我国脱硫灰渣作为水泥原料及混合材的综合利用现状

阐述了固废物脱硫灰的成分与特点以及目前我国对脱硫灰渣作为水泥原料和混合材的利用现状,并分析了影响脱硫灰渣利用的主要问题和资源化利用提出的建议,对脱硫灰渣作为水泥原料及混合材的进一步发展和推广提供一些有益的参考。     

市政污泥灰渣烧结产品对铅铜锌共稳定化研究

富含重金属的工业固废对生态环境存在较大的威胁,亟需合理的处置。低铝市政污泥焚烧灰渣是否可为这些潜在重金属的稳定化处置提供重要基体,仍需深入研究。以市政污泥焚烧灰渣作为微晶玻璃的前驱体,探讨了不同温度(600～850℃)烧结玻璃产品的物相变化规律及其对铅、锌和铜的共稳定机制和效果。结果表明,高温下铅倾向与铝和硅结合形成铅长石(PbAl₂Si₂O₈),而锌和铜最终结合成尖晶石固溶体结构(Zn_xCu_1-xFe_yAl_2-yO₄)。尽管三种重金属的浸出行为不同,但烧结温度越高则越有利于提高它们的稳定性。因此,为了实现重金属稳定化和固废资源化的双重目标,提出了一种利用低铝市政污泥焚烧灰渣制备微晶玻璃产品的新策略。     

世界灰渣利用概况

对世界一些主要耗煤国家灰的种类，产量，利用方式及主要利用途径进行了综述，供从事灰渣利用及相关的工程技术人员和管理人员参考。     

利用垃圾焚烧发电技术与环境污染防控措施

大连利用生活垃圾焚烧发电,在消除污染的同时发展新能源,促进循环经济发展,具有较好的社会、环境和经济效益。简要介绍垃圾焚烧原理、工艺流程和技术特点,二恶英类污染物预防控制措施,以及焚烧灰渣无害化处理处置措施等,与国内同行交流、借鉴。     

德国燃煤灰渣的综合利用

介绍德国燃煤灰渣的质量管理、灰渣的种类以及各类灰渣的综合利用途径，并对德国燃煤灰湘综合的特点进行了分析，以期对我国的燃煤灰渣综合利用起到启发及借鉴作用。     

美国电厂灰渣利用和处置近况

美国燃煤电厂目前年用煤量超过7.7亿吨,灰渣年产生量超过9000万吨。灰渣处置方法传统上以填地和灰池(水力冲灰灰场)为主。近10年来综合利用量稳步增加(1990年平均利用率24.4％,统计数字见表1)。不少电厂在厂区建设灰渣处理系统,将     

垃圾焚烧发电项目主要环境问题及应对措施

从项目选址、垃圾贮存、焚烧及灰渣处置等方面探讨垃圾焚烧发电项目需注意的主要环境问题,并提出相应的防治措施和建议.     

上海嘉定污水厂污泥资源化工程工艺优化和设计

上海嘉定污水厂污泥资源化工程新建2条焚烧线,包括污泥接收储运、污泥焚烧、余热发电、烟气处理、废水处理、公共辅助等系统。着重介绍了优化设计和各系统的详细设计方案,对于孤岛污泥焚烧项目和加强与生活垃圾焚烧项目协同设计有一定的借鉴意义。     

在火电厂设计中积极为灰渣利用创造条件

一、历史与现况燃煤电厂灰渣综合利用是从五十年代后期开始的,主要用于建工、建材、水电工程及农业。到1979年,年利用量仅280万吨,占年排灰量的10.5％。 1979年原水电部对灰渣综合利用组织了一次调查,结果认为出现了一定的片面性,即“不管技术是否过关,不管经济效     

粉煤灰烧结砖解决了岳阳电厂的灰渣出路

岳阳电厂灰渣,过去一直以灰场堆放为主,很少利用。灰场容量350×10~4M~3,仅够排放7年之用。为了解决灰渣出路,电厂分析了当地砖瓦厂多,烧砖技术力量雄厚的有利条件,于1980年率先建起一条年产4800万块粉煤灰烧结砖的生产线。粉煤灰作为烧结砖生产原料的试验生产成功,起到了很好的示范作用。此后,远村近邻纷纷效     

国内城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰研究现状及进展

随着我国经济快速发展及城市化水平提升,城市生活垃圾产量越来越大,焚烧逐渐成为城市生活垃圾处理的主要方式.但焚烧会产生大量的垃圾焚烧飞灰(以下简称飞灰),飞灰属于危险废物.论述了飞灰的来源、成分、特性及危害,介绍了飞灰的处理处置技术:水泥固化技术、化学药剂稳定化技术、熔融固化技术、水热稳定化技术和水泥窑协同处理技术,并分...     

