广西南部三叠纪强过铝质火成岩岩石化学特征的动力学意义

为深化对广西南部地区印支期造山运动深部动力学机制的理解,采用该地区三叠纪强过铝质火成岩的岩石化学数据提取其源区熔融温度以及成分特征方面的信息。结果显示:广西南部三叠纪强过铝质火成岩属于高钾钙碱性系列,形成于印支期后碰撞构造背景中。它们的Al2O3/TiO2小于100,CaO/Na2O多数大于0 3、少数小于0 3。同时,这些强过铝质火成岩的Al2O3/TiO2与其SiO2含量有正相关趋势,而CaO/Na2O与SiO2含量呈明显的负相关关系。这些岩石化学特征表明,强过铝质火成岩部分源于泥质岩的部分熔融,部分源于砂岩或正变质岩的部分熔融,但不排除后者可能是泥质岩部分熔融产物和玄武质岩浆相混合的结果;同时这些强过铝质火成岩形成源区的温度高(>=875℃)。因此,广西南部三叠纪时期的深部能量来自以底侵玄武岩浆加热作用所体现出来的软流圈地幔的平流热传递过程。     

新疆伊犁河谷沙漠沉积不同粒径组分的地球化学元素分布特征

本文通过对伊犁河谷西部塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠内的可克达拉（TKP）剖面典型层位样品 的不同粒级组分地球化学元素分析,探究西风环流控制的沙漠沉积区元素特征和化学风化指标 在不同粒级组分中的分布特征。研究结果表明TKP 剖面Na 和Sr 元素趋向于在粗粒级中富集; Fe、Mg、Al、Rb 元素趋向于细粒级中富集,K 元素含量随粒径增大先升高再降低,16 ~ 32 μm 粒 级处出现谷值;Ti 元素含量与粒度关系不明确。CIA、Rb/Sr 随粒级增大逐渐降低,Na2O/Al2O3、 Na2O/K2O、K2O/Al2O3 随粒级增大逐渐升高。TKP 剖面地球化学元素和比值在<2 μm、2~16 μm、 16 ~32 μm 细粒级组分不同粒级间变化较为剧烈,32~ 63 μm、63~125 μm、>125 μm 粗粒级组分 变化则不明显,而且粗粒级组分在剖面中的变化也比较稳定。剖面整体风化程度较弱,因此这 种现象可能是物源不统一造成的,为塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠具有物源多样性特点的观点提供了地球 化学元素方面的证据。     

强烈风化条件下玄武岩发育土壤的元素地球化学特征

海南岛地处热带,晚第三纪以来喷发的玄武岩上广泛发育铁铝土。土壤剖面的常量元素、微量元素、化学风化指标及元素迁移率的研究表明:(1)土壤Al2O3、Fe2O3、SiO2和TiO2元素富集,水溶型元素强烈淋失,高CIA值和低ba值均显示其经历强烈的化学风化作用;(2)元素含量和元素迁移率的计算结果显示,温带难迁移的Ti、Zr、Hf和Nb等元素在高温多雨的热带环境下也会发生强烈的淋失,究其原因主要受湿热环境下高有机质含量和强酸性条件影响;(3)Fe、Al、Cu和Ni等元素的迁移则反映了基岩发育土壤自下而上的风化渐进特征;(4)表层土壤K、Na和Sr元素的强烈富集则与大气沉降有关。     

江西华齐铜多金属矿区含矿硅质岩的地球化学特征及成因探讨

矿产远景地质调查过程中,在江西华齐铜多金属矿区发现含矿硅质岩.测试分析显示,区内硅质岩贫Al2O3、TiO2,Co、Cr等元素含量低,贫∑REE,δ(Eu)为负异常,δ(Ce)为弱正异常,HREE相对富集等热水沉积物的特征.在判别硅质岩形成的系列图解上,样品均指示热水沉积作用和大陆边缘环境,这与SiO2/Al2O3、SiO2/(K2O+Na2O)、SiO2/MgO、MnO/TiO2、K/Rb等特征值所指示的结果相一致.本区硅质岩地球化学特征及其对比结果说明该区域构造演化的复杂性.在元古代华南海槽构造演化中在华夏地块边缘发生断裂拉张,形成断陷盆地,并发生了热水喷流沉积成岩成矿作用.本区硅质岩与成矿关系密切,研究硅质岩对于认识区域构造演化及寻找矿化体具有重要意义.     

