Disaster impact assessment of the underground hazardous materials pipeline

In the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and other countries with advanced pipeline management, some organizations are responsible for pipeline safety protection management for underground hazardous materials. The security and maintenance of a hazardous material pipeline are serious considerations for urban safety, because the materials transported by underground pipelines contain hazardous goods, such as the flammable or explosive particles of solids, liquids, and gases. Damage to a pipeline by external forces often leads to secondary disasters, such as the leakage of hazardous materials, fires, explosions, and environmental pollution. Such events seriously affect the safety of individuals and their property.Accordingly, this study used seismic scenario analysis with a spatial grid to evaluate earthquake damage to an underground pipeline in an urban area. Damage to underground pipelines was classified, pipeline disaster management procedures were discussed, and improvement measures were proposed, such as establishing a geographic information platform and conducting disaster impact assessments for hazardous material pipelines. Underground hazardous material pipelines were assessed in scenarios including earthquakes. Such assessments are intended to provide disaster reduction plans and disaster prevention drills to improve pipeline safety as well as the planning for pipeline materials to aid seismic resistance.     

Attributes of occupational injury among workers in the chemical industry and safety issues.

Case-study research was carried out with a view to find the attributes of occupational injury among workers in the chemical industry and to enhance safety issues. Injury data were collected and processed in terms of different variables, such as age, gender, skills, type of hazard, etc. Pareto analysis was then applied to find a pattern of occupational injury among the workers. The study revealed that 79.52% of the injured workers were in the 40-59 age group; 57.14% of accidents occurred during the 1st shift; 73.26% of accidents caused injury to hands, feet, chest to thigh, arms and eyes; and 70.93% of injuries were caused by pumps, carrying and lifting, vehicles, pipelines, valves, and grinding. Surprisingly, no one was injured in the group of temporary workers. The paper also provides specific suggestions followed by some action plans.     

Attributes of Occupational Injury Among Workers in the Chemical Industry and Safety Issues

Case-study research was carried out with a view to find the attributes of occupational injury among workers in the chemical industry and to enhance safety issues. Injury data were collected and processed in terms of different variables, such as age, gender, skills, type of hazard, etc. Pareto analysis was then applied to find a pattern of occupational injury among the workers. The study revealed that 79.52% of the injured workers were in the 40–59 age group; 57.14% of accidents occurred during the 1st shift; 73.26% of accidents caused injury to hands, feet, chest to thigh, arms and eyes; and 70.93% of injuries were caused by pumps, carrying and lifting, vehicles, pipelines, valves, and grinding. Surprisingly, no one was injured in the group of temporary workers. The paper also provides specific suggestions followed by some action plans.     

城市油气管道泄漏爆炸重大案例应急管理对比研究

青岛东黄输油管道泄漏爆炸特别重大事故,引起公众对城市油气管道安全的普遍关注。近年来,城市油气管道事故频繁发生,反映出我国在城市地下管道安全管理方面存在较大问题。基于国内外管道相似事故调研,选取墨西哥瓜达拉哈拉管道泄漏爆炸事故和青岛东黄输油管道泄漏爆炸事故进行对比分析。基于事故致因理论,探究事故发展模式,建立事故链模型。结合应急管理思想,从预警预控、应急处置、评估恢复角度分析事故应急管理过程的共性失误。最后,针对应急管理各阶段共性失误提出防范措施,对提高类似事故的应急管理能力具有一定的参考意义     

Carbon dioxide pipelines: A statistical analysis of historical accidents

Carbon dioxide pipeline is an essential carrier in carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Statistically revealing the accident rate and risk of carbon dioxide pipelines is conducive to integrity management. Based on 112 accident records collected from Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, this work analyzes the frequency, rate, and risk of accidents. In addition, the impact of relevant factors on risk is further discussed. Some primary conclusions are as follows: (1) For carbon dioxide pipelines, the leak is the leading form of accident. Most carbon emissions are generated in the form of leakage, but economic losses are mainly generated in other forms. (2) The pipelines that have been in service for 0–10 years have the highest frequency of accidents and the highest proportion of carbon emissions, but the pipelines that have been in service for 11–20 years have caused the most economic losses. (3) Among the accident causes, the number of accidents caused by equipment failure is the highest, while the economic loss caused by natural force damage is the highest, and the carbon emission caused by material failure is the highest.     

