新疆准东煤矿开采区域中多环芳烃的污染特征分析

本文采集并分析了新疆准东煤矿开采区域6个采样点的降尘、土壤和植物的样品,对样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量进行了分析,结果显示,降尘中∑PAHs在1.07—8.34 mg·kg~(-1)间;土壤中(除1#点位)∑PAHs在0.134—1.06 mg·kg~(-1)间;植物中(除1#点位)∑PAHs在0.163—1.54 mg·kg~(-1)间.降尘中高含量PAHs主要为苯并[b]荧蒽、菲和萘;土壤中高含量PAHs主要为菲、荧蒽和蒽;植物中高含量PAHs主要为萘、菲和芴.降尘、土壤及植物中PAHs均显示出富三环的特征;研究区域土壤中PAHs的苯并(a)芘等效毒性当量结果显示,研究区域土壤中PAHs的污染存在一定的潜在风险.     

东江流域农村土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及其健康风险评估

为了解东江流域农村土壤多环芳烃的分布特征与人类健康风险,采集了30个不同土地利用类型农村表层土壤样品,进行采用索氏抽提法,硅胶/氧化铝（2：1）层析柱分离纯化,最后加内标经气相色谱-质谱仪定量解析的方法测定16种多环芳烃的含量。同时,测定了土壤中不同形态有机质包括总有机碳（TOC）、非水解性有机碳（NHC）、黑碳（BC）以及无定形有机碳（AOC）的含量。结果表明,土壤多环芳烃质量分数在24-238μg·kg-1之间,平均质量分数为107±60μg·kg-1。在16种多环芳烃中,萘、菲、荧蒽和苯并（b）荧蒽的含量最高,占总多环芳烃含量的比重依次为16%、20%、10%和10%。土壤中多环芳烃含量与TOC、NHC以及BC均具有极显著的线性关系（p〈0.01）,三者斜率的大小顺序为BC〉NHC〉TOC（p〈0.01）,表明土壤有机碳中的非水解性有机碳和黑碳在控制土壤中多环芳烃的分布、积累中发挥着重要的作用。土壤中多环芳烃含量与AOC的相关性不显著（p=0.29）。另外,健康风险评价表明儿童暴露的增量终身致癌风险（ILCRs）在可接受的安全范围内（ILCRs 〈10-6）,而成人暴露的增量终身致癌风险则相对较高（10-6皮肤接触〉呼吸;而成人则为：皮肤接触〉误食土壤〉呼吸。     

焦化厂污染土壤中多环芳烃降解菌的分离及降解特性

分别以芴(3环)、荧蒽(4环)和苯并[b]荧蒽(5环)为唯一碳源(1 mg/L),采用平板划线法对某焦化厂污染土壤中的多环芳烃降解菌进行分离.通过自制的呼吸器,研究所得多环芳烃降解菌对14C-菲(5μL/100 mL 40~60 mCi/mmol)的矿化情况;通过序批试验,以煤焦油为碳源(1μL/mL),研究这些菌对19种多环芳烃的降解情况.多次划分后,得到4种菌,经鉴定命名为博特氏菌L1、苍白杆菌L1、微杆菌L1和赤红球菌L1.经过3周的矿化实验,微杆菌L1可以将14C-菲全部矿化成14CO2,赤红球菌L1可将大约60%的14C-菲矿化成14CO2,而博德特氏菌L1和苍白杆菌L1对14C-菲无矿化作用.经过5周的降解实验,博德特氏菌L1对大多数多环芳烃表现了良好的降解作用,苍白杆菌L1和微杆菌L1对部分多环芳烃有降解作用,而赤红球菌L1培养系统中某些多环芳烃的浓度甚至有增大,这可能与其在代谢过程中产生表面活性物质有关.所得4种菌在焦化厂污染土壤的微生物修复中具有较大的应用潜力.图3表1参27     

