不同工艺钢渣物相组成及其显微形貌研究

利用XRF,XRD和SEM+EDS对转炉、电炉和LF精炼炉三种工艺钢渣的物相组成及其显微形貌进行研究。结果表明,转炉渣和电炉渣主要物相组成较为相似,为β-C2S、钙铁相以及RO相,但RO相的成分不同;LF精炼渣主要物相为γ-C2S、钙铝相以及RO相。转炉渣和LF精炼渣的钙硅相多呈圆形或不规则椭圆形,电炉渣的钙硅相多呈长板形状;转炉渣和电炉渣的钙铁相均以延伸的状态分布在其它物相之间,RO相主要分布在钙铁相内,无规则形状,尺寸大小不一;LF精炼渣的钙铝相以及含硫钙铝相也以连续延伸的无定形状态分布。     

典型钢渣的f-CaO含量和稳定性分析

测试分析了25家大型钢铁联合企业钢渣样品中f-Ca O的含量、显微形貌以及钢渣的稳定性,测试分析结果表明,热泼转炉渣的f-Ca O的质量分数大多在4%以上,而热闷渣、滚筒渣和风淬渣的f-Ca O含量相对较小;电炉渣的f-Ca O的质量分数都在1%以下;转炉钢渣中存在2类f-Ca O,一类为死烧石灰,另一类由C3S在高温冷却过程中分解形成。钢渣的稳定性与钢渣的f-Ca O有显著的正相关性,要将浸水膨胀率控制在2%以下,f-Ca O的质量分数应当控制在3%以下,而要将压蒸粉化率控制在5.9%以下,f-Ca O的质量分数应当控制在2%以下。     

钢渣在复合胶凝材料水化过程中的作用机理研究

在相同掺加比例、相同水胶比条件下,通过测试胶砂试块力学性能、浆体Zeta电位、水化反应热及硬化浆体微观分析,对比研究了具有相同细度的钢渣粉与惰性掺合料石英粉对于复合胶凝材料水化硬化过程与技术性能的影响.试验结果表明,钢渣在复合胶凝材料中积极地参与水化反应过程,水化反应迅速,水化产物均匀交错,凝胶结构致密,形成的水泥石力学性能好.     

钢渣资源化利用技术现况和探讨

介绍了目前我国钢渣预处理工艺和尾渣资源化利用的主要方法,并对钢渣的资源化利用发展进行了探讨。我国钢渣的资源化利用主要受到地域、钢渣性质以及市场3方面因素的限制。建议大力推广钢渣有压热闷等先进钢渣预处理技术,使钢渣处理更加高效、环保。钢渣尾渣用于制备胶凝材料和道路建设是大批量消纳钢渣的可行方法,应争取政府和财政的支持,推动跨行业的合作,促进钢渣的资源化利用。     

炼钢作业中爆炸和熔融物喷溅事故的分析及预防

在炼钢作业中,由高温溶融物引发的爆炸或由爆炸引起的熔融物,经常喷溅威胁着作业人员的安全。辽宁省某钢铁公司1991年、1992年两年间共发生电炉、转炉爆炸和溶融物喷溅,以及熔融物爆炸事故29起。1993年3月,这个钢铁公司第一炼钢厂发生了4起电炉熔融物喷溅崩塌炉盖的恶性事故。6月15日,1号电炉和3号电炉连续发生3起爆炸事故,飞起的钢渣击伤2名操作     

转炉钢渣热闷技术在济钢的开发应用

通过对转炉渣在闷渣池内的集中喷淋水,并合理调整喷水压力、流量、闷制冷却时间,充分利用钢渣余热,使钢渣通过闷渣工艺处理后全部粉化.一方面彻底消除钢铁企业钢渣放炮事故的安全隐患;另一方面有效降低了钢渣粉尘导致的环境污染,为职工创造良好的工作环境.并可采取对粉化渣进行磁选工艺,能够提高钢渣二次利用率、渣中金属回收率,为企业降低成本、实现循环经济创造条件.     

电炉冶炼产生爆喷大沸腾的原因及对策

电炉冶炼产生爆喷、大沸腾的原因及对策南京钢铁集团有限责任公司六钢厂王仁豪电炉炼钢生产过程中产生的爆喷和大沸腾现象对安全生产威胁极大,溅出的钢水、钢渣极易伤人和烧坏设备;如果渣坑、钢坑潮湿或有积水,就会引起爆炸事故,在炉内钢水、钢渣急剧反应,气压急剧升...     

高炉渣制备光催化剂及其催化活性的研究

以废弃的冶金高炉渣为原料,采用混酸酸溶-水热合成法制备了光催化剂,并对其进行了SEM、UV-Vis、XRD、比表面积等物性测试分析;通过处理甲基橙模拟废水,探讨了制备过程中渣酸比、混酸配比、渣用量、溶渣时间等条件对高炉渣制光催化剂活性的影响。将所制光催化剂与P25光催化剂进行对比分析,结果表明,高炉渣制光催化剂不仅具有较高的光催化活性,而且制备成本低廉,仅为P25光催化剂的1/10,这对于冶金高炉渣的循环再利用及光催化氧化技术的工业化应用具有重要的实际意义。     

铬渣-煤矸石砖中Cr(Ⅵ)解毒机理研究

铬渣因所含Cr(Ⅵ)具有强氧化性而会对环境造成严重污染.本文采用自养煤矸石砖焙烧技术对铬渣进行无害化治理,对不同铬渣掺量的铬渣-煤矸石砖,进行铬的浸出毒性分析.通过试验得出,除铬渣掺量为15%的砖中六价铬浸出浓度超标外,其余铬的浸出浓度均小于国标规定,铬的解毒率都在95%以上.此技术对Cr的还原解毒为,在高温熔融条件下,煤矸石中的碳及随后产生的CO、H2、CH4等还原性物质与Cr(Ⅵ)化合物发生反应.铬渣、煤矸石及砖的X-粉晶衍射物相分析表明,砖中Cr(Ⅵ)被还原为Cr(Ⅲ)后,以类质同相方式进入辉石、尖晶石、铝硅酸盐等稳定物相,得以固化解毒.因此,还原后Cr的存在形式稳定,可以经受恶劣自然环境而不会重新溶出和造成二次污染,作为建材,可以安全利用.     

钢铁企业废弃物的种类及处理方法

一、废弃物的种类和产生量钢铁企业中各类废弃物如表1所示,大致分为炉渣、粉尘、污泥以及废油等。这些废弃物产生量如表2所示,其中炉渣的比例占绝大多数。每生产1t生铁产生高炉炉渣约为320kg,高炉炉渣现已几乎全部作为水泥和其它再生物的原料利用。每生产1t粗钢约产生转炉渣和电炉渣120～130kg,产生粉尘50kg,它主要含氧化铁,大多数用做炼铁原料。由于有些废弃物难以直接利用,所以开发了多种处理方法。钢铁厂除产生上述废弃物外,还有尘     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。