电力变压器降噪措施的研究

变压器是变电站中的主要噪声源,降低变压器产生的噪声是控制变电站噪声的治本措施。减小磁致伸缩、防止铁心机械振动产生的噪声、降低油箱磁屏蔽产生的噪声、降低机械构件振动产生的噪声是变压器降噪的有效措施。实践证明,220 kV油浸风冷式变压器采用这些措施后取得了良好的降噪效果,变压器(包括冷却设备)负载声功率级为90.31 dB(A)、负载声压级为62.90 dB(A),远低于国家标准限值。     

油田储油罐非甲烷总挥发实验及仿真模拟

针对油田单井拉油罐非密封生产带来的油气泄漏问题,建立小型原油储油罐挥发损耗实验模拟平台,通过气相色谱法探究各因素对其损耗的影响,利用Fluent仿真软件模拟储油罐的泄漏扩散。结果表明:储液温度和有无风环境对储油罐非甲烷总烃(NMHC)挥发影响较大,储液高度和环境温度对其影响较小;仿真模拟无风环境下,储油罐泄漏口短时间内存在油气积聚现象;有风环境下,当风速为1 m/s,油气积聚不明显;随风速增大,扩散浓度场面积不断增大,油品损耗量增大,在风速为5 m/s的环境下,扩散300 s时的浓度场面积相比扩散200 s时较小,但泄漏口处的油气积聚面积增大。     

一次风机环境噪声综合治理

针对江苏常熟发电有限公司3号炉一次风机周围环境噪声的特点，从降低噪声源的噪声级、增加噪声在传播途径中的消耗、设法阻止噪声传播等途径进行了综合治理。治理后的平均噪声由105dB(A)降到90dB(A)，达到了国家规定的工业企业噪声标准。     

TGS 系留探空地面站

本文介绍一种新型的 TGS(tethersonde ground station)系留探空地面站,它能接收进口 TS-2A 系留探空包的遥测信号,并对信号进行分析、处理,最终由打印机输出11种气象参数(温度、湿度、风速、风向、瞬时高度、气压、位温,比湿等)。具有造价低(仅为进口 TS-2A 地面站价格的四分之一)、功能全、可靠性好等优点。     

湿法脱硫塔内流场温场的CFD分析

利用Fluent软件对脱硫塔内速度场和温度场进行三维数值模拟，并对模拟结果进行较全面的分析。选择k-ε模型作为计算模型，用SIMPLE算法进行计算。计算结果表明脱硫塔形状及喷淋层高度对流场与温场有很大的影响，实际运行中应当低层喷淋与高层喷淋相结合，从而获得更好的脱硫效果。运用CFD理论，对脱硫塔内运行情况进行数值分析，对于脱硫塔的设计和优化具有一定的指导意义。     

向山硫铁矿主扇噪声控制

采用阻抗复合式消声器及隔声门控制向山硫铁矿主扇的空气动力性噪声及机壳辐射噪声。文中着重阐述了消声器的设计,包括消声量、消声器形式及主要参数的确定等。经降噪后,主扇入风口噪声由113分贝(A)降至87分贝(A),降噪量为26分贝(A),从而使厂界噪声由65—76分贝(A)降至44—58分贝(A),噪声控制效果较好。     

页岩气压裂返排液的分析与双效MVR处理

对西南地区某页岩气田压裂返排液进行了分析,在此基础上采用双效机械蒸汽再压缩(MVR)系统对其进行处理,建立了完整的计算模型,并对影响系统的主要参数进行了探讨。压裂返排液分析结果表明:蒸发浓缩液黏度与相同浓度氯化钠溶液的黏度相近,可排除因有机物富集导致其在蒸发器内壁附着而影响传热系数及堵塞蒸发器的可能。模型计算结果表明:进料含盐率由2%增至6%时,压缩机比功耗与压缩机进气量的降幅均小于4.0%,两效蒸发器面积分别减小约4.3%和18.5%;传热温差由4℃升至8℃时,压缩机比功耗增加约51.0%,两效蒸发器面积均减小约49.6%;在系统安全运行的前提下,提高蒸发温度可降低系统能耗。     