淮河流域安徽段水系沉积物中多环芳烃的污染性状研究

应用气相色谱质谱联用仪测定淮河流域安徽段水系沉积物样品中萘、二氢苊、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、、苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a,h]蒽等12种多环芳烃的质量分数,并在此基础上分析沉积物中多环芳烃的区域分布、污染特征和来源。结果表明：研究区水系沉积物中多环芳烃有一定程度的富集,但与国内其他河流相比,样品中多环芳烃的质量分数不高;淮河南北岸支流沉积物中多环芳烃的含量差异比较明显,尤其是东淝河,含量明显低于淮北平原上的其它河流;淮河主干道和北岸支流沉积物中4环以上的多环芳烃含量较高,而南岸支流的淠河和东淝河沉积物中2～3环的多环芳烃平均含量明显高于其他环数;通过污染来源分析,沉积物中多环芳烃除与天然成岩过程有关外,大都是由有机物质的燃烧与热解引起的。     

基于三维荧光光谱直测土壤中的多环芳烃

针对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染现状,并建立了一种基于三维荧光光谱技术,可直接、快速确定土壤中PAHs浓度的检测方法.以同分异构体菲和蒽为研究对象,准备20个含有不同浓度菲和蒽的土壤样品(菲和蒽的浓度范围均为0.5—10 mg·g~(-1)),利用激光诱导荧光分光光度计采集了所有样品的三维荧光光谱.研究了单组份菲和蒽、以及菲和蒽混合组分在土壤中的三维荧光谱特性,在此基础上,建立了同时定量分析土壤中菲和蒽浓度的多维偏最小二乘(N-PLS)模型.研究结果表明,将三维荧光光谱技术与多维化学计量学结合快速评估土壤中多种PAHs污染物是可行的.与目前常用的检测方法相比,所建立的方法不需要复杂的样品预处理,极大地提高了分析效率.该研究为激光诱导荧光技术在直测土壤中PAHs的应用提供理论和实验基础.     

北京地区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源分析

根据北京地区不同环境功能区62个样品的分析结果,讨论了研究区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源类型。结果表明：（1）研究区表层土壤中检测到的多环芳烃主要包括萘、苊、菲、惹烯、三芴、荧蒽、芘、、苯并蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[e]芘、苯并[a]芘、苝、二苯并[a,h]蒽、茚并[1,2,3–cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝及其同系物;（2）不同环境功能区表层土壤中多环芳烃的组成及质量分数均存在一定的差别,16种优先控制的多环芳烃质量分数为175.1~10 344 ng.g-1,其中城市中心区表层土壤中多环芳烃的质量分数最高,交通干线附近、工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较高,林地、果园和农田表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较低;（3）表层土壤中PAHs既有来源于石油源,也有来源于化石燃料燃烧产物的,但不同功能区二者贡献存在差别,其中农业用地（林地、果园、农田）中PAHs主要来源于石油源（或部分来源于土壤母岩中的有机质）,城区、交通干线附近及工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs污染源以化石燃料燃烧产物输入为主。     

长春城郊蔬菜地土壤中多环芳烃的含量与分布特征

以长春城市郊区菜地土壤为研究对象,采用GC-FID法对该地区土壤中多环芳烃含量进行分析测定,长春城郊菜地土壤中平均含量苯并(a)芘蒽菲萘.该地区土壤中萘,蒽的含量处于尚清洁水平;部分区域土壤中苯并(a)芘和菲的含量处于轻度污染水平.     

辽河沉积物中多环芳烃的污染水平与特征

测定了辽河干流15个沉积物样品中16种EPA优先控制多环芳烃的含量.结果表明,辽河沉积物中总PAHs含量介于27.8-1479 ng·g-1,平均值为285.5ng·g-1,其中蒽、菲、芴含量较高.特征化合物荧蒽/202与茚并[1,2,3,2cd]芘/276的比值表明辽河沉积物中的PAHs主要来源于燃烧产物.     