Characteristics of element distributions in an MSW ash melting treatment system

Thermal treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a common practice in waste volume reduction and resource recovery. For the utilization of molten slag for construction materials and metal recovery, it is important to understand the behavior of heavy metals in the melting process. In this study, the correlation between the contents of elements in feed materials and MSW molten slag and their distributions in the ash melting process, including metal residues, are investigated. The hazardous metal contents in the molten slag were significantly related to the contents of metals in the feed materials. Therefore, the separation of products containing these metals in waste materials could be an effective means of producing environmentally safe molten slag with a low hazardous metals content. The distribution ratios of elements in the ash melting process were also determined. The elements Zn and Pb were found to have a distribution ratio of over 60% in fly ash from the melting furnace and the contents of these metals were also high; therefore, Zn and Pb could be potential target metals for recycling from fly ash from the melting furnace. Meanwhile, Cu, Ni, Mo, Sn, and Sb were found to have distribution ratios of over 60% in the metal residue. Therefore, metal residue could be a good resource for these metals, as the contents of Cu, Ni, Mo, Sn, and Sb in metal residue are higher than those in other output materials.     

Environmental and economic life cycle assessment for sewage sludge treatment processes in Japan

Life cycle assessment for sewage sludge treatment was carried out by estimating the environmental and economic impacts of the six alternative scenarios most often used in Japan: dewatering, composting, drying, incineration, incinerated ash melting and dewatered sludge melting, each with or without digestion. Three end-of-life treatments were also studied: landfilling, agricultural application and building material application. The results demonstrate that sewage sludge digestion can reduce the environmental load and cost through reduced dry matter volume. The global warming potential (GWP) generated from incineration and melting processes can be significantly reduced through the reuse of waste heat for electricity and/or heat generation. Equipment production in scenarios except dewatering has an important effect on GWP, whereas the contribution of construction is negligible. In addition, the results show that the dewatering scenario has the highest impact on land use and cost, the drying scenario has the highest impact on GWP and acidification, and the incinerated ash melting scenario has the highest impact on human toxicity due to re-emissions of heavy metals from incinerated ash in the melting unit process. On the contrary, the dewatering, composting and incineration scenarios generate the lowest impact on human toxicity, land use and acidification, respectively, and the incinerated ash melting scenario has the lowest impact on GWP and cost. Heavy metals released from atmospheric effluents generated the highest human toxicity impact, with the effect of dioxin emissions being significantly lower. This study proved that the dewatered sludge melting scenario is an environmentally optimal and economically affordable method.     

Volatilisation and oxidation of aluminium scraps fed into incineration furnaces

Ferrous and non-ferrous metal scraps are increasingly recovered from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and used in the production of secondary steel and aluminium. However, during the incineration process, metal scraps contained in the waste undergo volatilisation and oxidation processes, which determine a loss of their recoverable mass. The present paper evaluates the behaviour of different types of aluminium packaging materials in a full-scale waste to energy plant during standard operation. Their partitioning and oxidation level in the residues of the incineration process are evaluated, together with the amount of potentially recoverable aluminium. About 80% of post-consumer cans, 51% of trays and 27% of foils can be recovered through an advanced treatment of bottom ash combined with a melting process in the saline furnace for the production of secondary aluminium. The residual amount of aluminium concentrates in the fly ash or in the fine fraction of the bottom ash and its recovery is virtually impossible using the current eddy current separation technology. The average oxidation levels of the aluminium in the residues of the incineration process is equal to 9.2% for cans, 17.4% for trays and 58.8% for foils. The differences between the tested packaging materials are related to their thickness, mechanical strength and to the alloy.     

Effect of carbon particles on heavy metal emissions under ash-melting conditions

In Japan, incineration ash is subjected to a melting process to reduce waste volume and to stabilize hazardous heavy metals. In previous articles, we reported that large quantities of volatile metals are emitted under ash-melting conditions at temperatures higher than 1200°C and that such emissions are considerably increased under reducing conditions. However, the emission behavior in the presence of large amounts of char particles was unclear, and we suspected that emissions under these conditions might differ from emissions under the previous conditions. Therefore, we investigated heavy metal emissions and the melting characteristics of ash in the presence of carbon particles. In this experiment, a small crucible with ash and carbon was rapidly heated using a high-frequency induction-heating furnace to simulate the melting ash gasification with carbon. As a result, it was found that additive carbon can promote emissions of heavy metals such as zinc and lead and control the melt of the ash.     