Empirical research on diffusion behavior of leaked gas in the ground

Chemical plants and gas utilities own large underground pipelines to transport material such as combustible gas. For example, city gas utilities in Japan have about 230,000 km of pipelines, even if only the pipelines to deliver gas to their customers are considered. Any accidents involving such pipelines can lead to enormous human and physical damage, and their security is therefore a top-priority issue for utilities. For the safety management of underground pipelines, in addition to assessment of the long-term reliability of pipeline materials, it is extremely important to understand the diffusion behavior of gases in the ground, such as the diffusion range and time, in the case of leakage, and the impact on the surrounding area is a fundamental factor to be considered in the design and maintenance of safe facilities and for emergency response. Although many papers introduce the situations of gas diffusion in the atmosphere such as indoor and outdoor conditions, only fundamental surveys have been conducted on gas diffusion in the ground, and there have been few full-scale empirical studies. This study reports the results of the verification of the diffusion behavior with full-scale gas leakage experiments simulating real underground pipelines, as well as the outcomes of the applicability test of a numerical simulation model investigated and proposed based on the results. This technical knowledge regarding security will contribute to further improvement of safety in the industry.     

基于UHBs的输气管道高后果区泄漏燃爆事故分析

为探究输气管道高后果区中人的不安全行为（Unsafe Human Behaviors,UHBs）对输气管道泄漏燃爆事故发生的影响,结合模糊Bow-tie模型和贝叶斯网络对输气管道泄漏燃爆事故进行分析。构建基于T-S模糊故障树的输气管道泄漏燃爆模糊Bow-tie模型,并转化为贝叶斯网络;从人的不安全行为发生的可能性出发,将不同等级高后果区划分为不同等级人口敏感区;利用专家经验评判法得到不同等级人口敏感区基本事件的先验概率和中间事件的条件概率表;运用贝叶斯网络双向推理算法求解模糊Bow-tie模型。结果表明:随着地区人口敏感等级的提高,输气管道泄漏燃爆事故发生的概率随之增大,发现导致输气管道失效泄漏事故发生的最主要原因为施工破坏,失效原因与EGIG分析的结果基本相符,验证该方法在高后果区输气管道泄漏燃爆事故分析上的可行性,可为输气管道高后果区的安全管理提供决策依据。     

盐岩地下储气库泄漏事故后果评价模型研究进展

利用盐岩地层建设地下油气储库群已成为各国发展能源储备的重要方向,然而关于储库区安全防护的研究至今仍处于探索阶段。考虑到盐岩储气库泄漏事故与储(输)气设施(管道)事故灾害作用相近,总结评述近几十年来国内外学者在储(输)气设施(管道)泄漏事故后果评价方面的研究成果及其存在的不足,并提出盐岩地下储气库泄漏事故安全评价需重点研究的问题。从理论、试验和数值模拟3个方面,对可燃气体火灾热辐射和蒸气云爆炸超压的后果评价模型研究现状进行系统总结,为盐岩地下储气库的安全防护研究提供思路。     

An urban pipeline accident model based on system engineering and game theory

Urban pipeline accidents are caused by complex social-technical factors, in which urban communities and pipeline systems are involved. Such accidents can thus be investigated from the viewpoint of system engineering. System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) is a systemic method for safety assessment, which has been adopted in many domains. This approach can provide deep insights of accident causes by considering direct and indirect factors. Meanwhile, competition and cooperation between stakeholders in accidents are observed. Therefore, these parties can also be analyzed with the game theory. That is, stakeholders in STAMP can be regarded as players in game. The aim of this paper is to provide a new insight to analyze urban pipeline accidents by considering both STAMP and game theory. In this paper, we proposed an accident model for urban pipelines, with a case study of China-Qingdao pipeline accident occurred in 2013. We concluded that accident reasons can be investigated in-depth and lessons can be learned from analyzing causal factors by using STAMP. Based on results generated from STAMP, we applied the game theory to analyze roles that government and companies act in the China-Qingdao urban pipeline accident. The results show that current punishment and incentive systems are incomplete, lacking of the driving force and constraining force for the stakeholders involved in the accident.     