库车前陆盆地流体化学、成因与流动

库车前陆盆地寒武系 -第三系流体分析显示 :寒武系 -奥陶系和侏罗系油田水与白垩系 -第三系有所差异 ,前者总矿化度相对较低 ,为 90g/L～ 1 1 0g/L ;相对富Ca2 + 和HCO-3 ;后者总矿化度介于 73g/L～ 3 1 0g/L,主要为 1 3 0g/L～ 2 90g/L,相对富K+ +Na+ 和Cl-;而大宛齐第三系油田水则相对富Ca。影响水化学演化的因素包括 :膏盐类、沸石类矿物溶解以及白云化作用和富镁绿泥石形成等。白垩系油田水δ18O、δD关系显示为淡水蒸发成因 ,且在轮台断隆带油田水87Sr/86Sr向西降低 ,指示了富87Sr的流体来自东部的碎屑泥岩 ,这与本区煤成油运移方向是一致的。而 2个寒武系 -奥陶系油田水87Sr/86Sr高达0 .71 71 6,并富Li、B、Sr元素和δ18O ,被认为来自结晶基岩 ,与氮气、氦气及部分甲烷的来源一致。     

北武夷梨子坑火山盆地流纹斑岩与铅锌矿的成因关系

梨子坑火山盆地位于北武夷中生代月凤山—梨子坑火山岩带东段,已知铅锌(铜、银)矿体或矿化呈细脉-浸染型、脉状,产于流纹斑岩脉的内外接触带及其外侧围岩中,发育钾化、绿泥石化、硅化、绿帘石化等围岩蚀变。地球化学特征显示流纹斑岩为钙碱性系列,岩石具有高SiO2、富碱、高K2O、高钙铁、低镁、K2O/Na2O值偏高的特点,为强过铝质岩石。w(ΣREE)值为76.28×10-6～222.54×10-6,ω(ΣLREE/ΣHREE)比值较大,为4.08～12.30,属于轻稀土元素富集型。成矿流纹斑岩形成于137±2.1Ma(SHRIMP锆石U-Pb法)～138.8±1.4Ma(LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb法),属早白垩世。铅锌矿属于次火山斑岩脉型铅锌(银铜)成矿系列,划分为次火山斑岩脉型和次火山热液破碎带型两种矿床成因类型。     

流化床O2/CO2气氛下添加SiO2对燃煤PM2.5的控制

采用小型流化床研究了在O2/CO2气氛下添加SiO2对PM2.5(空气动力学直径小于2.5 μm的颗粒物)的控制,试验在1123 K、O2/CO2气氛下进行,并采用荷电低压撞击器(ELPI)采集和分析燃烧后的PM2.5.结果表明,添加SiO2是燃烧过程中影响PM2.5生成的重要因素.添加SiO2后,生成PM1的质量浓度均降低,而PM1-2.5的质量浓度均略有增加;PM2.5质量粒径分布均呈双峰分布,峰值分别出现在0.2 μm和2.0μm左右.随着SiO2添加量的增加,PM2.5中的S、K、Na、Cu和Pb元素的含量呈减少的趋势;随着颗粒粒径减小,S、K、Na、Cu和Pb元素的含量有增高的趋势.     

