基于层次分析法和模糊综合评判方法的安全管理体系优选

为能在安全管理体系的选择工作中做出最优决策,首次建立用于企业安全管理体系的评价指标体系,综合考虑影响企业选择安全管理体系的暂时的、长期的、定量的、定性的等13个指标.简述层次分析法和模糊评判法的基本原理,通过层次分析法,确定各指标的权重集,将待选体系方案的指标因素转换为隶属矩阵,引入二元对比定权法确定定性指标的相对隶属度,从而建立模糊综合评判模型.使用MATLAB 7.1工具进行计算,最后得出各体系方案基于影响因素的综合优越度.将评判模型应用于工程实例,阐述主要过程和分析结果,得出实例中待选体系方案的优越度分别为90.66%、53.42%和84.29%,从而确定最适合企业的安全管理体系.     

基于UAHP的采空区稳定性模糊综合评判

为准确评判矿山采空区稳定性等级,通过分析采空区稳定性各影响因素,确定地质、水文、采空区几何参数、环境等4个2级指标为影响其稳定性的主要因素。运用层次分析法(AHP)并结合模糊数学理论,建立采空区稳定性2级模糊综合评判模型。用区间数表示评判结果,分析处理评判矩阵得到专家评判的相似度和差异度,进而获取专家评判的可信度,建立基于不确定型层次分析法(UAHP)的采空区稳定性模糊评判方法。实例计算结果表明:在Ⅰ级评判指标中,地质构造、周围开采影响、地下水活动程度、跨度对采空区稳定性影响较大;用该采空区的稳定性等级为Ⅱ级。用该方法能得出各影响因素的综合权重,准确评判采空区稳定性等级。     

基于AHP-FUZZ方法的高校节能评价方法

根据综合评价指标体系建立的原则,建立了高校节能评价指标体系。利用层次模糊(AHPFUZZ)综合评价方法,分别计算各指标权重和建立评判矩阵,根据加权平均的方式提出高校节能效果评价方法。评价方法对定性评估高校节能效果提供了定量计算依据,对评估实际节能工程改造效果具有指导作用。     

基于水化学分析的煤矿矿井突水水源判别

矿井突水是煤矿生产过程中的主要自然灾害,准确判定矿井突水水源是解决突水问题的重要条件。基于模糊综合评判和矩阵方程分析数学原理,分别建立了矿井突水的模糊综合评判和矩阵方程分析模型;在水化学分析的基础上,建立了水样6项指标评判标准,利用两种方法分别对某煤矿3个不同突水巷道水样进行了水源判别,并与实际突水水源相比较。结果表明,模糊综合评判和矩阵方程分析均能有效判别矿井突水水源,但各有其优越性及局限性,选择何种判别方法应视矿井突水水化学资料状况而定。     

采空区稳定性的改进云模型二维评判

为更合理有效地评判采空区稳定性,引入云模型理论,采用模糊熵对其进行改进,建立新的采空区稳定性二维评判模型。选取13项评判指标,计算隶属于不同等级的各指标云模型参数;基于博弈论,将评判指标主、客权重优化、融合,得到指标综合权重;然后应用正向高斯云发生器计算样本综合确定度,根据最大综合度隶属等级确定采空区稳定性等级,并引入综合确定度的模糊熵作为第二维评判参量,用以表征采空区稳定性复杂度。最后,将该模型应用于湖南某锑矿14个采空区稳定性评判中。结果表明,该模型评判结果能充分反映现场实际情况。     

基于DHGF算法和三角模糊数的装备研制风险评价

针对风险管理方法难以对装备研制风险进行有效评价的问题,提出基于DHGF算法和三角模糊数的装备研制风险评价方法。运用德尔菲法建立装备研制风险的综合评价指标体系。基于三角模糊数和层次分析法(AHP)计算评价指标的权重。利用灰色系统理论确定评价灰类,计算灰色评价系数,得出灰色评价权向量和权矩阵。形成综合评判矩阵,进行模糊运算,求得综合评价结果。算例表明,该方法可有效用于装备研制风险的评价。     

GRA-SPA熵权决策模型在冲击地压风险评价中的应用

为量化评价冲击地压风险,运用灰色关联(GRA)和集对分析(SPA)相关理论,构建基于GRA-SPA的熵权(EW)多属性决策模型。将各指标与危险等级通过建立集对,确定联系式,计算绝对关联度及综合联系度;采用EW法确定各指标权重,构建最佳和最差方案同一度矩阵,得到综合评价集,确定评判等级;选取某典型煤矿的5个工作面,评价各工作面的冲击地压风险。结果表明:该模型综合考虑评价对象各指标因子的同一性、差异性和对立性,将联系度系数量化,并通过EW多属性决策凸显评价对象的差异性。     

民机结构涂层腐蚀维修间隔的确定方法

为量化民机结构防护涂层腐蚀失效对飞机结构维修间隔制定的影响,合理制定民机维修方案,针对环境损伤条件下的飞机连接结构(外露腐蚀关键件)防护涂层体系,综合考虑防护涂层体系损伤的特点,提出利用模糊综合方法评估腐蚀损伤等级以量化损伤程度,与地面停放时间进行关联,建立了民机结构涂层腐蚀维修间隔评估模型.在模型中提出了单项指标的等级区间划分方法,确定了评判因素集合,利用G1法求解各单项指标的权重,运用岭形分布隶属函数来确定评判矩阵,将权重与评判矩阵进行线性结合求解多因子包容方程,确定涂层腐蚀维修间隔.通过实例进行模型验证,确定的维修间隔与工程文件一致,符合腐蚀动力学规律,表明了模型的有效性.模型可为民机外露关键件的涂层有效性检验、涂层腐蚀维修间隔的确定提供参考,具有很好的工程应用价值.     

改进的层次分析法-模糊数学模型在矿井人体舒适度评价中的应用

针对矿井人体舒适度评价过程中的不确定性和难以预见性,建立了温度、相对湿度、风速、照明、粉尘、噪声、着装感受、主观生理疲劳感受及主观心理疲劳感受九大评价指标,并对层次分析法判断矩阵进行改进,确定各评价指标权重;将标准化方案引入模糊数学模型中,通过计算比较各方案的优劣;此外,与标准化方案的对比还可以验证各方案的可行性。将该方法应用到辰州矿业沃溪坑口的人体舒适度评价中,对3个不同中段的人体热舒适度进行了综合评价,并与标准值进行比对,所得评判向量为(0.862,0.777,0.633,0.831)。此结果表明,随着矿井中段位置的不断加深,舒适度显著下降,仅有16平处人体舒适度略高于标准值,深部42平处人体舒适度不符合井下环境标准,与工程现场的实际情况一致。该方法科学合理,可以在工程应用中推广。     

灰色动态综合评判模型在煤矿安全管理的应用

1 引言 矿井的安全评估是煤矿企业安全科学管理的一个重要组成部分,它不仅可以提高企业的安全意识,而且还可以为企业升级和矿井现代化建设提供科学的方法和依据。 目前矿井的安全评估方法主要有百万吨死亡率法,模糊综合评判法,灰色决策法等。这些方法只能解决静态的安全评估问题,即研究对象的系数矩阵为方案与指标的二维矩阵,如果在评估时考虑时间因素即评     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。