杭州市郊区表层土壤中多环芳烃的风险分析

采集杭州市郊区表层土壤中多环芳烃的样品,用色谱-质谱技术对多环芳烃化合物进行定量分析。美国环保总署推荐优先控制的16种多环芳烃单体质量分数在1.49～87.43 ng.g-1之间,萘、芴、苊等低分子量芳烃质量分数相对较低;、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[ghi]苝等高分子量芳烃质量分数相对较高,其中苯并[ghi]苝质量分数最高。对照荷兰的土壤标准,杭州市郊区表层土壤中的荧蒽、、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[ghi]苝超标比较严重,超标率100%;多环芳烃的Bap等效毒性当量是荷兰规定目标值的2倍;因此,杭州市郊区表层土壤中存在一定的潜在风险。多环芳烃Ant/（Phe＋Ant）、BaA/（Chr＋BaA）、Flua/（Pyr＋Flua）等参数表明,多环芳烃主要来源于燃烧源,且以机动车尾气为主;BeP/（BeP＋BaP）比值偏高,可能与土壤中的多环芳烃主要来源于大气沉降有关。     

山西太谷农村薪柴和蜂窝煤颗粒物和多环芳烃排放特征研究

测定并计算了太谷农村蜂窝煤和薪柴两种燃料颗粒物、CO、CH4和多环芳烃排放因子,其中多环芳烃包括16种美国环保局优控化合物、12种非优控母体多环芳烃、12种硝基多环芳烃和4种含氧多环芳烃.蜂窝煤4类多环芳烃化合物的排放因子分别为3.56±5.42、0.73±0.099、0.22±0.48和0.36±0.62 mg·kg-1,薪柴为62.6±41.3、20.4±3.61、4.44±6.18和0.84±1.00mg ·kg-1.薪柴大多数污染物排放因子高于蜂窝煤,但蜂窝煤多环芳烃排放因子的变异则高于薪柴.蜂窝煤和薪柴多环芳烃排放因子的成分谱有显著差异,除菲、荧蒽和苯并(b)荧蒽为共同优势排放物外,萘、芴、屈和苯并(k)荧蒽为蜂窝煤的特征排放物,芘、环戊烯(c,d)芘和苯并[a]蒽为薪柴的特征排放物.3-硝基荧蒽与3-硝基菲和2-硝基萘分别是蜂窝煤与薪柴排放的主要硝基多环芳烃.母体多环芳烃排放因子的气固比主要受分子量(挥发性)影响,衍生多环芳烃则与取代基的性质有关.蜂窝煤燃烧前期母体多环芳烃的排放因子显著高于后期,两个阶段的总排放因子分别为9.52±12.3和2.54±2.42 mg· kg-1,衍生多环芳烃在两个阶段的差别小于母体多环芳烃.     

灭线磷在稻田土壤和田水中的降解动态和残留分析

采用气相色谱法研究了10%灭线磷GR(颗粒剂,下同)中灭线磷在广东省、湖北省两地水稻田土壤和田水中的残留降解动态和最终残留量.研究结果表明灭线磷在土壤和田水中的添加回收率分别为82.85%～93.70%和85.03%～98.17%.灭线磷在稻田土壤和田水中降解动态符合一级动力学指数模型,在广东省和湖北省稻田土壤中的半衰期分别为9.73 d、10.70 d,田水中的半衰期分别为0.83 d、0.85 d.10%灭线磷GR以(1800 g(a.i.)·m~(-2)和2700 g(a.i .)·hm~(-2)两个剂量施药后,灭线磷在广东省土壤中的最终残留质量分数为0.002 3～0.0034mg·kg~(-1);2700 g(a.i.)·hm~(-2)施药后,灭线磷在湖北省土壤中的最终残留质量分数为0.001 7 mg·kg~(-1),1800 g(a.i.)·hm~(-2)施药后,在土壤中未检测出灭线磷.     