国外油气管道安全管理经验及启示

近年来,我国油气管道发展迅猛,管道数量激增;上世纪70!80年代修建的管道逐渐进入老龄化,管道事故呈上升趋势。文章对美国、加拿大和欧盟国家油气管道的发展现状和事故情况进行了介绍,重点对以美国为代表的国外油气管道安全管理先进经验进行了分析,并针对当前我国油气管道安全管理的形势和问题,提出了一些建议。     

Integrated leakage detection and localization model for gas pipelines based on the acoustic wave method

With the development of natural gas transportation systems, major accidents can result from internal gas leaks in pipelines that transport high-pressure gases. Leaks in pipelines that carry natural gas result in enormous financial loss to the industry and affect public health. Hence, leak detection and localization is a major concern for researchers studying pipeline systems. To ensure the safety and improve the efficiency of pipeline emergency repair, a high-pressure and long-distance circular pipe leakage simulation platform is designed and established by similarity analysis with a field transmission pipeline, and an integrated leakage detection and localization model for gas pipelines is proposed. Given that the spread velocity of acoustic waves in pipelines is related to the properties of the medium, such as pressure, density, specific heat, and so on, this paper proposes a modified acoustic velocity and location formula. An improved wavelet double-threshold de-noising optimization method is also proposed to address the original acoustic wave signal collected by the test platform. Finally, the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) method is applied to determine the leakage degree and operation condition. Experimental results show that the integrated model can enhance the accuracy and precision of pipeline leakage detection and localization.     

应急演练突发事件的情景构建研究和应用

近年来国家高度重视地方政府和企业的应急管理水平,传统的预测应对模式不能很好应对当今突发事件,而需要向情景应对模式转变。为了将情景构建技术更好的应用到应急管理领域中,本文研究并应用了应急演练突发事件的情景构建。首先,阐述了应急演练突发事件的情景结构模型;其次介绍了应急突发事件情景构建的步骤和具体内容;最后将重大突发事件情景构建应用到昆明市原油管道泄漏事故中进行分析。因此对于情景-应对型事故情景构建理论应用在石油石化企业生产安全事故方面具有重要借鉴意义。     

EU initiative on the control of major accident hazards arising from pipelines

The European Council and the Parliament recognised that pipeline accidents had occurred in Europe and worldwide, which clearly indicated the `major accident hazard' potential of pipelines. The present paper presents an overview of the Community Policy on the control of major accident hazards arising from pipelines, summarises the Commission review/assessment of existing legislation on pipelines within the Member States and outlines the principles on which a possible EU initiative should be based. The review has shown that many Member States do not have comprehensive `major accident hazard' legislation in place for pipelines and therefore an EU initiative would complete existing industrial risk management legislation, based on the `precautionary principle'.     

基于粒子群算法的燃气管线泄漏疏散能力分析

为研究燃气管线泄漏事故人员疏散能力,统计分析近年国内燃气泄漏典型事故,得出第三方违章作业施工为燃气泄漏事故比例最高的直接原因及燃气泄漏事故伤亡人数发展趋势,在此基础上,引入粒子群PSO算法,以某施工引起的燃气管线泄漏事故为实例,研究领导者的领导能力和应急处置能力对员工之间信息交流及人员应急疏散能力的影响。分析实例显示现场领导者学习因子偏低,指挥能力差,直接影响事故现场的应急疏散自救行为,甚至改变疏散路径。并进一步分析模拟得出,学习因子提高后,现场领导者和员工的信息更新与交换效率大幅提升,应急疏散能力随之提高,进而提出实用性对策措施和建议,为提升燃气管线泄漏事故应急疏散能力提供技术参考。     