燃油加热炉布袋除尘器工艺设计及袋室气流分布研究

针对燃油加热炉的冒黑烟问题,开展烟气除尘技术研究.在分析燃油烟气特性的基础上,进行加热炉的袋式除尘器工艺设计.使用计算流体力学软件对除尘器内流场均匀性进行模拟分析,计算出袋室内截面的压力和气流速度分布.结果显示,除尘器内的压力和速度在不同部位显示出明显的非均匀性,袋室内布袋的排列方式和灰斗的结构是影响气流均匀性的重要因素.提出改善袋室内气流分布均匀性的措施.     

城市生活垃圾产量预测模型

分析了昆明市1996-2001年度每年垃圾产生量的数据,由此提出了可应用于南方城市垃圾产量预测的GM(1,1)SSODMM灰色模型.通过几次迭代后,该模型可对非升凹或升凸的原始数据进行较为准确预测,且精度令人满意.计算结果表明通过三次迭代后该模型对昆明城市生活垃圾进行预测的精度达到一级.     

大规模新能源并网后用户参与调峰及系统仿真

大规模新能源并网后,对电网形成巨大的冲击,随之出现诸多问题,如弃风弃光电量不断增长、调峰缺口不断增大,对电网的安全稳定形成隐患,同时也形成一种资源浪费。面对这些问题,尝试从高载能企业出发,建立大规模新能源并网后高载能用户参与调峰的分析模型,包括调峰需求能力评估模型、调峰能力评估模型、调峰缺口计算方法、高载能调峰分析模型,并针对甘肃典型高载能企业进行实例计算和分析。基于综合集成平台,采用组件搭建方式构建了大规模新能源并网后高载能用户参与调峰的仿真系统,对高载能调峰结果进行仿真,结果表明,高载能具有很大的调峰能力,通过引入高载能进行调峰,可以很大程度上增加电网对新能源的消纳能力,为高载能消纳新能源提供了前期探索经验。     

Influence of Geometry on the Mean Flow within Urban Street Canyons – A Comparison of Wind Tunnel Experiments and Numerical Simulations

A comparison between numerical simulations and wind tunnel modelling has been performed to examine the variation with streamwise aspect ratio (width/height, W/H) of the mean flow patterns in a street canyon. For this purpose a two-dimensional (2-D) cavity was subjected to a thick turbulent boundary layer flow perpendicular to its principal axis. Five different test cases, W/H = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 and 2.0, have been studied experimentally with flow measurements taken using pulsed-wire anemometry. The results show that the skimming flow regime, with a large vortex in the canyon, occurred for all the cases investigated. For the cavities with W/H 0.7 a weaker secondary circulation developed beneath the main vortex. The narrower the canyon, the smaller the wind speed close to the cavity ground, giving increasingly poor ventilation qualities. The corresponding numerical results were obtained with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code CHENSI that uses the standard k- model. The intercomparison showed good agreement in terms of the gross features of the mean flow for all the geometries examined, although some detailed differences were observed.     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Historical Weathering Based on Chemical Analyses of Two Spodosols in Southern Sweden

Chemical weathering losses were calculated for two conifer stands in relation to ongoing studies on liming effects and ash amendments on chemical status, soil solution chemistry and soil genesis. Weathering losses were based on elemental depletion trends in soil profiles since deglaciation and exposure to the weathering environment. Gradients in total geochemical composition were assumed to reflect alteration over time. Study sites were Horröd and Hasslöv in southern Sweden. Both Horröd and Hasslöv sites are located on sandy loamy Weichselian till at an altitude of 85 and 190 m a.s.l., respectively. Aliquots from volume determined samples from a number of soil levels were fused with lithium metaborate, dissolved in HNO₃, and analysed by ICP – AES. Results indicated highest cumulative weathering losses at Hasslöv. The weathering losses for the elements are in the following order:Si > Al > K > Na > Ca > MgTotal annual losses for Ca+Mg+K+Na, expressed in mmol_c m^-2 yr^-1, amounted to c. 28 and 58 at Horröd and Hasslöv, respectively. Variations between study sites could not be explained by differences in bulk density, geochemistry or mineralogy. The accumulated weathering losses since deglaciation were larger in the uppermost 15 cm than in deeper B horizons for most elements studied.     