吉林西部草地生态系统不同退化演替阶段土壤有机碳变化研究

草地盐碱化是吉林西部典型的生态环境问题。针对吉林西部具有＂羊草群落（Leymus chinense）→羊草-虎尾草群落（Carex duiuscula）→羊草-碱茅群落（Puccinellia distans）→碱蓬群落（Suaeda glauca）＂直至退化为盐碱地的逆向演替规律,本文选取大安市姜家甸草场为典型区进行野外样地调查,收集不同演替阶段植物样品30份,土壤剖面样品100份,表土样品40份,监测群落生态特征、土壤理化性质,计算土壤有机碳储量。分析结果表明：随着退化演替的进行,羊草-虎尾草群落的多样性指数、植被生物量、土壤有机质最高,土壤含水率及全N指数逐渐降低,土壤的pH值及土壤容重升高,土壤有机碳含量在0～100cm各土层呈现出先升高再降低的趋势,其中0～40cm内变化显著,50～100cm内相差不大,1m土壤有机碳密度从羊草群落的75.37t·hm-2升高到羊草-虎尾草群落的76.11t·hm-2,至盐碱地减少到52.21t·hm-2,约减少30%。研究结果对吉林省合理放牧、草地固碳量的增加和土壤碳储量的提高都有指导意义。     

Field studies on 32P movement and P leaching from flooded paddy soils in the region of Taihu Lake, China

Field experiments were done in two sites, Yixing and Changshu, Jiangsu province, China, to study P movement and leaching in flooded paddy soils. P movement in soil was investigated by using the KH2 32PO4 tracker method, and the amount of P leached from the soil layer in different depths was estimated by measuring P concentrations in the soil solution and saturated hydraulic conductivities in field. Determination was done about one month after P application. There was 46% and 42% of total 32P retained in the 0-5cm layer of soil in the Yixing site and in the Changshu site respectively. The 32P retained in the 25-30 cm layer was only about 1-2% of the total 32P added. Furthermore, 8.01% of 32P in the soil of Yixing site and 16.8% of 32P in the soil of Changshu site was lost from the layer 0-30 cm soil. The seasonal amounts of P leached from the top soil layer and from bottom layer are about 4.5-5.8% and 1.6-2.1% of the total P application, respectively. Changes of total P concentrations in soil solutions during rice growth showed that the fertilizer P applied before flooding of the paddy fields suffered a flash leaching loss and a slow leaching loss. We concluded that the fertilizer P could quickly move in the flooded paddy rice field and parts of it can enter into surface water and ground water. Unless the P application is well managed the risk of P loss and consequently environmental pollution exist.     

湖北省兴山县农业生态环境整治策略

以实地考察材料为基础,分析了兴山县农业生态环境的两大问题——水土流失和土壤质量差。提出了切实可行的整治策略。     

四湖地区湿地农田土壤养分障碍与养分平衡及合理施肥

在分析湖北江汉平原四湖地区成土条件与特征的基础上．揭示了四湖地区湿地农田土壤主要养分障碍及农田生态系统养分平衡状况，并对水稻施肥的效应及合理施肥技术进行了研究．     

Field Studies on 32P Movement and P Leaching from Flooded Paddy Soils in the Region of Taihu Lake, China

Field experiments were done in two sites, Yixing and Changshu, Jiangsu province, China, to study P movement and leaching in flooded paddy soils. P movement in soil was investigated by using the KH₂ ³²PO₄ tracker method, and the amount of P leached from the soil layer in different depths was estimated by measuring P concentrations in the soil solution and saturated hydraulic conductivities in field. Determination was done about one month after P application. There was 46% and 42% of total ³²P retained in the 0–5cm layer of soil in the Yixing site and in the Changshu site respectively. The ³²P retained in the 25–30 cm layer was only about 1–2% of the total ³²P added. Furthermore, 8.01% of ³²P in the soil of Yixing site and 16.8% of ³²P in the soil of Changshu site was lost from the layer 0–30cm soil. The seasonal amounts of P leached from the top soil layer and from bottom layer are about 4.5–5.8% and 1.6–2.1% of the total P application, respectively. Changes of total P concentrations in soil solutions during rice growth showed that the fertilizer P applied before flooding of the paddy fields suffered a flash leaching loss and a slow leaching loss. We concluded that the fertilizer P could quickly move in the flooded paddy rice field and parts of it can enter into surface water and ground water. Unless the P application is well managed the risk of P loss and consequently environmental pollution exist.     

