工综合评价方法。结合相关工程进行实例评价,结果表明该评价指标体系与方法评价结论客观与准确,并可以发现建筑企业绿色施工生产活动中缺陷,提高企业管理水平,促进技术创新,降低生产成本。     

绿色招商项目遴选决策系统的开发及应用

引入绿色度作为招商项目优劣的评价标准,在构建招商项目绿色度评价指标体系及其评价模型的基础上,开发出绿色招商项目遴选决策系统程序,并应用于某工业园区的招商决策.该系统可作为绿色招商决策的辅助工具,具有一定的应用价值与推广前景.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。