放空管设计对超临界CO2管道放空影响研究

与天然气管道相比,超临界CO2管道放空时的降压可能导致管道内的低温,甚至形成干冰对管道及设备造成损伤,危害管道安全。针对超 临界CO2放空过程可能出现的潜在风险,建立了超临界CO2管道放空计算模型,借助OLGA软件对超临界CO2管道放空进行了稳态和动态模拟,并研 究放空管设计对管道放空的热力水力影响。研究表明:超临界CO2管道放空时管道沿线上各点之间的压力、温度变化差异不大;CO2首先由超临 界相变为气相,然后沿着气液相平衡线或气固相平衡线进行,管内温度降到一定值后逐步回升至管道埋地温度;放空管的直径对超临界CO2管道 放空过程的总时间、放空速率、最大温降以及是否生成干冰有直接影响;放空管高度对放空过程管内参数变化几乎无影响。     

我厂玻璃生产线的防尘实践

1.问题我厂浮法玻璃生产线通风除尘管路的设计和除尘设备的选型存在以下问题。 (1)由于受厂房高度所限,部分通风除尘管路水平设置,管路易堵,除尘器运行效果差。 (2)管道内粉尘浓度大,机械振打时除尘器布袋间隙小,除尘器内外温差大,致使除尘器易堵,振打臂易折,维修量大,除尘效果差。 (3)设备密封性低,泄漏现象严重. 为此,对我厂通风除尘系统进行了改造,加强了管理,取得良好效果. 2.改造 (1)1988年,对浮法车间窑头和浮法碎玻璃下料仓扬尘点以及原料车间自磨除尘系统和粉碎15米砂岩料仓等进行技术改造.     

基于CFD的大型储油罐区池火灾数值模拟*

为研究大型储油罐区池火灾温度、热辐射强度、流速、组分等燃烧特性参数在油罐外不同区域的变化规律,以10万m3原油储罐区为研究对象,构建罐区池火灾燃烧数学模型,运用计算流体动力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD）技术进行数值模拟研究。结果表明:整个火场温度大致呈锥形分布,火焰温度最高可达1 500 K,纵向来看,底部温度较高,上部温度逐渐降低,径向来看,中心温度较高,周围温度逐渐降低;随着距罐壁以及距罐顶距离的不断增加,热辐射强度均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,最高热辐射强度为132 kW/m2;罐顶上方区域存在火焰卷吸现象,中心位置流速最大,最高可达56 m/s,罐底区域存在火焰贴壁现象;得到燃烧产物（CO和CO2）的体积分数分布,以CO体积分数为0.001作为判断依据,推断出火焰高度为120 m。研究结果可为今后此类火灾事故的防治提供理论支撑。     

敞开空间水幕抑制阻挡非水溶性有害重气扩散的试验研究

通过室外水幕抑制阻挡CO2扩散试验分析了CO2泄漏时的体积分数分布,探讨了水幕压力、水幕到泄漏源距离、泄漏源高度对水幕抑制阻挡重气云扩散能力的影响,得到了不同初始条件下的水幕稀释效率.结果表明:水幕压力越大,抑制效果越好;泄漏源到水幕的距离较近时,CO2容易穿透水幕;泄漏高度低于水幕高度时,泄漏高度越高,水幕抑制效果越差.在此基础上得出了扇形水幕抑制阻挡重气云扩散机理,即向上喷射的扇形水幕是通过垂直向上的机械趋散作用、空气卷吸等将重气向上驱散,从而达到抑制阻挡非水溶性重气的目的.     

新型旋转填料塔传质特性的实验研究

针对传统气液逆流塔的泛点低、设备体积庞大等缺陷,从气液相平衡原理出发,提出了一种利用离心力来旋转布液的新型旋转填料吸收塔。搭建用于测试填料吸收塔吸收CO2效率的实验装置,在给定气体流量以及吸收塔填料高度的实验条件下,进行了吸收性能的实验研究。实验结果表明,新型填料吸收塔不仅可以捕集模拟烟气中的CO2,而且效率较高,达到89.9%。     

水泵站停泵水锤计算及其防护措施研究

采用简化的有限差分方程,建立特征线法水锤数学模型,并建立水泵断电泵处的水头平衡方程和转速改变方程边界条件。通过对停泵水锤进行模拟计算,研究突然断电后,发生停泵水锤的暂态过程中,泵站及管路中流量、水头、水泵转速和转矩随时间变化规律以及它们的极值,对泵站及输水管路设计,校核各种载荷、机组最大反转数,校核评价水泵机组及管道等主要设备的机械强度具有重要意义,并提出经济合理的水锤防护措施,以保证泵站、管道安全运行。     

历史上三月发生的危险化学品事故

中石化九江石化公司“3?12”爆炸着火事故2018年3月12日16时14分,中石化九江石化公司柴油加氢装置原料缓冲罐(设计压力0.38MPa)发生爆炸着火事故,造成2人死亡、1人轻伤。经分析,事故直接原因是循环氢压缩机因润滑油压力低而停机后,加氢原料进料泵随即联锁停泵,但因泵出口未设置紧急切断且单向阀功能失效,加之操作人员未能第一时间关闭泵出口手阀,反应系统内高压介质(压力5.7MPa)通过原料泵出入口倒窜入加氢原料缓冲罐,导致缓冲罐超压爆炸着火。     

暗挖地铁车站导洞内机械成桩泥浆处理

暗挖地铁车站导洞内机械施工围护桩因受洞内空间条件约束,场地狭小,施工机械受限制,不利于泥浆的循环和处理,施工环境恶劣,严重影响周边环境状况。为解决狭小空间内机械成桩泥浆循环及处理难题,北京地铁八号线美术馆站工程采用大功率扬程泵将泥浆抽排至地面进行处理,有效解决了泥浆洞内循环问题,创造了良好的施工条件,同时保护工程周边环境不受施工影响。     

正确使用储罐上的呼吸阀

<正>呼吸阀作为使用在罐顶上的安全附件,经常或很多时候不被使用单位重视再加上管理不到位,呼吸阀使用几年甚至从安装到至今从未进行过检验,网面堵死、损坏,阀面锈蚀,根本没有起到安全的保护作用,使得有些储罐吸瘪或膨胀,因此呼吸阀就成一个摆件。1呼吸阀的种类和作用呼吸阀的种类很多,但主要有:防爆阻火呼吸阀和全天候防火呼吸阀,用于安装原油、气油、煤油、轻柴油、芳烃为固定式储罐上的通风装置.起减少油品挥发、损耗,阻止外界火陷传     

浮顶储罐二次密封油气空间放电分析

为避免浮顶储罐在遭受雷击时由于导电片设施在二次密封油气空间中放电引起密封圈火灾,在实验室建立了2 m直径油罐模型,开展导电片火花放电起始电流试验、导电片与罐壁形成空气间隙击穿放电初始电压试验,系统研究导电片在二次密封油气空间中的放电危险性。试验结果表明:导电片靠自身弹性与罐壁贴合时,雷电流大约在400 A时导电片开始产生点燃性火花放电;如导电片与罐壁贴合不良形成空气间隙,雷击情况下雷电流泄放瞬时浮顶与罐壁之间的电位差足以使一定大小的间隙击穿放电,当间隙大小为20~30 mm时,放电电压为26~40 kV。因此,储罐在遭受雷击时,导电片火花放电现象不可避免。结合储罐的实际运行情况,提出取消二次密封导电片、液下刮蜡器与浮顶进行可靠电气连接的改进措施,避免导电片在二次密封油气空间中放电发生,大大降低浮顶储罐雷击火灾事故。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。