Effects of chemical composition of fly ash on efficiency of metal separation in ash-melting of municipal solid waste

In the process of metal separation by ash-melting, Fe and Cu in the incineration residue remain in the melting furnace as molten metal, whereas Pb and Zn in the residue are volatilized. This study investigated the effects of the chemical composition of incineration fly ash on the metal-separation efficiency of the ash-melting process. Incineration fly ash with different chemical compositions was melted with bottom ash in a lab-scale reactor, and the efficiency with which Pb and Zn were volatilized preventing the volatilization of Fe and Cu was evaluated. In addition, the behavior of these metals was simulated by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Depending on the exhaust gas treatment system used in the incinerator, the relationships among Na, K, and Cl concentrations in the incineration fly ash differed, which affected the efficiency of the metal separation. The amounts of Fe and Cu volatilized decreased by the decrease in the molar ratio of Cl to Na and K in the ash, promoting metal separation. The thermodynamic simulation predicted that the chlorination volatilization of Fe and Cu was prevented by the decrease in the molar ratio, as mentioned before. By melting incineration fly ash with the low molar ratio in a non-oxidative atmosphere, most of the Pb and Zn in the ash were volatilized leaving behind Fe and Cu.     

浅谈粉煤灰的资源化利用现状

粉煤灰是电力行业排放的主要固体废弃物,对其的资源化利用已成为环保的首要任务。对粉煤灰进行高附加值的资源化回收利用,是实现可持续发展的必经之路。介绍了大唐国际成功开发研制的从高铝粉煤灰中提取氧化铝技术,开辟了粉煤灰综合利用的新途径。     

Enrichment of elements in industrial waste incineration bottom ashes obtained from three different types of incinerators,as studied by ICP-AES and ICP-MS

The elemental composition of the industrial waste incineration bottom ash (IWIBA) samples collected from three different types of incinerator with different kinds of wastes were compared. The major-to-ultratrace elements in the IWIBA samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). As a result, ca. 40 elements in the concentration range from milligrams per gram to submicrograms per gram could be determined with relative standard deviations of less than 5%. The IWIBA sample from petrochemical wastes contained lower concentrations of the elements, because fewer mineral constituents were contained in the input waste materials. On the contrary, the elemental concentrations in the IWIBA sample from industrial solid wastes provided the highest values for most elements, while the elemental compositions of the IWIBA sample from food wastes were similar to those of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. In addition, it was found from the analytical results that the levels of various heavy metals such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, As, Zr, Mo, Sb, Ba, and Pb were higher in the IWIBA samples than in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. The enrichment factors of the elements in the IWIBA samples were estimated from the analytical results to compare the elemental distributions in incineration bottom ashes in relation to their mining influence factors, which are the indices for human use of the elements.     

Analyses of incinerated ash of paper sludge: comparison with incinerated ash of municipal solid waste

Fourteen paper sludge samples were collected at seven representative pulp and paper mills in Japan, and were analyzed to obtain fundamental data on the reuse of paper sludge-incinerated ash as papermaking material. For comparison, incinerated ashes of municipal solid waste (MSW) were collected at MSW incineration plants in Tokyo, and analyzed by similar methods. Elementary and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the predominant elements in paper sludge samples are calcium, silicon, aluminum, and magnesium, which are derived from paper fillers, coating pigments, and coagulants used in papermaking and process effluent treatments. Similar results were also obtained for the MSW-incinerated ashes, indicating that major components in the collected MSW are paper-related materials. Incineration of paper sludge around 800°C is recommended in terms of high brightness of the incinerated ash, which has about 60% brightness. Calcium, silicon, and aluminum components in the paper sludge are fused or sintered by heating. Although paper-sludge-incinerated ashes have irregular shape and large particle size distributions, they may be used as papermaking materials after pulverization using a ball mill. The MSW-incinerated ashes have 5%–30% water-soluble fractions and low brightness, and thus incineration conditions must be changed to reuse the MSW-incinerated ash as a papermaking material.Part of this paper was presented at the 68th Research Conference of Japan Tappi, Tokyo, 2001