岩浆岩岩石化学分析计算的新方法

为了划分岩浆岩的岩石化学组,提出了利用多维空间的问题。其空间坐标是:石英标准度[S=(Si-(2Ca″+3Na+3K—Na′))/M],碱度[NKS=(Na+K)/Si]、碱度类型(K/Na)、浅色度[AF=(Al+Al′)/M]、铁度(Fe/Mg)、钙-铝度[CAF=(Ca′+Al′)/(Fe+Mg)。式中Ca′、Al′、Na′对长石矿子来说是过剩的钙、铝和碱,Ca″为长石和似长石中的钙,M=Fe+Mn+Mg+Ca′+Al′+Ti。岩浆岩样品所占据的多维空间区的特征是岩石化学参数具有平均的和标准的偏差。确定所研究的样品属于哪一种标准属性,要通过关于多维平均偏差平衡的假设检验的方法或者利用A.提出的均一性标准来完成。     

西昆仑山东段石炭纪火山岩岩石地球化学特征及其形成的构造背景

火山岩岩石化学研究表明 ,西昆仑山东段北缘石炭纪火山岩的SiO2 含量在 42 .98%～ 5 0 .78%之间 ,Na2 O +K2 O在 1.5 2 %～ 5 .85 %之间 ,Na2 O/K2 O为 1.5 3～ 5 .86 ,显示出明显的富钠特征。稀土元素特征为 :ΣREE为 (146 .91～ 472 .14)× 10 -6,LREE/HREE为 1.78～ 2 .5 8,δEu为 1.0 4～ 1.15 ,(La/Yb) N 为 3.45～ 5 .32 ,球粒陨石标准化曲线为右倾的弱铕正异常的轻稀土富集型的平滑曲线。微量元素研究结果 :Nb/Ta比值在 15 .96～ 17.99之间 ,Zr/Hf比值在37.2 2～ 41.42之间 ,相对富集大离子亲石元素 (LIL)和高场强元素 (HFS) ,在微量元素N -MORB配分模式图上 ,呈明显的左侧单“隆起”型 ,即大离子亲石元素 (LIL)呈现峰值。Rb -Sr同位素组成研究结果表明 :样品Rb/Sr比值在 0 .0 0 49～ 0 .1314之间 ,表明岩浆在上升过程中受到了地壳物质的混染。综合分析认为 ,该区火山岩具有板内玄武岩的特征 ,应属产于大陆边缘弧后盆地的钠质碱性玄武岩     

湖南安化下寒武统黑色页岩土壤元素地球化学特征

本研究对湖南安化县东坪、烟溪两地发育于下寒武统黑色页岩上的6个土壤剖面进行系统采样,并利用ICP\|MS等分析技术对土壤和相应岩石样品的主量元素和微量元素（包括重金属和稀土元素）含量进行了分析.主量元素A-CN-K(Al2O3-CaO+Na2O-K2O)图解显示,黑色页岩土壤的形成是黑色页岩化学风化的结果,经历了早期的Ca、Na淋失和后期的Al、Fe富集过程后,土壤具有贫Ca、Na而富Al、Fe的化学组成特征.多因子分析和相关性分析结果表明,成土过程中,微量元素可分为稳定元素（Ti、Zr、Nb、Hf、Ta、W等）、次稳定元素（Be、Sc、Ga、Ge、Rb、Cs、Pb、Th、Ba等）、活动性较强的元素（REE、Y、P、Sn等）和强活动性元素（Mn、Co、Ni、Zn、Cd、Tl、V、Mo、Sb、U等）.富集因子重金属污染评价显示,V、U仅在烟溪土壤剖面达到显著污染程度,Sn、Ba在东坪土壤剖面达到显著污染.Mo、Cd、Sb等重金属则在东坪和烟溪土壤均达到显著污染程度,其中,Cd在东坪可达到高度污染水平,而Mo在烟溪可达到极度污染水平.微量元素及稀土元素地球化学示踪分析显示,黑色页岩土壤没有受到外来物源的干扰,土壤重金属污染为来自黑色页岩的自然污染源.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.