Response of vegetation and soil ecosystem to mowing and sod removal in the coastal dunes ‘Zwanenwater’, the Netherlands

This paper investigates the effects of mowing and sod removal on vegetation, soil mesofauna and soil profile, and the restoration of these features in the years following sod removal. The sampling site is located in a primary wet dune slack in the northern part of the province of North-Holland. The original vegetation is a heathland withEmpetrum nigrum andCalluna vulgaris, underlain by a Gleyic Arenosol with an O, Ah and (B) horizon development. Above-ground, the vegetation in the dune slack has been mown since 1940. The sod was removed from restricted areas in the slack at various times in the past (1980, 1985, 1987 and 1991). All three sources of data point to adaptation to wet conditions after mowing and sod removal. The vegetation of the mown area is related to the vegetation in the original heathland, although some species appear to have disappeared. Below-ground, mowing drastically reduces the number and depth of occurrence of microarthropoda. Restriction of depth applies also to the Enchytraeidae. Soil profile development is restricted to an Ah-AC-Cr sequence. Species diversity both above and below-ground is relatively high in plots where the sod has recently been cut, due to the rapid colonization by the first pioneer species. A time series for the vegetation is difficult to establish because hydrological conditions interfere with years since sod removal. Soil profile evolution after sod cutting is poor but consistent, from an AC-Cr sequence since 1991, to an O-Ah-Cr sequence since 1980. The management practices were set up with the intention to interrupt the succession to give pioneer species a chance. Neither the vegetation, nor the soil fauna or soil profile have fully recovered during the 13 yr since the first sod removal. So the goal has been reached.     

几种有效硅测定方法对不同母质水稻土的适宜性研究

本研究以湖北省十二种典型母质发育的水稻土为对象，比较了常见几种土壤有效硅提取方法对不同母质水稻土的适宜性．研究结果表明，ｐＨ４．０酸－醋酸钠提取法对性质相差较大的不同母质水稻土的测定，不仅能反映土壤性状对有效硅含量的影响，而且测定精密度高，与其它有效硅测定方法比较，在缺硅诊断中可适用于较为广泛的水稻上类型．     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液灌溉地土壤和植物中重金属积累

分加在广州市李坑垃圾填埋场有渗滤液回灌的地表和未经渗滤液回灌的地表随机采集土样,深度达１ｍ,同时分别采集长于灌溉地和非灌溉地上的三个优势植物种（牛筋草,孔雀稗和狗牙根）为代表,调查渗滤液灌溉后封和植物的重金属（Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｐｂ,Ｃｄ）积累效应。结果表明,渗滤液灌溉地的不同深度土壤和地表植物体内都有不同程度重金属积累。经ｔ－检验,Ｃｕ,Ｐｂ和Ｃｄ在所调查的各土层内的积累效应α＝０．０５时都达到显著水     

GIS支持下乡镇域土壤肥力评价与分析

在地理信息系统支持下,以鄂南典型红壤丘陵区为例,研究了乡镇域土壤肥力评价的方法和过程,分析了土壤肥力变化原因。结果表明,应用GIS对乡镇域土壤肥力进行评价能克服速度慢、数据更新不方便的缺点,避免乡镇农业决策者主观判断土壤肥力等级的弊病,为生产布局和用地决策提供准确的科学依据。试区土壤肥力与土壤养分、土地利用和区域经济有关,肥力等级有向中等级变化的趋势。