Transformations of nitrogen at the interface between the topsoil and an impervious clay subsoil

Much work has been done on gaseous emissions and leaching of nitrogenous compounds from whole soil profiles and also from soil surface measurements which are assumed to be mainly due to topsoil activity. In soils with an impervious clay subsoil, the boundary between the topsoil and subsoil may provide an interface for microbial activity, including N transformations. In this study, we investigated movement and transformations of two reactive N species (nitrate and urea) at the subsoil interface using a series of replicate, intact soil blocks, under two contrasting watering regimes. We measured fluxes in both liquid and gaseous phases and demonstrated that nitrate reaching the subsoil interface does not necessarily leach into water systems, but may denitrify immediately and could, therefore, add to atmospheric pollution through N₂O production. On the other hand, ammonium reaching the subsoil interface either directly, or after mineralization, appears to be more mobile than expected and has the potential to pollute watercourses.     

The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Measured Urban PM10 and PM2.5 in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area

We have studied particulate matter (PM) concentrations,PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, measured in an urban air qualitymonitoring network in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area during1997–1999. The data includes PM₁₀ concentrationsmeasured at five locations (two urban traffic, one suburbantraffic, one urban background and one regional backgroundsite) and PM_2.5 concentrations measured at twolocations (urban traffic and urban background sites). Theconcentrations of PM₁₀ show a clear diurnal variation,as well as a spatial variation within the area. Bycontrast, both the spatial and temporal variation of thePM_2.5 concentrations was moderate. We have analysedthe evolution of urban PM concentrations in terms of therelevant meteorological parameters in the course of oneselected peak pollution episode during 21–31 March, 1998.The meteorological variables considered included wind speedand direction, ambient temperature, precipitation, relativehumidity, atmospheric pressure at the ground level,atmospheric stability and mixing height. The elevated PMconcentrations during the 1998 March episode were clearlyrelated to conditions of high atmospheric pressure,relatively low ambient temperatures and low wind speeds inpredominantly stable atmospheric conditions. The resultsprovide indirect evidence indicating that the PM₁₀concentrations originate mainly from local vehiculartraffic (direct emissions and resuspension), while thePM_2.5 concentrations are mostly of regionally andlong-range transported origin.     

Methane generation from corncobs treated with xylanolytic consortia

Consortia were developed for the treatment of corncobs for use as a feedstock in a biogas fermentor. The treatment of corncobs with xylanolytic consortia enhanced the production of methane and biogas. All five consortia developed produced the maximum biogas and methane at a 6% loading rate and 20 days hydraulic retention time (HRT). The maximum biogas yield of 0.59m³/kg volatile solids (VS) with a methane content of 62% was produced with the KK-10 consortium. This was apparently due to a maximum hemicellulose degradation of 88%.     

Recovery of Acidified Lakes: Lessons From Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

Over 7,000 lakes around Sudbury, Ontario, Canada were acidified by S deposition associated with emissions from the Sudbury metal smelters and more distant S sources. Air pollution controls have led to widespread changes in damaged Sudbury lakes, including increased pH and decreased concentrations of SO₄, metals and base cations. While chemical improvements have often been substantial, many lakes are still acidified, although water quality recovery is continuing. Biological recovery has been observed in some lakes among various groups of organisms including fish, zooplankton, phytoplankton and zoobenthos. Generally, however, biological recovery is still at an early stage. Lakes around Sudbury are also showing that the recovery of acid-damaged lakes is closely linked to the effects of other major environmental stressors such as climate change, base cation depletion and UV-B irradiance. Future studies of the recovery of acid-damaged lakes around Sudbury, and in other regions, will need to consider the interactions of these and other stressors.