基于蝴蝶结模型分析“11·22”东黄输油管道泄漏爆炸事故

为了找出"11·22"中石化东黄输油管道泄漏爆炸事故发生原因及有效预防措施,利用蝴蝶结模型将事故树与事件树结合分析事故发生原因及后果,研究企业和政府相关部门在输油管线管理及泄漏处理方面存在的问题,提出有效的防范措施,对提高类似事故的管理与应急处置能力有一定的意义。     

双线地铁隧道下穿管道安全性对比研究

地铁与燃气管道等高危管道均为线性工程,地铁隧道下穿管道的情况不可避免,一旦因地铁施工导致管道泄漏,后果难以承受,管道沉降值是考量其安全性的关键指标。为对双线盾构地铁隧道下穿管线安全性进行预测,采用修正的Peck公式理论方法进行计算,并与数值模拟结果相对比,研究结果表明:双线盾构地铁隧道下穿管道安全风险可控,修正Peck公式及数值模拟法均能较真实地描绘地表以下任意土层的沉降槽曲线,进而可以比较准确地计算土体竖向沉降,可作为一种用于计算隧道开挖所引起管道竖向位移的方法。     

基于Bow-tie模型的城镇输油管道风险评价方法研

根据近年来不断发生的城镇输油管道泄漏爆炸事故,提出将Bow-tie模型引入到风险评价中,将Bow-tie模型和改进的层次分析法相结合得出各影响因素的权重并排序,对管道进行风险评价,便于提出合理的安全管理方案,减少事故的发生。通过计算得到第三方因素在管道失效影响因素中占主导,而在事故后果分析中安全后果和环境后果因素影响较大,基本符合事故实际状况,说明该方法对于城镇输油管道风险分析有一定的指导意义和实用价值。     

低温制高纯氮生产过程危险性分析及安全对策

针对低温冷冻制取高纯度(≥99.999%)氮气和液氮的生产工艺及装置,对其生产过程中存在或潜在的危险、有害因素进行辨识和分类,并作出危险和有害程度评价;明确物料泄漏、设备缺陷、人为因素等事故致因,特别对氮窒息事故进行案例剖析。同时,应用目的树分析方法,从工艺技术和安全管理角度,提出消除或减少生产性危险及职业性危害的安全对策和措施。结果表明:在低温制高纯氮生产过程中,采取技术上和管理上的安全对策与措施,能有效预防火灾、爆炸、氮中毒等事故发生,避免低温冻伤等职业危害,从而防患于未然。     

突发生产事故应急演练设计

针对当前突发事件应急演练存在的策划方面尚无统一标准、组织实施缺失执行规范等问题,在综合考察国内外演练设计相关成果基础上,从应急处置实际出发提出以突发事件情景构建、“责任人—资源—措施—事故应对”匹配、演练其他相关问题为要点的突发生产事故应急演练准备模式,并借助石化企业二甲苯泄漏模拟处置实例建立了以桌面推演、模拟测试及过程评估为核心的突发生产事故应急演练实施方法。廓清了突发生产事故应急演练的思路、方法和步骤,对企业组织开展应急演练和有效处置突发事件具有重要借鉴价值。     

由“7·28”南京丙烯管道爆燃事故探讨我国地下管道存在的安全问题

＂7·28＂南京丙烯管道爆燃事故和近期发生的一系列管道事故反映出我国在地下管道安全方面存在的问题。在事故原因分析与共性问题探讨的基础上,结合欧美国家在管道安全管理中的成功做法,从加强法制建设、合理规划城市布局、进行重大危险源普查并建立监测监控系统、强化城镇地面开挖施工安全管理、加强风险沟通提高公众应急能力等方面提出了对策建议。